Iphrinta Ebulalayo
Yesabani amaDanaan aletha izipho.
– Virgil, "Aeneid"
Futhi iphrinta entsha yagxisha iphepha.
Ehoreni ngaphambili, uRichard Stallman, umdidiyeli wezinhlelo e-Artificial Laboratory
I-MIT Intelligence (AI Labs), ithumele idokhumenti enamakhasi angama-50
yanyatheliswa emshinini wokunyathelisa wasehhovisi, futhi yangena emsebenzini. Futhi manje uRichard
Ngaphakamisa ikhanda kwengangikwenza, ngaya kumshicileli futhi ngabona umbono ongemuhle neze:
esikhundleni samakhasi angu-50 osekunesikhathi elindelwe, kwakunamakhasi amane kuphela ethreyini
amashidi alungile. Futhi labo babhekisela ngokucacile kudokhumenti yomunye umuntu.
Ifayela likaRichard elinamakhasi angu-50 lixubene nefayela lomunye eliphrintelwe ingxenye
ubunkimbinkimbi benethiwekhi yehhovisi, kanye nephrinta yanqotshwa le nkinga.
Ukulinda umshini wenze umsebenzi wawo kuyinto evamile.
kumhleli, futhi uStallman wayelungile ukuthatha le nkinga
ngokwethukela. Kodwa into eyodwa lapho unikeza umshini umsebenzi futhi uwenze
izindaba zakho siqu, futhi kuhluke ngokuphelele uma kufanele ume eduze kwakho
umshini futhi uwulawule. Bekungesikho okokuqala uRichard
yima phambi kwephrinta bese ubuka amakhasi ephuma ngalinye ngalinye
eyodwa. Njenganoma yimuphi uchwepheshe omuhle, uStallman wayehlonishwa kakhulu
ukusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi nezinhlelo. Akumangalisi lokhu
okunye ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo yomsebenzi kwavusa isifiso esivuthayo sikaRichard
ngena ngaphakathi kwephrinta futhi uyibeke ngendlela efanele.
Kodwa maye, uStallman wayengumhleli, hhayi unjiniyela wemishini. Yingakho ke
Okwakusele wukubuka amakhasi ekhasa ephuma bese ecabanga
ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula inkinga ecasulayo.
Kepha abasebenzi be-AI Laboratory babingelele le phrinta ngenjabulo futhi
ngomdlandla! Yethulwe ngabakwaXerox, kwaba impumelelo yayo
ukuthuthukiswa - ukuguqulwa kwe-photocopier esheshayo. Iphrinta ayigcinanga ngokwenza
amakhophi, kodwa futhi iguqule idatha ebonakalayo esuka kumafayela enethiwekhi yehhovisi yaba
amadokhumenti amahle kakhulu. Le divayisi yazizwa inesibindi
Umoya omusha we-laboratory edumile ye-Xerox e-Palo Alto, wayenjalo
i-harbinger yenguquko ekuphrinteni kwedeskithophu engashintsha ngokuphelele
yonke imboni ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.
Bevutha ngokuphelelwa yisineke, abahleli bezinhlelo ZaseLabhorethri bavula ngokushesha okusha
iphrinta ibe yinethiwekhi yehhovisi eyinkimbinkimbi. Imiphumela yeqe isibindi esikhulu
okulindelweyo. Amakhasi ayephuma ngesivinini esingu-1 ngomzuzwana, imibhalo
yaqala ukunyathelisa izikhathi ezingu-10 ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto yayinzima kakhulu
pedantic emsebenzini wakhe: imibuthano yayibukeka njengemibuthano, hhayi ama-oval, kodwa
imigqa eqondile ayisafani ne-low-amplitude sinusoid.
Ngayo yonke imiqondo, isipho se-Xerox kwakuyisipho ongeke wenqabe.
yenqaba.
Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isasasa laqala ukuncipha. Ngokushesha lapho iphrinta iba
layisha kakhulu, kwavela izinkinga. Okwakungicasula kakhulu
iqiniso lokuthi idivayisi yahlafuna iphepha kalula kakhulu. Ukucabanga Kwezobunjiniyela
abahleli bezinhlelo basheshe babona umsuka wenkinga. Iqiniso liwukuthi
Amakhophi ngokujwayelekile adinga ukuba khona njalo komuntu oseduze.
