Izinwele zomuntu wanamuhla aziyona into engaphezu kwesici sokuzibonakalisa okubonakalayo, ingxenye yesithombe nesithombe. Naphezu kwalokhu, lokhu kwakheka kwezimpondo zesikhumba kunemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo: ukuvikelwa, i-thermoregulation, ukuthinta, njll. Ziqine kangakanani izinwele zethu? Njengoba kwenzeka, zinamandla izikhathi eziningi kunoboya bendlovu noma bendlulamithi.
Namuhla sizojwayelana nocwaningo lapho ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia (USA) benqume ukuhlola ukuthi ukujiya kwezinwele namandla azo kuhlobana kanjani ezilwaneni ezahlukene okuhlanganisa nabantu. Ezikabani izinwele eziqine kakhulu, yiziphi izici zomshini izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinwele ezinazo, futhi lolu cwaningo lungasiza kanjani ekwakheni izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni wososayensi. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Izinwele, ezihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amaprotheni keratin, ukwakheka kwezimpondo zesikhumba esincelisayo. Eqinisweni, izinwele, uboya kanye noboya ziyafana. Isakhiwo sezinwele siqukethe amapuleti e-keratin adlulanayo, njengama-dominoes awela phezu kwamanye. Izinwele ngayinye inezingqimba ezintathu: i-cuticle iyingqimba yangaphandle neyokuvikela; i-cortex - i-cortex, ehlanganisa amangqamuzana afile amade (okubalulekile ekuqineni nasekunwebekeni kwezinwele, inquma umbala wayo ngenxa ye-melanin) kanye ne-medulla - ungqimba oluphakathi lwezinwele, oluhlanganisa amangqamuzana e-keratin athambile kanye nezimbotshana zomoya, abathintekayo ekudluliseleni izakhamzimba kwezinye izingqimba.
Uma izinwele zihlukaniswa ziqonde, sithola ingxenye engaphansi (shaft) kanye nesigaba esingaphansi (isibani noma impande). I-bulb izungezwe i-follicle, ukuma kwayo okunquma ukuma kwezinwele ngokwayo: i-follicle eyindilinga iqondile, i-oval follicle i-curly kancane, i-follicle efana nezinso i-curly.
Ososayensi abaningi basikisela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kuyashintsha ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Okusho ukuthi, ezinye izitho nezinhlaka emzimbeni wethu kancane kancane ziba yizicucu - lezo ezilahlekelwe injongo yazo. Lezi zitho zomzimba zihlanganisa amazinyo okuhlakanipha, i-appendix nezinwele zomzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lezi zakhiwo zizonyamalala nje ku-anatomy yethu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso noma cha kunzima ukukusho, kodwa kubantu abaningi abavamile, amazinyo okuhlakanipha, isibonelo, ahlotshaniswa nokuvakashela udokotela wamazinyo ukuze asuswe ngokungenakugwenywa.
Noma ngabe kunjalo, umuntu udinga izinwele; angeke zisadlala indima ebalulekile ku-thermoregulation, kodwa kuseyingxenye ebalulekile yobuhle. Kungashiwo okufanayo nangamasiko ezwe. Emazweni amaningi, kusukela kudala, izinwele zazibhekwa njengomthombo wawo wonke amandla, futhi ukuzisika kwakuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zempilo ezingase zibe khona ngisho nokwehluleka ekuphileni. Incazelo engcwele yezinwele yasuka emikhosini yama-shamanic yezizwe zasendulo yaya ezinkolweni zesimanje, imisebenzi yabalobi, abaculi nabaqophi. Ikakhulukazi, ubuhle besifazane ngokuvamile babuhlobene eduze nendlela izinwele zabesifazane abathandekayo ezibukeka ngayo noma ezivezwe (isibonelo, emidwebeni).
Qaphela ukuthi izinwele zikaVenus ziboniswa kanjani (uSandro Botticelli, "Ukuzalwa kukaVenus", 1485).
