Emhlabeni wezilwane zasendle, abazingeli nezisulu bahlala bedlala ukubamba, kokubili ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso. Ngokushesha nje lapho umzingeli ethuthukisa amakhono amasha ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma ezinye izindlela, inyamazane ijwayelana nayo ukuze ingadliwa. Lona umdlalo ongapheli we-poker obhejwa njalo okwandayo, owinile othola umklomelo obaluleke kakhulu - impilo. Muva nje sesike sacabanga , esekelwe esizukulwaneni sokuphazanyiswa kwe-ultrasonic. Phakathi kwezinambuzane eziwujuqu kuma-echolocators anamaphiko, ukufihla isignali yazo ye-ultrasonic kuyikhono elibalulekile. Nokho, amalulwane awafuni ukuhlala elambile, ngakho anekhono ku-arsenal yawo eliwavumela ukuba abone inyamazane yawo naphezu kokucasha kwawo. Amalulwane adlala kanjani ngempela njengeSauron, asebenza kangakanani amaqhinga awo okuzingela, futhi amaqabunga ezitshalo awasiza kanjani kulokhu? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Amalulwane ahlezi evusa izinhlobonhlobo zemizwa kubantu: kusukela ekufuneni ukwazi nokuhlonipha kuya ekwesabeni okuqondile kanye nokunengeka. Futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zilwane abazingeli abahle kakhulu, zisebenzisa cishe kuphela ukuzwa kwabo ngesikhathi sokuzingela, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyizilwane ezinwabuzelayo ebusuku ezingena ezinweleni futhi zilwela ukuluma wonke umuntu (lezi , kunjalo, izinganekwane ezibangelwa ukwesaba kwabantu) . Kunzima ukuthanda isilwane esihlotshaniswa nesiko elidumile ne-Dracula kanye ne-Chupacabra.
Hhayi, angesabi neze.
Kodwa ososayensi bangabantu abangakhethi, abanandaba nokuthi ubukeka kanjani noma ukuthi udlani. Noma ngabe ungunogwaja ophaphayo noma ilulwane, bazokujabulela ukwenza izivivinyo ezimbalwa kuwe, bese behlukanisa ubuchopho bakho ukuze baqedele isithombe. Kulungile, masishiye amahlaya amnyama (nohlamvu lweqiniso) eceleni futhi sisondele ephuzwini.
Njengoba sesivele sazi, ithuluzi eliyinhloko lamalulwane ngesikhathi sokuzingela ukuzwa kwawo. Amagundane ayasebenza ebusuku ngenxa yezimbangi/izingozi ezimbalwa kanye nezilwane eziningi ezizingelayo. Ngokukhipha amaza e-ultrasonic, amalulwane acosha zonke izimpawu zokubuya ezibhampa ezintweni eziwazungezile, kuhlanganise nezisulu ezingase zibe khona.
Ukukhipha umsindo we-mask ultrasonic, yiqiniso, kupholile, kodwa akubona bonke abafake izicelo zesikhundla sokudla kwamalulwane abanamakhono anjalo. Kodwa ngisho nezinambuzane ezincane zingafihla indawo yazo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, badinga ukuhlanganisa nemvelo, kodwa hhayi njenge-Predator evela kufilimu yegama elifanayo, ngoba sikhuluma ngomsindo. Ihlathi ebusuku ligcwele imisindo evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, eminye yayo umsindo wangemuva. Uma isinambuzane sihlezi, sithi, singanyakazi eqabungeni, khona-ke kukhona amathuba aphezulu okulahleka kulo msindo ongemuva futhi siphile kuze kube sekuseni.
Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inyamazane enjalo yamalulwane yayingenakufinyeleleka, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane zazisakwazi ukuxazulula imfumbe yezinambuzane βezingabonakaliβ futhi zizibambe ngempumelelo. Umbuzo usamile - kanjani? Ukuze baphendule lo mbuzo, ososayensi abavela eSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute basebenzisa inzwa ye-biomimetic erekhoda noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwama-echoes ezinambuzane ezihlezi buthule emaqabunga (okungukuthi ezicashile). Okulandelayo, ososayensi babala izindlela ezikahle zokuhlasela, okungukuthi, ama-flight trajectories nama-engeli okubamba inyamazane yamalulwane, angasiza ekudluleni ukucasha. Babe sebehlola izibalo zabo kanye nemibono yabo ngokubheka amalulwane ehlasela inyamazane ecashile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaqabunga izinambuzane ezazihlezi kuwo zinganaki kangako asebenza njengethuluzi lokuzibamba.
Akayena yini ubuhle?
Izifundo kulolu cwaningo kwakungamadoda angu-4 ohlobo lwe-Micronycteris microtis (ilulwane elivamile elinamadlebe amakhulu) ababanjwe endaweni yabo yemvelo e-Barro Colorado Island (Panama). Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ikheji elikhethekile (1.40 Γ 1.00 Γ 0.80 m) elisehlathini esiqhingini lalisetshenziswa. Ososayensi baqophe idatha ngezindiza zabantu abafakwe kuleli kheji. Ngobusuku obulandelayo ngemva kokubanjwa, ukuhlola kwangempela kwaqala. Umuntu oyedwa wafakwa ekhejini futhi kwadingeka athole futhi abambe βinyamazane ecashile.β Akukho ngaphezu kwamahora angu-1 okuhlola okwenziwe nomuntu oyedwa (ubusuku obu-16 bamahora angu-2 ngabunye) ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela wenkumbulo yendawo kanye nengcindezi esilwaneni. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, wonke amalulwane akhululwa endaweni efanayo lapho abanjwe khona.