Kubandakanya ukuze ulungise iphepha uma kunesidingo. KANYE
lapho u-Xerox eqala ukushintsha umshini wokufothokhopha ube yiphrinta, onjiniyela
izinkampani azizange zinake leli phuzu futhi zigxile kulo
ukuxazulula ezinye, izinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu zephrinta. Ukukhuluma ngobunjiniyela
ngolimi, iphrinta entsha ye-Xerox yayinokuhlanganyela njalo komuntu
eyakhiwe ekuqaleni kumshini.
Ngokuguqula umshini wokufothokhopha ube yiphrinta, onjiniyela bakwa-Xerox bethula into eyodwa
ushintsho olube nemiphumela efinyelela kude. Esikhundleni se,
ukuze i-apparatus itholwe ngaphansi ko-opharetha oyedwa, yayingaphansi
kubo bonke abasebenzisi benethiwekhi yehhovisi. Umsebenzisi ubengasami eduze
umshini, olawula ukusebenza kwawo, manje usenenethiwekhi yehhovisi eyinkimbinkimbi
uthumele umsebenzi wokuphrinta, ngethemba lokuthi idokhumenti izophrintwa kanje
njengoba kudingeka. Ngemva kwalokho umsebenzisi waya kuphrinta ukuze athathe okuqediwe
yonke idokhumenti, kodwa esikhundleni salokho itholakale iphrintiwe ngokukhetha
amashidi.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uStallman kube nguye yedwa ku-AI Lab owaqaphela
inkinga, kodwa wabuye wacabanga ngesixazululo sayo. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili
URichard waba nethuba lokuxazulula inkinga efanayo nomshicileli wakhe wangaphambili. Ngoba
uhlele lokhu kukhompyutha yakhe yomsebenzi womuntu siqu i-PDP-11
uhlelo olusebenza ku-PDP-10 mainframe futhi lulawula iphrinta.
UStallman akakwazanga ukuxazulula inkinga yokuhlafuna iphepha; esikhundleni salokho
lokhu ufake ikhodi ephoqa i-PDP-11 ngezikhathi ezithile
hlola isimo sephrinta. Uma umshini uhlafuna iphepha, uhlelo
Ngisanda kuthumela isaziso kuma-PDP-11 asebenzayo njengokuthi “iphrinta iyahlafuna
iphepha, lidinga ukulungiswa." Isixazululo siphumelele - isaziso
iye ngqo kubasebenzisi abasebenzisa ngokusebenzayo iphrinta, ngakho
ukuthi imigilingwane yakhe enephepha yayivame ukumiswa ngokushesha.
Vele, lesi bekuyisixazululo se-ad-hoc - lokho abakubiza ngabahleli
“udondolo,” kodwa udondolo lwabonakala lwaba luhle kakhulu. Akalungisanga
kube nenkinga ngomshini wokuphrinta, kodwa ngenze konke engingakwenza
ukwenza - kusungulwe impendulo efundisayo phakathi komsebenzisi nomshini.
Imigqa embalwa eyengeziwe yekhodi ilondoloze abasebenzi baseLabhorethri
I-AI yemizuzu eyi-10-15 yesikhathi sokusebenza masonto onke, ibasindisa
kufanele ugijime njalo ukuhlola iphrinta. Ngokombono
umhleli, isinqumo sikaStallman sasisekelwe ekuhlakanipheni okuhlangene
Amalabhorethri.
Ekhumbula leyo ndaba, uRichard wathi: “Lapho uthola umyalezo onjalo, awuwutholi
bekumele ithembele komunye umuntu ukuthi alungise iphrinta. Udinga
bekulula ukusukuma uye kuphrinta. Ngemva komzuzu noma emibili
kwathi uma umshicileli eqala ukuhlafuna iphepha, kwaqhamuka abantu ababili noma abathathu kuye
abasebenzi. Okungenani oyedwa wabo wayazi kahle ukuthi yini okwakudingeka yenziwe.”