Ake sishiye eceleni isici samasiko nobuhle bezinwele futhi siqale ukucabangela ucwaningo lososayensi.
Izinwele, ngendlela eyodwa noma enye, zikhona ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo. Uma kubantu bengasabalulekile kangako ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, ngakho-ke kwabanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane uboya noboya kuyizimfanelo ezibalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwesakhiwo sabo esiyisisekelo, izinwele zomuntu futhi, isibonelo, izinwele zendlovu zifana kakhulu, nakuba kukhona ukungafani. Okusobala kakhulu kubo ubukhulu, ngoba izinwele zendlovu zikhulu kakhulu kunezethu, kodwa, njengoba kwavela, azinamandla.
Ososayensi sebenesikhathi eside befunda izinwele noboya. Imiphumela yale misebenzi yasetshenziswa kokubili ku-cosmetology nemithi, nasembonini ekhanyayo (noma, njengoba i-Kalugina L.P. eyaziwa kakhulu izosho: "imboni yokukhanya"), noma ngokunembile kakhulu ezindwangu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha izinwele kuye kwasiza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ama-biomaterials asekelwe ku-keratin, okwathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule bafunda ukuzihlukanisa nezimpondo zezilwane besebenzisa i-lime.
Ngakho-ke i-keratin etholakele yayisetshenziselwa ukwakha amajeli angaqiniswa ngokwengeza i-formaldehyde. Kamuva, bafunda ukuhlukanisa i-keratin hhayi kuphela ezimpondweni zezilwane, kodwa naseboyeni babo, kanye nasezinweleni zomuntu. Izinto ezisekelwe ku-keratin zithole ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuzimonyo, izinhlanganisela ngisho nasezimbotsheni zethebhulethi.
Namuhla, imboni yokufunda nokukhiqiza izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside nezingasindi iyathuthuka ngokushesha. Izinwele, njengoba ngokwemvelo zinjalo, zingenye yezinto zemvelo ezikhuthaza lolu hlobo locwaningo. Cabanga ngamandla aqinile oboya nezinwele zomuntu, ezisukela ku-200 kuya ku-260 MPa, okulingana namandla athile ka-150-200 MPa/mg m-3. Futhi lokhu kucishe kufaniswe nensimbi (250 MPa / mg m-3).
Indima eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zemishini yezinwele idlalwa yisakhiwo sayo se-hierarchical, esikhumbuza unodoli we-matryoshka. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu salesi sakhiwo i-cortex yangaphakathi yamangqamuzana e-cortical (ububanzi obungaba ngu-5 μm nobude obuyi-100 μm), ehlanganisa ama-macrofibrils aqoqwe (ububanzi obungaba ngu-0.2-0.4 μm), wona, aqukethe imicu ephakathi (7.5 nm). ububanzi ), eshumekwe ku-amorphous matrix.
Izakhiwo zemishini yezinwele, ukuzwela kwayo ekushiseni, umswakama kanye nokuguqulwa kuwumphumela oqondile wokusebenzisana kwezingxenye ze-amorphous ne-crystalline ze-cortex. Imicu ye-keratin ye-cortex yezinwele zomuntu ngokuvamile inobude obuphakeme, nokucindezeleka okungaphezu kuka-40%.
Inani eliphakeme kangaka libangelwa ukuvuleka kwesakhiwo а-keratin futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuguqulwa kwayo ibe b-keratin, okuholela ekwandeni kobude (ukuphenduka okugcwele kwe-0.52 nm helix kwelulelwe ku-1.2 nm ekucushweni b). Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani izifundo eziningi zigxile ikakhulukazi ku-keratin ukuze ziphinde zenziwe ngendlela yokwenziwa. Kodwa ungqimba lwangaphandle lwezinwele (i-cuticle), njengoba sesivele sazi, luqukethe amapuleti (ama-microns angu-0.3-0.5 ubukhulu nama-microns angu-40-60 ubude).