Abacwaningi banemibono emibili eyinhloko yokuchaza ukuthi amalulwane azingela kanjani inyamazane ecashile: ithiyori ye-acoustic shadow kanye nethiyori yesibuko se-acoustic.
Umthelela "we-acoustic shadow" wenzeka lapho into engaphezulu kweshidi ichitha amandla e-echo, ngaleyo ndlela yehlisa amandla e-echo ebusweni beshidi. Ukuze kwandiswe isithunzi se-acoustic sento, ilulwane kufanele lisondele ngqo lisuka ngaphambili libheke endaweni engemuva (1A).
Isithombe #1
Endabeni yesibuko se-acoustic, amalulwane asehlathini enza njengezihlobo zawo ze-trawl, ezibamba inyamazane ebusweni bedamu. Amasignali e-echolocation akhishwa nge-engeli ephansi endaweni yamanzi abonakala elulwaneni elizingelayo. Kodwa i-echo evela ekuzingeleni okungenzeka iboniswa emuva elulwaneni (1B).
Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi amaqabunga asebenza njengamanzi, i.e. sebenza njengesibonisi sesignali (I-1Π‘). Kodwa ngomphumela ogcwele wesibuko, i-angle ethile yokuhlasela iyadingeka.
Ngokombono we-acoustic shadowing, amalulwane kufanele ahlasele inyamazane esuka ohlangothini lwangaphambili, okusho ukuthi, ikhanda, ngoba kulokhu umthunzi uzoba namandla kakhulu. Uma kusetshenziswa isibuko se-acoustic, khona-ke ukuhlasela kufanele kwenzeke nge-angle enkulu. Ukuze kutholwe ukuthi iyiphi i-engeli yokuhlasela engaba elungile, ososayensi benze izilinganiso ze-acoustic ngama-engeli ahlukene ahlobene neshidi.
Ngemva kokuphothula izibalo nokuhlola amathiyori, ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa amalulwane aphilayo futhi imiphumela yokubuka yaqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokumodela kwethiyori.
Imiphumela yezibalo nokubhekwa
Isithombe #2
Okokuqala, imodeli ye-acoustic (idome) yeqabunga elinenyamazane nengenayo yadalwa ngokuhlanganisa wonke ama-echoes ema-engeli ahlukene okuhlasela esithombeni esisodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, kutholwe izikhundla ezingama-541 kuma-trajectories angama-semicircular angu-9 eshidini (I-2A).
Ngephuzu ngalinye sibale ukuminyana kwe-spectral yamandla* ΠΈ usayizi we-acoustic* (I-TS - amandla okuqondiwe) okuqondiwe (okungukuthi ukushuba kwe-echo) kububanzi befrikhwensi obu-5 obuhlukene obucishe buhambisane nezingxenye ze-harmonic zesignali yelulwane ephumayo (I-2B).
Ukuminyana kwe-spectral yamandla* - isignali umsebenzi wokusabalalisa amandla kuye ngokuthi ifrikhweza.
Usayizi we-Acoustic* (noma ukuqondisa amandla e-acoustic) isilinganiso sendawo yento ngokuya ngesignali ye-acoustic yokuphendula.
Esithombeni I-2Π‘ imiphumela yama-engeli atholakalayo okuhlasela ayaboniswa, okungama-engeli phakathi kwesihlobo esivamile esihlobene nobuso beshidi phakathi nendawo yokukhipha kanye nesimo somthombo wesignali, i.e. ilulwane.
Isithombe #3
Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zamashidi (akhiqizwayo nangaphandle kokukhiqizwa) kuwo wonke amafrikhwensi abonisa usayizi omkhulu we-acoustic kuma-engeli <30Β° (izingxenye ezimaphakathi zamagrafu. 3A ΠΈ 3B) kanye nosayizi omncane we-acoustic kuma-engeli β₯ 30Β° (ingxenye engaphandle yamagrafu ivuliwe 3A ΠΈ 3B).
Isithombe I-3A iqinisekisa ukuthi ishidi lisebenza njengesibuko se-acoustic, okungukuthi, kuma-engeli <30Β° kukhiqizwa i-echo eqinile ye-specular, futhi ku-β₯30Β° i-echo ibonakala emthonjeni womsindo.
Ukuqhathaniswa kweqabunga nempango kulo (I-3A) futhi ngaphandle kokukhiqiza (I-3B) ibonise ukuthi ukuba khona kwezilwane ezizingelayo kwandisa usayizi we-acoustic wethagethi kuma-engeli β₯ 30Β°. Kulesi simo, umphumela we-echo-acoustic wenyamazane eqabungeni ubonakala kahle lapho uhlela i-TS ebangelwa inyamazane, i.e. umehluko ku-TS phakathi kweqabunga elinesilwane noma ngaphandle (I-3Π‘).