Izixazululo ezihlakaniphile ezifana nalezi kube wuphawu lwe-AI Lab kanye nayo
abahleli bohlelo. Ngokuvamile, abahleli bezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zeLabhorethri baningi
waphatha igama elithi “umhleli” ngokweyisa, walikhetha
i-slang ye-"hacker". Le ncazelo ibonise ngokunembe kakhudlwana ingqikithi yomsebenzi, okuyinto
yayihlanganisa imisebenzi eyahlukene, kusukela ekuzijabuliseni okuyinkimbinkimbi kobuhlakani kuye
ukuthuthukiswa okubuhlungu ezinhlelweni namakhompyutha. Kwazwakala futhi
inkolelo yakudala yobuhlakani baseMelika. I-Hacker
Akwanele ukubhala uhlelo olusebenzayo. I-Hacker iyazama
khombisa amandla obuhlakani bakho kuwe nakwabanye abaduni ngokubeka
thatha imisebenzi enzima kakhulu futhi enzima - ngokwesibonelo, yenza
uhlelo ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba fast, compact, enamandla futhi
enhle.
Izinkampani ezinjengoXerox zanikela ngamabomu ngemikhiqizo yazo emiphakathini emikhulu
abaduni. Kwakuyizibalo ukuthi abaduni bazoqala ukuyisebenzisa,
Bazonamathela kuye bese bezosebenza enkampanini. Ngama-60s kanye
ekuqaleni kwawo-70s, abaduni babevame ukubhala ikhwalithi ephezulu futhi ewusizo
izinhlelo abakhiqizi abazinikele ngokuzithandela phakathi kwazo
amaklayenti.
Ngakho-ke, ngibhekene nephrinta entsha ye-Xerox ehlafuna iphepha,
Ngokushesha uStallman wacabanga ukwenza iqhinga lakhe lakudala naye - "Hack"
uhlelo lokulawula idivayisi. Nokho, wayelindelwe ukutholwa okungajabulisi.
– iphrinta ayifikanga nanoma iyiphi isofthiwe, okungenani ayifikanga kulokhu
ifomu ukuze uStallman noma omunye umhleli akwazi ukuyifunda futhi
hlela. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izinkampani eziningi zazibheka okuhle
hlinzeka amafayela anekhodi yomthombo ngephimbo elifundeka umuntu,
enikeze ulwazi oluphelele mayelana nemiyalo yohlelo kanye nehambisanayo
imisebenzi yomshini. Kepha i-Xerox kulokhu inikeze uhlelo kuphela ku
ihlanganiswe, ifomu kanambambili. Uma umhleli ezama ukufunda
lawa mafayela, wayezobona kuphela imifudlana engapheli yoziro kanye nayinye,
kuyaqondakala emshinini, kodwa hhayi kumuntu.
Kunezinhlelo ezibizwa ngama-"disassemblers" ezihumushayo
eyodwa kanye noziro emiyalweni yomshini wezinga eliphansi, kodwa ukuthola ukuthi yini
le miyalo yenza - inqubo ende futhi enzima kakhulu ebizwa
"reverse engineering". Ukuhlehlisa ubunjiniyela uhlelo lwephrinta kulula
bekungathatha isikhathi esiningi kunokulungiswa okuphelele kokuhlafunwayo
iphepha eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo. URichard akazange aphelelwe yithemba ngokwanele
ukunquma ukuthatha isinyathelo esinjalo, ngakho-ke wavele wayibeka eceleni inkinga
ibhokisi elide.
Inqubomgomo ye-Xerox enenzondo yayihluke kakhulu ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile
imiphakathi yabaduni. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukisa okomuntu siqu
izinhlelo zekhompyutha ze-PDP-11 zokulawula iphrinta endala kanye
amatheminali, i-AI Lab idinga isihlanganisi esisiphambano esizohlangana
izinhlelo ze-PDP-11 kuhlaka oluyinhloko lwe-PDP-10. Abaduni baseLab bangakwazi
bhala umhlanganisi ngokwakho, kodwa uStallman, engumfundi eHarvard,
Ngathola uhlelo olufanayo elabhorethri yamakhompyutha yasenyuvesi. Yena
yayibhalelwe uhlaka oluyinhloko olufanayo, i-PDP-10, kodwa ibhekiselwe ehlukile
isistimu esebenzayo. URichard wayengazi ukuthi ngubani obhale lolu hlelo,
ngoba ikhodi yomthombo ayizange isho lutho ngakho. Uvele wayiletha
ikhophi yekhodi yomthombo elabhorethri, wayihlela, futhi wayivula
I-PDP-10. Ngaphandle kokuhlupheka nokukhathazeka okungadingekile, iLabhorethri ithole lolu hlelo,
obekudingeka ekusebenzeni kwengqalasizinda yehhovisi. Stallman ngisho
yenza uhlelo lwaba namandla ngokwengeza imisebenzi embalwa ebingekho
yayikweyakuqala. "Sekuyiminyaka sisebenzisa lolu hlelo,"
– uthi hhayi ngaphandle kokuziqhenya.