Ngaphambilini, ososayensi sebevele benza ucwaningo mayelana nezakhiwo zemishini yezinwele zabantu abavela eminyakeni ehlukene nezinhlanga. Kulo msebenzi, kwagcizelelwa ukutadisha umehluko wezakhiwo zemishini yezinwele zezilwane ezihlukahlukene, okungukuthi: abantu, amahhashi, amabhere, izingulube zasendle, ama-capybara, ama-peccaries, izindlulamithi nezindlovu.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Isithombe #1: I-morphology yezinwele zomuntu (А - i-cuticle; В - ukuphuka kwe-cortex; ebonisa iziphetho zemicu, С - ubuso bephutha, lapho kubonakala khona izingqimba ezintathu; D - I-lateral surface ye-cortex, ebonisa ukuphakama kwe-fiber).
Izinwele zomuntu omdala zingama-microns angu-80-100 ububanzi. Ngokunakekelwa kwezinwele okujwayelekile, ukubukeka kwabo kuphelele ngokuphelele (I-1A). Ingxenye yangaphakathi yezinwele zomuntu yi-fibrous cortex. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuqinile, kwatholakala ukuthi i-cuticle ne-cortex yezinwele zomuntu zaphuka ngokuhlukile: i-cuticle ngokuvamile iphuka ngokuphuka (i-crumple), futhi imicu ye-keratin ku-cortex yahlubuka futhi yakhishwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sonke.I-1B).
Esithombeni I-1С ubuso obuntekenteke be-cuticle bubonakala ngokucacile ngokuboniswa kwezendlalelo, okungamapuleti e-cuticle agqagqene futhi anogqinsi luka-350-400 nm. I-delamination ephawuliwe endaweni ephukile, kanye nemvelo ephukayo yalokhu kungaphezulu, kubonisa ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kobuso phakathi kwe-cuticle ne-cortex, naphakathi kwemicu engaphakathi kwe-cortex.
Imicu ye-keratin ku-cortex yakhishwa (1D). Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-fibrous cortex yiyona ebangela amandla omshini wezinwele.
Isithombe esingu-2: I-Horsehair morphology (А - i-cuticle, amanye amapuleti awo aphambuke kancane ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa; В - ukubonakala kokuphuka; С - imininingwane yokuphuka kwe-cortex, lapho kubonakala khona i-cuticle ephukile; D - imininingwane ye-cuticle).
Isakhiwo sezinwele zehhashi sifana nezinwele zomuntu, ngaphandle kobubanzi, okungama-50% amakhulu (ama-microns angu-150). Esithombeni I-2A Ungabona umonakalo osobala ku-cuticle, lapho amapuleti amaningi engaxhumene eduze ne-shaft njengoba ayekhona ezinweleni zomuntu. Indawo yekhefu le-horsehair iqukethe kokubili ukuphumula okujwayelekile kanye nokuphumula kwezinwele (i-delamination of the cuticle plates). Vuliwe I-2B Zombili izinhlobo zomonakalo ziyabonakala. Ezindaweni lapho i-lamellae ikhishwe khona ngokuphelele, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-cuticle ne-cortex kubonakala (I-2С). Imicu eminingana yayidabukile futhi yancipha esibonakalayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalokhu okubonwayo nokubhekwa kwangaphambilini (izinwele zomuntu), ukwehluleka okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi izinwele zehhashi azizange zibe nokucindezeleka okukhulu njengezinwele zomuntu lapho izintambo ezise-cortex zikhishwa futhi zikhishwe ngokuphelele ku-cuticle. Kungabonakala futhi ukuthi amanye amapuleti asuke ehlukanisiwe nenduku, okungenzeka kube ngenxa yokucindezeleka okuqinile (2D).
Isithombe #3: I-Bear hair morphology (А - i-cuticle; В - ukulimala ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlobene nendawo ephukile; С - ukuqhekeka kwe-cuticle nge-delamination of fibers ku-cortex; D - imininingwane yesakhiwo se-fiber, imicu eminingana emide evela esakhiweni esijwayelekile ibonakala).
