Imahhala njengeNkululeko ngesiRashiya: Isahluko 1. Iphrinta Ebulalayo
Kumahhala njengaseNkululeko ngesiRashiya: Isahluko 2. 2001: I-Hacker Odyssey
Dumisa uNkulunkulu
Ubudlelwano obuqinile nomama wakhe abuzange buvimbele uRichard ukuthi azuze ifa lothando lwemibono yezepolitiki eqhubekayo. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kuvele ngokushesha. Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe yayikhululekile ngokuphelele kwezombusazwe. Njengoba uStallman ngokwakhe esho, wayehlala “esikhala sezombangazwe.” Ngaphansi kuka-Eisenhower, iningi labantu baseMelika alizange lizithwese izinkinga zomhlaba wonke, kodwa lazama kuphela ukubuyela ekuphileni komuntu okuvamile ngemva kweminyaka engu-40, ligcwele ubumnyama nonya. Umndeni wakwaStallman wawunjalo.
“Mina nobaba kaRichard sasingamaDemocrat,” kukhumbula uLippman ngeminyaka yomkhaya wabo eQueens, “kodwa sasicishe singahileleki empilweni yezombangazwe yasendaweni neyezwe. Sasijabule futhi sanelisekile ngokuhleleka kwezinto ezikhona.”
Konke kwaqala ukushintsha ngasekupheleni kwawo-50, ngemva kokuba u-Alice noDaniel Stallman behlukanisile. Ukubuyela eManhattan kwakungaphezu kokushintsha ikheli. Kwaba ukuvalelisa endleleni yokuphila ethule kanye nokuzivuselela ngendlela entsha, nokuzimela.
“Ngicabanga ukuthi okwaba nengxenye ekuvukeni kwami kwezombangazwe kwaba lapho ngiya emtatsheni wezincwadi womphakathi waseQueens futhi ngathola incwadi eyodwa kuphela ekhuluma ngesehlukaniso,” kusho uLippman, “lezi zihloko zazilawulwa ngokuqinile iSonto LamaKatolika, okungenani e-Elmhurst, lapho sasihlala khona. . Ngicabanga ukuthi kwakungokokuqala ngqa amehlo ami evuleka ukuze ngibone amandla alawula ukuphila kwethu.”
Lapho u-Alice ebuyela e-Upper West Side yaseManhattan, indawo akhulela kuyo, washaqeka indlela izinto ezazishintshe ngayo kule minyaka engu-15 edlule. Isidingo esishubile sezindlu sangemva kwempi sashintsha le ndawo yaba inkundla yezimpi zezombusazwe ezinonya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakukhona abathuthukisi bamabhizinisi kanye nezikhulu ezikhathazekile ezazifuna cishe ukuyithuthukisa ngokuphelele indawo, iyenze ibe indawo enkulu yokuhlala yabasebenzi abasebenza emakhola amhlophe. Baphikiswa abantu abampofu bendawo base-Ireland nabasePuerto Rican, ababengafuni ukuhlukana nezindlu zabo ezishibhile.
Ekuqaleni, uLippman wayengazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi okufanele alukhethe. Njengesakhamuzi esisha sakule ndawo, wawuthanda umqondo wezindlu ezintsha ezinamafulethi abanzi. Kepha ngokwezomnotho, u-Alice wayesondelene kakhulu nabampofu bendawo - imali encane etholwa ngumama ongayedwana yayingeke imvumele ukuthi ahlale eduze kwabasebenzi basehhovisi nabasebenzi. Zonke izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komakhelwane bezihloselwe izakhamuzi ezicebile, futhi lokhu kwamcasula uLippman. Waqala ukubheka izindlela zokulwa nomshini wezepolitiki owawufuna ukuguqula indawo yakhe ibe i-Upper East Side.
Kodwa okokuqala kwadingeka sitholele uRichard inkulisa. Lapho efika enkulisa yendawo yemindeni empofu, u-Alice washaqeka ngezimo izingane ezazikuzo. “Ngakhumbula iphunga lobisi olumuncu, amaphasishi amnyama kanye nemishini encane kakhulu. Kodwa ngathola ithuba lokusebenza njengothisha ezinkulisa ezizimele. Izulu nomhlaba nje. Kwangicasula futhi kwangiphushela esenzweni.”