Emehlweni omhleli wama-70s, le modeli yokusabalalisa
ikhodi yohlelo yayingehlukile ebuhlotsheni obuhle bomakhelwane lapho
omunye uhlanganyela inkomishi kashukela nomunye noma uboleka i-drill. Kodwa uma wena
lapho uboleka i-drill, uncisha umnikazi ithuba lokuyisebenzisa, ke
Endabeni yokukopisha izinhlelo, akukho okufana nalokhu okwenzekayo. Nakanye
umbhali wohlelo, noma abanye abasebenzisi balo, balahlekelwa yinoma yini
ukukopisha. Kodwa abanye abantu bayazuza kulokhu, njengasendabeni ka
kubaduni beLabhorethri abathole uhlelo olunemisebenzi emisha, okuyinto
yayingekho nangaphambili. Futhi le misebenzi emisha ingaba miningi
ufuna ukukopisha futhi usabalalise kwabanye abantu. Stallman
ukhumbula umhleli wenkampani ezimele iBolt, Beranek &
U-Newman, naye owathola uhlelo waluhlela ukuze luqhube
ngaphansi kwe-Twenex - enye isistimu yokusebenza ye-PDP-10. Naye futhi
wengeze izici eziningi ezinhle ohlelweni, futhi uStallman wazikopisha
enguqulweni yakho yohlelo eLabhorethri. Emva kwalokhu banquma ndawonye
thuthukisa uhlelo oselukhule lwaba umkhiqizo onamandla,
isebenza kumasistimu wokusebenza ahlukene.
Ekhumbula ingqalasizinda yesoftware ye-AI Lab, uStallman uthi:
“Izinhlelo zavela njengedolobha. Ezinye izingxenye zishintshile
kancane kancane, abanye - ngokushesha futhi ngokuphelele. Kwavela izindawo ezintsha. Nawe
ungahlala ubheka ikhodi bese uthi, ngokubheka isitayela, le ngxenye
eyabhalwa ekuqaleni kwawo-60s, futhi lena phakathi neminyaka yama-70s.”
Ngenxa yalokhu kubambisana kwengqondo okulula, abaduni badale abaningi
izinhlelo ezinamandla nezithembekile eLabhorethri nangaphandle kwayo. Akubona bonke abahleli bohlelo
owabelana nalesi siko ungazibiza ngokuthi ungumduni, kodwa iningi labo
wabelane ngokuphelele ngemizwa kaRichard Stallman. Uma uhlelo noma
ikhodi elungisiwe ixazulula inkinga yakho kahle, bazoyixazulula futhi
le nkinga kunoma ubani. Kungani ungakuhlanganisi lokhu?
isinqumo, okungenani ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha?
Lo mqondo wokubambisana ngokukhululekile wehliswa inhlanganisela yokuhaha
kanye nezimfihlo zokuhweba, okwenza kube nenhlanganisela eyinqaba yokufihla kanye
ukubambisana. Isibonelo esihle impilo yokuqala ye-BSD. Inamandla
uhlelo lokusebenza oludalwe ososayensi nonjiniyela eCalifornian
Inyuvesi eseBerkeley esekelwe e-Unix, ethengwe kwa-AT&T. Inani
ukukopisha i-BSD kwakulingana nezindleko zefilimu, kodwa kunombandela owodwa -
izikole zazingathola kuphela ifilimu enekhophi ye-BSD uma zinelayisensi ye-AT&T,
ebiza u-$50,000. Kuvele ukuthi abaduni baseBerkeley babehlanganyela
izinhlelo kuphela ngezinga inkampani ebavumele ukuba benze kanjalo
I-AT&T. Futhi ababonanga lutho oluyinqaba kuyo.