Ubukhulu bezinwele zebhere buyi-80 microns. Amapuleti e-cuticle ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye (I-3A), futhi kwezinye izindawo kunzima ngisho nokuhlukanisa amapuleti ngamanye. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwezinwele ngokumelene nomakhelwane. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile, lezi zinwele zihlukana ngokoqobo ngokubukeka kwemifantu emide (ifakwe kuvuliwe 3B), okubonisa ukuthi ngomphumela obuthakathaka wokubopha we-cuticle eyonakele, imicu ye-keratin ku-cortex yayinqanyulwa kalula. I-delamination ye-cortex ibangela ikhefu ku-cuticle, njengoba kufakazelwa iphethini ye-zigzag yekhefu (I-3С). Lokhu kushuba kwenza ukuthi imicu ethile ikhishwe ku-cortex (3D).
Isithombe No. 4: i-morphology yezinwele zengulube (А - ukuphuka kwezinwele ezijwayelekile eziyisicaba; В - Isakhiwo se-cuticle sibonisa isimo esibi sobuqotho (ukuqoqwa) kwamapuleti; С - imininingwane yegebe esibonakalayo phakathi kwe-cuticle ne-cortex; D - imicu enwetshiwe ku-mass isiyonke kanye nama-fibrils aphumayo).
Izinwele zezingulube ziwugqinsi impela (230 mm), ikakhulukazi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinwele zebhere. Ukuklebhuka kwezinwele zezingulube uma zonakalisiwe kubonakala ngokucacile (I-4A) perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress.
Amapuleti ama-cuticle amancane abonakalisiwe aklebhukile emzimbeni omkhulu wezinwele ngenxa yokwelula imiphetho yawo (I-4B).
Ebusweni bendawo yokubhujiswa, i-delamination of fibre ibonakala ngokucacile; kuyacaca futhi ukuthi yayixhumene kakhulu komunye nomunye ngaphakathi kwe-cortex (I-4С). Imicu kuphela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-cortex ne-cuticle evezwe ngenxa yokuhlukana (4D), okuveze ukuba khona kwama-cortical fibrils aminyene (250 nm ububanzi). Amanye ama-fibril avele kancane ngenxa yokuguquka. Kufanele zisebenze njenge-ejenti yokuqinisa izinwele zengulube.
Isithombe #5: I-Elephant hair morphology (А - С) kanye nendlulamithi (D - F). А - i-cuticle; В - stepwise izinwele ukuphuka; С - izikhala ngaphakathi kwezinwele zibonisa lapho izintambo zikhishwe khona. D - amapuleti e-cuticular; Е - ngisho nokuphuka kwezinwele; F - imicu edatshulwe ebusweni endaweni yokuphuka.
Izinwele zomntwana wendlovu zingaba ubukhulu obungama-microns angu-330, kanti kumuntu omdala zingafinyelela ku-1.5 mm. Amapuleti angaphezulu kunzima ukuwahlukanisa (I-5A).Izinwele zezindlovu nazo zijwayele ukuphuka okuvamile, i.e. ukuphuka okuqinile okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-morphology ye-fracture surface ibonisa ukubukeka okwenyuka (I-5B), mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuba khona kweziphambeko ezincane ku-cortex yezinwele. Ezinye izimbobo ezincane zingabonakala endaweni ephukile, lapho ama-fibrils aqinisayo ayetholakala ngaphambi kokulimala (I-5С).
Izinwele zendlulamithi nazo ziwugqinsi impela (370 microns), nakuba ukuhlelwa kwamapuleti e-cuticle kungacacile kangako (5D). Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokulimala kwabo yizici ezihlukahlukene zemvelo (isibonelo, ukungqubuzana kwezihlahla ngesikhathi sokudla). Naphezu komehluko, ukuphuka kwezinwele zendlulamithi kwakufana nokwendlovu (5F).
Isithombe esingu-6: i-capybara hair morphology (А - isakhiwo se-cuticular esiphindwe kabili samapuleti; В - ukuphuka kwesakhiwo esiphindwe kabili; С - imicu eseduze nomngcele wokuphuka ibonakala ilukhuni futhi iqinile; D - imicu emide evela endaweni yokuqhekeka kwesakhiwo esiphindwe kabili).