Futhi kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhuphuka kosayizi we-acoustic wethagethi kuma-engeli β₯ 30Β° kubonakala kuphela esimweni samafrikhwensi aphezulu; kumafrikhwensi aphansi awukho umphumela owengeziwe nhlobo.
Izibalo ezingenhla zenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukunquma uhla lwetiyori lwama-angles okuhlasela uma kwenzeka kusetshenziswa inkolelo-mbono yokubonisa isibuko - 42 Β° ... 78 Β°. Kulobu bubanzi, ukunyuka okufanayo kosayizi wethagethi ye-acoustic kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-10 dB kubonwe kumafrikhwensi aphezulu (>87 kHz), okuhambisana nedatha ye-acoustic yamalulwane e-M. microtis.
Le ndlela yokuzingela (nge-engeli, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso) ivumela umhlaseli ukuthi anqume ngokushesha ukuba khona/ukungabikho kwenyamazane eqabungeni: i-echo ebuthakathaka nemvamisa ephansi - iqabunga alinalutho, i-echo eqinile ne-broadband - kukhona ukudla okumnandi eqabungeni.
Uma sicabangela inkolelo-mbono yesithunzi se-acoustic, khona-ke i-angle yokuhlasela kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-30. Kulokhu, ngokusho kwezibalo, ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezimpawu ze-echo zeqabunga kanye nenyamazane kuphezulu, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-TS uma kuqhathaniswa. ku-echo yeqabunga ngaphandle kwempango, i.e. lokhu kubangela ithunzi le-acoustic.
Sesiqedile ngezibalo, ake siqhubekele kokubonayo.
Ngesikhathi sokubhekwa, izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ezivela ekudleni kwamalulwane, ezitholakala eqabungeni lokwenziwa, zazisetshenziswa njengezisulu. Kusetshenziswa amakhamera amabili anesivinini esikhulu nombhobho we-ultrasonic, kwaqoshwa ukuziphatha kwamalulwane lapho esondela esilwaneni. Kusukela ekurekhodweni okuwumphumela, imigudu yendiza engu-33 yamalulwane esondela futhi ehlala phezu kwezisulu zakhiwe kabusha.
Ilulwane lihlasela inyamazane yalo.
Ama-trajectories endiza ayesekelwe endaweni yamakhala amalulwane phakathi nohlaka ngalunye njengoba edlulisela isignali yawo.
Njengoba bekulindelekile, ukubonwa kwabonisa ukuthi amalulwane asondela inyamazane nge-engeli.
Isithombe #4
Esithombeni I-4A ikhombisa imephu ye-XNUMXD ye-prey attack trajectories. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwama-engeli okuhlasela kulandela amajika kasayizi we-acoustic kumafrikhwensi aphezulu (I-4B).
Zonke izifundo zihlasele okuqondiwe ngama-engeli angu-<30Β° futhi zagwema ngokusobala izikhombisi-ndlela ezingaphambili. Kuwo wonke ama-engeli okuhlasela abonwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ama-79,9% abekububanzi obuqageliwe obungu-42Β°...78Β°. Ukunemba ngisho nangokwengeziwe, u-44,5% wawo wonke ama-engeli abekububanzi obungu-60Β°...72Β°.
Ukuhlasela inyamazane nge-engeli kanye nama-spectrograms wesignali ye-acoustic ekhishiwe.
Okunye okuphawuliwe ukuthi amalulwane awakaze ahlasele inyamazane yawo esuka phezulu, njengoba abanye abacwaningi babesikisele.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke ΠΈ kuyena.
Epilogue
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-echolocation njengento eyinhloko, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okuwukuphela, ithuluzi lokuzingela selivele liyinto eyingqayizivele futhi emangalisayo. Nokho, amalulwane awalokothi ayeke ukumangala, ebonisa amaqhinga okuhlasela ayinkimbinkimbi kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ukuthola nokubamba isisulu esingacashile akunzima, kodwa ukuthola nokubamba isinambuzane esizama ukucasha ngomsindo ongemuva we-acoustic kudinga indlela ehlukile. Kumalulwane, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-acoustic shadow nesibuko se-acoustic. Ngokusondela eqabungeni nge-engeli ethile, ilulwane linquma khona manjalo ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwesilwane esizingelayo. Futhi uma kukhona, khona-ke isidlo sakusihlwa siqinisekisiwe.
Lolu cwaningo, ngokusho kwababhali balo, lungase luholele umphakathi wesayensi ekutholweni okusha kuma-acoustics kanye nendawo ye-echo, kokubili ngokujwayelekile naphakathi kwezilwane. Kunoma yikuphi, ukufunda okuthile okusha ngezwe elikuzungezile kanye nezidalwa ezihlala kulo akukaze kube yinto embi.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ukuze usinde, ngezinye izikhathi akwanele ukuba umzingeli ovelele. Lapho kubanda ngendlela emangalisayo nxazonke, futhi ukudla kungekho nhlobo, okusele nje ukulala.
I-Off-top 2.0:
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