UStallman naye akazange amthukuthelele u-Xerox, nakuba ayephoxekile. Akakaze
Angizange ngicabange ukucela inkampani ikhophi yekhodi yomthombo. "Bona kanye
ngakho basinika iphrinta yelaser,” esho, “angikwazanga ukusho
ukuthi basasikweleta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yayingekho ngokusobala
akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi lesi kube yisinqumo sangaphakathi senkampani, nokucela ukusishintsha
bekuyize."
Ekugcineni, kwafika izindaba ezinhle: kwavela ukuthi ikhophi yomthombo
Umcwaningi waseNyuvesi unezinhlelo zephrinta ye-Xerox
UCarnegie Mellon.
Ukuxhumana noCarnegie Mellon akuzange kuhambe kahle. Ngo-1979
uBrian Reed owenza izifundo zobudokotela uthuse umphakathi enqaba ukukhuluma neyakhe
uhlelo lokufometha umbhalo olufana noBhalo. Wayengowokuqala
uhlelo lwalolu hlobo olwalusebenzisa imiyalo ye-semantic
njengokuthi “gqamisa leli gama” noma “lesi sigaba siwukucaphuna” esikhundleni salokho
izinga eliphansi “bhala leli gama ngomalukeke” noma “khulisa ukuhlehlisa kwe
lesi siqephu." UReed udayisele i-Scribe inkampani ese-Pittsburgh
I-Unilogic. Ngokusho kukaReed, lapho eqeda izifundo zakhe zobudokotela wayevele efuna iqembu
abathuthukisi, okungakwazi ukushintshela emahlombe abo isibopho sabo
ukuze ikhodi yomthombo yohlelo ingangeni ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi (kuze kube manje
akucaci ukuthi kungani uMhlanga ethatha lokhu njengokungamukelekile). Ukujabulisa iphilisi
U-Reed uvumile ukwengeza isethi yemisebenzi esekelwe esikhathini kukhodi, ngakho
ebizwa ngokuthi "amabhomu esikhathi" - baguqule ikhophi yamahhala yohlelo
engasebenzi ngemuva kwesikhathi sesivivinyo sezinsuku ezingama-90. Ukwenza
uhlelo lokusebenza futhi, abasebenzisi babedinga ukukhokhela inkampani futhi
thola "khubaza" ibhomu lesikhathi.
KuStallman, lokhu kwakuwukukhaphela okumsulwa futhi okusobala.
izimiso zohlelo. Esikhundleni sokulandela isimiso esithi “ share and
yinikeze,” uReed uthathe indlela yokushaja abahleli bohlelo ukuze bafinyelele kuyo
ulwazi. Kodwa akazange acabange kakhulu ngakho ngoba wayengahlali njalo
Ngasebenzisa uMbhali.
I-Unilogic inikeze i-AI Lab ikhophi yamahhala yoMbhali, kodwa ayizange iyisuse
ibhomu lesikhathi futhi akazange akhulume ngalo. Okwamanje uhlelo
Kwasebenza, kodwa ngolunye usuku wema. Isigebengu sesistimu uHoward Cannon
uchithe amahora amaningi elungisa iphutha lefayela kanambambili, kwaze kwaba sekugcineni
ayilibonanga ibhomu lesikhathi futhi ayizange ilisuse. Kwamcasula impela lokhu
indaba, futhi akazange angabaze ukutshela abanye abaduni ngayo, futhi adlulisele
yonke imicabango nemizwelo yami mayelana “nephutha” le-Unilogic.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlobene nomsebenzi wakhe eLabhorethri, uStallman waya kuyo
Ikhampasi yaseCarnegie Mellon ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva. Wazama ukuthola indoda
okwathi ngokwezindaba azizwayo, wayenekhodi yomthombo wohlelo
iphrinta. Ngenhlanhla le ndoda yayisehhovisi layo.
Ingxoxo ibonakale ingagwegwesi futhi ibukhali, ngendlela ejwayelekile yonjiniyela.
Ngemva kokuzethula, uStallman wacela ikhophi yekhodi yomthombo wohlelo
ukulawula iphrinta laser Xerox. Ngokumangala kwakhe okukhulu futhi
Ngeshwa, umcwaningi wenqaba.
Uthi uthembise umenzi wazo ukuthi ngeke anginike ikhophi
Richard.