Izinwele ze-capybaras nama-peccaries zihlukile kuzo zonke ezinye izinwele ezifundwayo. Ku-capybara, umehluko omkhulu ubukhona bokucushwa kwe-cuticle kabili kanye nokuma kwezinwele oku-oval (I-6A). I-groove phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ezibukwayo zezinwele kuyadingeka ukususa amanzi eboya besilwane ngokushesha, kanye nokungenisa umoya ongcono, okuvumela ukuthi zome ngokushesha. Lapho zivezwa ukwelula, izinwele zihlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezimbili eduze komsele, futhi ingxenye ngayinye iyachithwa (I-6B). Imicu eminingi ye-cortex iyahlukaniswa futhi yeluliwe (I-6С и 6D).
Isithombe #7: I-Peccary hair morphology (А - isakhiwo se-cuticle nendawo yokuphuka; В - i-morphology yokubhujiswa kwe-cortex kanye nemininingwane yesakhiwo sayo; С - amaseli avaliwe (ama-microns angu-20 ububanzi), izindonga zazo ezihlanganisa imicu; D - izindonga zamaseli).
Ama-peccaries (umndeni I-Tayassuidae, i.e. peccary) izinwele zine-cortex enezimbobo, futhi ungqimba lwe-cuticle alunawo amapuleti ahlukile (I-7A). I-hair cortex iqukethe amaseli avaliwe anesilinganiso esingu-10-30 microns (I-7B), izindonga zazo eziqukethe imicu ye-keratin (I-7С). Lezi zindonga zinezimbobo impela, futhi ubukhulu bembotshana eyodwa bungama-microns ayi-0.5-3 (7D).
Njengoba ubona esithombeni I-7A, ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwe-fibrous cortex, i-cuticle iyaqhekeka eduze komugqa wokuphuka, futhi imicu iyakhishwa kwezinye izindawo. Lesi sakhiwo sezinwele siyadingeka ukwenza izinwele ziqonde, zikhulise ngokubonakalayo ubukhulu besilwane, okungase kube yindlela yokuzivikela ye-peccary. Izinwele ze-Peccary zimelana nokucindezelwa kahle, kodwa azikwazi ukubhekana nokwelula.
Ngemva kokuqonda izici zesakhiwo sezinwele zezilwane ezahlukene, kanye nezinhlobo zabo zokulimala ngenxa yokungezwani, ososayensi baqala ukuchaza izakhiwo zemishini.
Isithombe esingu-8: umdwebo wokuguqulwa wohlobo ngalunye lwezinwele kanye nomdwebo wokusetha kokuhlola ukuze uthole idatha (isilinganiso sobunzima 10-2 s-1).
Njengoba kubonakala kugrafu engenhla, impendulo yokwelula izinwele zezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukene yayihluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinwele zomuntu, ihhashi, izingulube nebhere zibonise ukusabela okufana nokusabela koboya (hhayi bomunye umuntu, kodwa impahla yendwangu).
Kumodulus enwebekayo ephakeme ngokuqhathaniswa ye-3.5-5 GPa, amajika ahlanganisa indawo eqondile (elastic), elandelwa yithafa elinokucindezeleka okwandayo kancane kuze kufike ku-0.20-0.25, emva kwalokho izinga lokuqina likhuphuka kakhulu kuze kube yilapho ukwehluleka kwe-0.40. Indawo ye-plateau ibhekisela ekuphumuleni аIsakhiwo se-helical se-keratin intermediate filaments, okuthi kwezinye izimo (ingxenye) iguquke ibe b-amashidi (izakhiwo eziyisicaba). Ukuqedwa okuphelele kuholela ekuguqulweni kwe-1.31, okuphakeme kakhulu kunasekupheleni kwalesi sigaba (0.20–0.25).