Kwakungu-1958. U-Alice wabhekisa amabombo ekomkhulu lendawo leDemocratic Party, ezimisele ngokudonsela ukunaka kwezimo zokuphila ezimbi zabampofu. Nokho, lokhu kuvakasha akuzange kulethe lutho ngaphandle kokudumala. Egunjini lapho intuthu ingalenga khona imbazo, uLippman waqala ukusola ukuthi ubutha obubhekiswe kwabampofu bungase bubangelwe osopolitiki abakhohlakele. Yingakho engazange esaya lapho. U-Alice wanquma ukujoyina enye yezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziningi ezihlose izinguquko ezinkulu kwiDemocratic Party. Ekanye nabanye enhlanganweni ebizwa nge-Woodrow Wilson Democratic Reform Alliance, uLippman waqala ukuhambela imihlangano yedolobha kanye nokulalelwa kwezimvo zomphakathi kanye nokugqugquzela ukubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwezombusazwe.
“Sabona umgomo wethu omkhulu njengokulwa noTammany Hall, iqembu elinethonya ngaphakathi kweDemocratic Party yaseNew York, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuhlanganisa uCarmine de Sapio nabasekeli bakhe. Ngaba ngummeli womphakathi emkhandlwini wedolobha, futhi ngabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekwakheni uhlelo olungokoqobo lokuguqula le ndawo, engeke yehliswe ukuthi ivele ithuthukiswe ngezindlu zikanokusho,” kusho uLippman.
Ngama-60s, lo msebenzi wakhula waba umsebenzi onzima wezombangazwe. Ngonyaka ka-1965, u-Alice wayengumlandeli ophumela obala wepolitiki njengoWilliam Fitz Ryan, ukhongolose weDemocratic Alliance owakhethwa ngenxa yokweseka kwakhe okuqinile izinhlangano ezinjalo zezinguquko futhi owayengomunye wabokuqala ukukhuluma ngokumelene neMpi YaseVietnam.
Ngokushesha, u-Alice naye waba umphikisi oshisekayo wezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseMelika e-Indochina. Uthi: “Ngangimelene neMpi YaseVietnam kusukela uKennedy ethumela amasosha, ngafunda imibiko nemibiko yalokho okwakwenzeka lapho. Futhi ngangiqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi lokhu kuhlasela kwakuzosidonsela obishini olubi.”
Lokhu kuphikiswa kukahulumeni waseMelika nakho kwangena emndenini. Ngo-1967, u-Alice waphinde washada, futhi umyeni wakhe omusha, uMaurice Lippman, isikhulu se-Air Force, wesula ukuze abonise imibono yakhe ngempi. Indodana yakhe u-Andrew Lippman yafunda eMIT futhi yakhululwa ekubhalweni kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezifundo zayo. Kodwa uma ukungqubuzana kudlondlobala, ukuhlehliswa kungase kukhanselwe, okwagcina kwenzekile. Ekugcineni, kwakunosongo kuRichard, okwathi nakuba ayesemncane kakhulu ukuba angakhonza, owayengase aphelele lapho esikhathini esizayo.
U-Alice uyakhumbula: “IVietnam kwakuyindaba eyinhloko esasixoxa ngayo ekhaya, sasihlale sikhuluma ngokuthi kwakuzokwenzekani uma impi iqhubeka, lokho thina nezingane okwakuzodingeka sikwenze uma zibuthelwa ebuthweni. Sonke sasimelene nempi nokubuthwa. Besisamile ekutheni kubi kakhulu."
NgoRichard ngokwakhe, impi yaseVietnam yabangela isivunguvungu semizwelo, lapho imizwa eyinhloko yayiwukudideka, ukwesaba nokuqaphela ukungabi namandla kwakhe ngaphambi kwesistimu yezombangazwe. UStallman wayengakwazi ukukwamukela ukugunyazwa okuthambile nokulinganiselwe kwesikole esizimele, futhi umcabango wokuqeqeshwa kwezempi wamenza waqhaqhazela. Wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi wayengeke akwazi ukudlula kulokhu futhi ahlale enengqondo.
“Ukwesaba kwangiqeda amandla, kodwa ngangingenawo nomncane umqondo wokuthi ngenzeni, ngangesaba nokuya embhikishweni,” kukhumbula uStallman ngalolo suku lokuzalwa ngoMashi 16, lapho enikezwa ithikithi elibi lokuba umuntu omdala. ukuya eCanada noma eSweden, kodwa akuzange kungene ekhanda lami. Nginganquma kanjani ukwenza lokhu? Ngangingazi lutho ngokuphila ngokuzimela. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, ngangingaqiniseki neze ngami.” Yiqiniso, wanikezwa deferment ukufunda enyuvesi - omunye wokugcina, ke uhulumeni waseMelika wayeka ukubanika - kodwa le minyaka embalwa kuzodlula ngokushesha, futhi yini okufanele uyenze ke?
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Source: linux.org.ru