Inkumbulo yinto ehlekisayo. Eminyakeni engu-20 ngemva kwalesi sigameko, inkumbulo
U-Stallman ugcwele izindawo ezingenalutho. Akazange akhohlwe kuphela isizathu sokuthi kungani
weza kuCarnegie Mellon, kodwa futhi nokuthi ubani owayenguzakwabo kulokhu
ingxoxo engathandeki. Ngokusho kukaReed, lo muntu kungenzeka kakhulu
URobert Sproll, owayengumsebenzi we-Xerox Research and Development Centre
UPalo Alto, kamuva owaba umqondisi wocwaningo
Izigaba zeSun Microsystems. Ngama-70s uSproll wayengumsingathi
unjiniyela wezinhlelo zamaphrinta we-Xerox laser. Ngesinye isikhathi ngo-1980
USproll wamukele isikhundla socwaningo eCarnegie Mellon, lapho
waqhubeka nokusebenza kumaphrinta we-laser.
Kodwa lapho uSprall ebuzwa imibuzo ngale ngxoxo, uyakhohlisa kuphela
izandla. Yilokhu akuphendula nge-imeyili: “Angikwazi ukusho
akukho okuqinisekile, angikhumbuli lutho nhlobo ngalesi sigameko."
"Ikhodi uStallman ayeyifuna yayiyisisekelo,
umfanekiso weqiniso wobuciko. ISroll wayibhala ngonyaka odlule
weza eCarnegie Mellon noma into enjalo,” kusho uReed. Uma lokhu
ngempela kunjalo, kukhona ukungaqondi kahle: Kudingeka uStallman
uhlelo olusetshenziswe yi-MIT isikhathi eside, hhayi olusha
inguqulo yakhe. Kodwa kuleyo ngxoxo emfushane akukhulunywanga lutho ngayo
noma yiziphi izinguqulo.
Lapho exhumana nezethameli, uStallman ukhumbula njalo isigameko ku
UCarnegie Mellon ugcizelela ukuthi ukungabaza
umuntu ukwabelana ngamakhodi omthombo kuwumphumela nje wesivumelwano
ukungadalulwa, obekuhlinzekelwe kwinkontileka phakathi kwakhe no
by Xerox. Namuhla sekuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukuthi izinkampani zifune
gcina imfihlo ngokushintshanisa ukufinyelela kwentuthuko yakamuva, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo
Ama-NDA ayeyinto entsha ngaleso sikhathi. Kubonise ukubaluleka ku-Xerox kokubili
amaphrinta e-laser, nolwazi olwaludingeka ekusebenzeni kwawo.
"U-Xerox uzame ukwenza amaphrinta e-laser abe umkhiqizo wezohwebo,"
kukhumbula uReed, “kungaba ukusangana ngabo ukunikeza wonke umuntu ikhodi yomthombo
isivumelwano".
UStallman wabona i-NDA ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Kuye kwaba ukwenqaba
U-Carnegie Mellon ubamba iqhaza empilweni yokudala yomphakathi, ngokuphambene namanje
kugqugquzelwe ukubuka izinhlelo njengezinsiza zomphakathi. Engathi
umuntu ompofu angavele athole ukuthi imisele yokunisela enamakhulu eminyaka ikhona
woma, futhi ezama ukuthola imbangela yenkinga wayefinyelela ekhazimulayo
ubusha besikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esinophawu lwe-Xerox.
Kwamthatha isikhathi uStallman ukuqonda isizathu sangempela sokwenqaba -
ifomethi entsha yokusebenzelana phakathi komklami kanye
izinkampani. Ekuqaleni, wabona ukwenqaba komuntu siqu kuphela. "Kunjalo kimi
Ngangithukuthele ukuthi angikwazanga ngisho nokuthola okuthile engingakusho. Ngavele ngaphenduka futhi
“Ngaphuma ngithule,” kukhumbula uRichard, “mhlawumbe ngaze ngashaya isicabha, azange
Ngiyazi. Ngikhumbula isifiso esivuthayo sokuphuma lapho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Phela ngangihamba
kubo, ngilindele ukubambisana, futhi angizange ngicabange nokuthi ngizokwenzani uma ngi
bayokwenqaba. Futhi lapho lokhu kwenzeka, ngaphelelwa amazwi -
Kwangimangaza futhi kwangicasula kakhulu.”
Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-20, usezwa enanela yaleyo ntukuthelo futhi
ukudumazeka. Isigameko esenzeka eCarnegie Mellon saba yinguquko enkulu empilweni
Richard, emletha ubuso nobuso nenkinga entsha yokuziphatha. IN
ezinyangeni ezilandelayo ezizungeze u-Stallman nabanye abaduni be-AI Lab
izenzakalo eziningi zizokwenzeka, uma kuqhathaniswa lapho lezo mizuzwana ye-30 yentukuthelo futhi
ukudumazeka eCarnegie Mellon kuzobonakala kuyinto engelutho. Noma kunjalo,
UStallman unaka kakhulu lesi sigameko. Wayengowokuqala futhi
iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezasusa uRichard
i-hacker eyedwa, umphikisi ohlakaniphile wamandla amaphakathi, ku
radical umvangeli wenkululeko, ukulingana kanye fraternity in
ukuhlela.
“Lena bekungokokuqala ngihlangana nesivumelwano sokungadaluli, futhi mina
Ngokushesha ngabona ukuthi abantu baba izisulu zezivumelwano ezinjalo, - ngokuzethemba
Stallman uthi, “Mina nozakwethu sasiyizisulu ezinjalo.
Ama-laboratories."
Kamuva uRichard wachaza: “Ukube wangenqaba ngenxa yezizathu zomuntu siqu, kwakuyoba njalo
kungaba nzima ukuyibiza ngokuthi inkinga. Bengingayibala ngokubuyisela
imbongolo, futhi yilokho kuphela. Kodwa ukwenqaba kwakhe kwakungeyena umuntu, wangenza ngaqonda
ukuthi angeke abambisane nami kuphela, kodwa nanoma ubani nhlobo
kwaba. Futhi lokhu akuzange nje kudale inkinga, kodwa futhi kwakwenza ngempela
omkhulu."
Nakuba bekunezinkinga eminyakeni edlule ezathukuthelisa uStallman,
Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakungemva kwesigameko saseCarnegie Mellon lapho ebona khona lokho
isiko lokuhlela alithatha njengelingcwele liyaqala
shintsha. “Bengivele nginesiqiniseko sokuthi izinhlelo kumele zitholakale emphakathini
yawo wonke umuntu, kodwa akakwazanga ukukusungula ngokucacile. Imicabango yami ngalolu daba
zazingacacile futhi zinezinxushunxushu ukuthi zingakwazi ukuziveza zonke
emhlabeni. Ngemva kwesigameko, ngaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi inkinga isivele ikhona, futhi
ukuthi kumele kulungiswe manje.”
Ukuba umhleli we-top-notch kwesinye sezikhungo eziqine kakhulu
ukuthula, uRichard akazange anake kakhulu izivumelwano kanye nokuthengiselana kwabanye
abahleli bezinhlelo - inqobo nje uma bengaphazamisi umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko. Ngenkathi ungaphakathi
Iphrinta ye-laser ye-Xerox ayizange ifike elabhorethri, uStallman wayenakho konke
amathuba okubukela phansi imishini nezinhlelo abahlukumezeka kuzo
abanye abasebenzisi. Phela wayengazishintsha lezi zinhlelo njengoba ecabanga
okudingekayo.
Kodwa ukufika komnyathelisi omusha kwasongela le nkululeko. Amathuluzi
wasebenza kahle, nakuba wayehlafuna iphepha ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa lalingekho
amathuba okushintsha ukuziphatha kwakhe ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zeqembu. Ngokombono
imboni yesofthiwe, ukuvala uhlelo lokuphrinta kwaba
isinyathelo esidingekayo ebhizinisini. Izinhlelo seziyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu
izinkampani azikwazanga ukukhokhela ukushicilela amakhodi omthombo,
ikakhulukazi lapho izinhlelo zihlanganisa obunye ubuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngemva kwakho konke
bese abancintisana nabo bengazikopisha mahhala
ubuchwepheshe bemikhiqizo yabo. Kodwa ngokombono kaStallman, umshicileli wayenjalo
Trojan Horse. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokuhluleka kwemizamo yokusabalalisa
izinhlelo "zobunikazi" lapho ukusabalalisa kwamahhala kuvinjelwe futhi
ukuguqulwa kwekhodi, yilona kanye uhlelo olungene endaweni yokuhlala yabaduni
ngendlela ecashile kakhulu - ngaphansi kwesithunzi sesipho.