Ingxenye yesakhiwo efana nentambo yekristalu izungezwe i-amorphous matrix engaguquki. Ingxenye ye-amorphous yenza cishe u-55% wevolumu ephelele, kodwa kuphela uma ububanzi bemicu ephakathi buyi-7 nm nokuthi ihlukaniswe ngu-2 nm we-amorphous material. Izinkomba ezinjalo ezinembile ziye zatholakala ezifundweni ezedlule.
Phakathi nesigaba sokuqina sokuguga, ukushelela kwenzeka phakathi kwemicu yekhoroksi kanye naphakathi kwezakhi ezincane zesakhiwo njengama-microfibrils, imicu ephakathi nendawo, kanye ne-amorphous matrix.
Izinwele zendlulamithi, indlovu kanye ne-peccary zibonisa ukusabela okuqinile komugqa ngaphandle komehluko ocacile phakathi kwamathafa nezifunda zokuqina ngokushesha (iziqongo). I-elastic modulus iphansi futhi icishe ibe ngu-2 GPa.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, izinwele ze-capybara zibonisa impendulo ebonakala ngokuqina ngokushesha lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka okulandelanayo. Lokhu kubuka kuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo esingavamile sezinwele ze-capybara, noma ngokunembile ngokuba khona kwezingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo kanye ne-longitudinal groove phakathi kwazo.
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini seluvele lwenziwe olubonisa ukuthi i-Young's modulus (longitudinal elastic modulus) yehla ngokukhula kobubanzi bezinwele ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. Le misebenzi yaphawula ukuthi i-peccary's Young's modulus iphansi kakhulu kunezinye izilwane, okungenzeka kube ngenxa ye-porosity yesakhiwo sayo sezinwele.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi i-peccary inezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezinweleni zayo (imibala emibili). Amakhefu e-tensile avame ukwenzeka endaweni emhlophe yezinwele. Ukwanda kokumelana kwendawo emnyama kungenxa yokuba khona kwama-melanosomes, atholakala kuphela ezinwele ezimnyama.
Konke lokhu okubonwayo kuyingqayizivele ngempela, kodwa umbuzo oyinhloko uhlala: ingabe ubukhulu bezinwele budlala indima emandleni azo?
Uma sichaza izinwele ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, singagqamisa amaqiniso abalulekile aziwa abacwaningi:
- ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinwele zishubile engxenyeni emaphakathi futhi zincipha ngasekupheleni; Uboya bezilwane zasendle bukhulu ngenxa yendawo ezihlala kuyo;
- Ukwehluka kobubanzi bezinwele zohlobo olulodwa kubonisa ukuthi ukujiya kwezinwele eziningi kuyahlukahluka phakathi kobukhulu obujwayelekile bezinhlobo zezilwane ezithile. Ubukhulu bezinwele bungase buhluke phakathi kwabameleli abahlukene bohlobo olufanayo, kodwa yini ethonya lo mehluko namanje akwaziwa;
- Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo zinezinwele ezijiyile ezihlukene (njenge-cliche njengoba lokho kungase kuzwakale).
Ngokufingqa lawa maqiniso atholakala esidlangalaleni kanye nedatha etholwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ososayensi bakwazi ukuqhathanisa yonke imiphumela ukuze bakhe ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqina kwezinwele namandla azo.
Isithombe No. 9: ubuhlobo phakathi kokuqina kwezinwele namandla azo ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane.
Ngenxa yomehluko wobubanzi bezinwele nokwandiswa, ososayensi banqume ukubona ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwabo okuqinile kungabikezelwa yini ngokusekelwe kwizibalo ze-Weibull, ezingabalela ngokuqondile umehluko wosayizi wesampula kanye nomphumela wosayizi wesici.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxenye yezinwele ngevolumu V siqukethe n izakhi zevolumu, kanye nevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye V0 inokusabalalisa okufanayo kweziphambeko. Kusetshenziswa ukuqagela kwesixhumanisi esibuthakathaka, ezingeni elinikeziwe le-voltage σ amathuba P ukugcina ubuqotho bengxenye yezinwele ezinikeziwe ngevolumu V ingavezwa njengomkhiqizo wamathuba engeziwe okugcina ubuqotho bezakhi zevolumu ngayinye, okungukuthi:
P(V) = P(V0) · P(V0)… · P(V0) = · P(V0)n
iphi ivolumu V iqukethe izakhi zevolumu engu-n V0. Njengoba i-voltage ikhula P(V) iyancipha ngokwemvelo.
Kusetshenziswa ukusabalalisa kwe-Weibull enamapharamitha amabili, amathuba okuhluleka kwayo yonke ivolumu angavezwa kanje:
1 - P = 1 - ukuphela [ -V/V0 · (σ/σ0) m]
kuphi σ - I-voltage esetshenzisiwe, σ0 yisici (inkomba) amandla, kanye m - I-Weibull modulus, okuyisilinganiso sokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amathuba okucekelwa phansi ayanda ngokukhula kosayizi wesampula V ku-voltage engaguquki σ.
Eshadini I-9A Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Weibull kokugcizelela ukwehluleka kokuhlolwa kwezinwele zomuntu kanye ne-capybara kuyaboniswa. Amajika ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane abikezelwa kusetshenziswa ifomula #2 enenani elifanayo lika-m njengezinwele zomuntu (m = 0.11).
Amadayamitha ajwayelekile asetshenzisiwe yilawa: izingulube - 235 µm, ihhashi - 200 µm, i-peccary - 300 µm, ibhere - 70 µm, uboya bendlovu - 345 µm kanye nendlulamithi - 370 µm.
Ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi ukucindezeleka kokuphulwa kunganqunywa ku P(V) = 0.5, le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukucindezelwa kokuhluleka kuncipha ngokukhula kobubanzi bezinwele kuzo zonke izinhlobo.
Eshadini I-9B ikhombisa ukucindezeleka okubikezelwe kokuqhekeka kumathuba angama-50% okuhluleka (P(V) = 0.5) kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezelwa kokuphulwa kokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Kuyacaca ukuthi njengoba ububanzi bezinwele bukhula busuka ku-100 kuya ku-350 mm, ukucindezeleka okuphukayo kwehla kusuka ku-200-250 MPa kuya ku-125-150 MPa. Imiphumela yokulingisa yokusabalalisa kwe-Weibull ivumelana kahle kakhulu nemiphumela yangempela yokubuka. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlukile yizinwele ze-peccary njengoba zinezimbobo kakhulu. Amandla wangempela wezinwele ze-peccary aphansi kunalawo aboniswa imodeli yokusabalalisa ye-Weibull.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka и kuyena.
Epilogue
Isiphetho esiyinhloko salokhu okuphawulwe ngenhla ukuthi izinwele ezinzima azilingani nezinwele eziqinile. Yiqiniso, njengoba ososayensi ngokwabo besho, lesi sitatimende asikona ukutholakala kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, njengoba kwaphawulwa okufanayo lapho kuhlolwa ucingo lwensimbi. Iphuzu lapha alikho ngisho ku-physics, mechanics noma biology, kodwa ezibalweni - uma into inkulu, iba nkulu indawo yokukhubazeka.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi esiwubukezile namuhla uzosiza ozakwabo ukuthi bakhe izinto zokwenziwa ezintsha. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje, abakakwazi ukudala into efana nezinwele zomuntu noma zendlovu. Phela, ukudala into encane kangaka kakade kuyinselele, ingasaphathwa isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Njengoba singabona, lolu cwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi usilika wesicabucabu akuwona nje kuphela ofanelwe ukunakwa ososayensi njengesikhuthazo sezinto ezizayo ze-ultra-strong kanye ne-ultra-light, kodwa futhi izinwele zomuntu zingamangaza ngezakhiwo zazo zemishini namandla amangalisayo.
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe neviki elihle bafana. 🙂
Ezinye izikhangiso 🙂
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, , i-analogue ehlukile yamaseva ezinga lokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com