Leyo Xerox inikeze abanye abahleli izinhlelo ukufinyelela kukhodi uma beshintshana ngayo
ukugcina imfihlo kwakungeyona into ecasulayo, kodwa uStallman wayephatheke kabuhlungu
wavuma ukuthi esemncane, cishe wayezovuma
Ukunikezwa kwe-Xerox. Isigameko saseCarnegie Mellon saqinisa ukuziphatha kwakhe
isikhundla, hhayi nje ukumbeka icala ngezinsolo kanye nentukuthelo ngakuye
iziphakamiso ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo, kodwa futhi ngokubuza umbuzo: yini,
uma ngolunye usuku umgebengu efika nesicelo esifanayo, futhi manje kuye,
U-Richard kuzodingeka enqabe ukukopisha imithombo, ngokulandela izidingo
umqashi?
“Lapho nginikezwa ukukhaphela ozakwethu ngendlela efanayo,
Ngikhumbula intukuthelo yami nokudumala lapho benza okufanayo kimi futhi
amanye amalungu eLabhorethri, kusho uStallman, ngakho
ngiyabonga kakhulu uhlelo lwakho lumnandi kodwa angivumi
ngokwemibandela yokusetshenziswa kwayo, ngakho ngizokwenza ngaphandle kwayo.”
U-Richard uzogcina ngokuqinile inkumbulo yalesi sifundo kuma-80s anesiyaluyalu, lapho
abaningi ozakwabo baseLabhorethri bazohamba bayosebenza kwezinye izinkampani,
eboshwe izivumelwano zokungadaluli. Cishe bazitshela
ukuthi lokhu kuwububi obudingekayo endleleni yokusebenza okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi
amaphrojekthi athakazelisayo. Nokho, kuStallman, khona kanye ubukhona be-NDA
ibuza ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kwephrojekthi. Yini engaba kuhle
kuphrojekthi, noma ngabe ijabulisa ngokwezobuchwepheshe, uma ingasebenzi jikelele
imigomo?
Ngokushesha uStallman waqaphela ukuthi ukungavumelani neziphakamiso ezinjalo
inenani eliphakeme kakhulu kunentshisekelo yomuntu siqu. Enjalo
isimo sakhe esingaguquki siyamehlukanisa nabanye abaduni abathi, nakuba
bazonda imfihlo, kodwa balungele ukuya ezindleleni zokuziphatha
ukuyekethisa. Umbono ka-Richard ucacile: ukwenqaba ukwabelana ngekhodi yomthombo
lokhu kuwukukhaphela hhayi kuphela indima yocwaningo
izinhlelo, kodwa futhi uMthetho Wegolide wokuziphatha, okusho ukuthi yakho
isimo sakho sengqondo kwabanye kufanele sifane nalokhu ofuna ukukubona
isimo sengqondo ngawe.
Lokhu ukubaluleka kwendaba yephrinta ye-laser kanye nesigameko ku
UCarnegie Mellon. Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, njengoba uStallman evuma, isiphetho sakhe sahamba
yayiyothatha indlela ehluke ngokuphelele, ilinganisela phakathi kwengcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo
umhleli wezohwebo kanye nokudumala kokugcina empilweni,
ikhodi yohlelo echithiwe engabonakali kunoma ubani. Angizange
bekungeke kube khona iphuzu ekucabangeni ngale nkinga, lapho abanye ngisho
ayibonanga inkinga. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, bekungeke kube khona leyo ngxenye enikeza ukuphila
ukuthukuthela, okwanika uRichard amandla nokuzethemba ukuze aqhubekele phambili.
“Ngalolo suku nganquma ukuthi angisoze ngavuma ukubamba iqhaza
lokhu,” kusho uStallman, ebhekise kuma-NDA kanye nawo wonke amasiko ngokujwayelekile,
okukhuthaza ukushintshana kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu ukuze uthole izinzuzo ezithile kanye
Izinzuzo.
“Nganquma ukuthi angisoze ngenza omunye umuntu isisulu engaba yiso.
ngelinye ilanga mina."
Source: linux.org.ru