Le ngxoxo ifakwe ku-anthology I-Playboy Interview: Moguls, ehlanganisa nezingxoxo noJeff Bezos, uSergey Brin, uLarry Page, uDavid Geffen nabanye abaningi.
Playboy: Sasinda ngo-1984 - amakhompyutha awazange athathe umhlaba, nakuba kungeyena wonke umuntu ongavumelana nalokhu. Ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kwamakhompiyutha kubangelwa kakhulu wena, ubaba oneminyaka engu-29 ubudala wenguquko yamakhompyutha. I-boom eyenzekile ikwenze waba indoda ecebe ngendlela emangalisayo - inani lesiteki sakho lifinyelele uhhafu webhiliyoni lamadola, akunjalo?
Imisebenzi: Lapho isitoko sehla, ngalahlekelwa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-250 ngonyaka. [uyahleka]
Playboy: Uyakubona lokhu okuhlekisayo?
Imisebenzi: Ngeke ngivumele izinto ezinje zimoshe impilo yami. Akukhona yini okuhlekisayo lokhu? Uyazi, umbuzo wemali uyangijabulisa kakhulu - uthanda wonke umuntu kakhulu, nakuba eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kwenzeke izenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile nezifundisayo kimi. Futhi kungenza ngizizwe ngimdala, njengokuthi uma ngikhuluma ekhempasini futhi ngibone ukuthi bangaki abafundi abamangele ingcebo yami yesigidi samadola.
Lapho ngifunda, iminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha yayiphela, futhi igagasi le-utilitarianism lalingakafiki. Akukho ukucabanga okuhle kubafundi banamuhla - okungenani, okuncane kakhulu kunakithi. Ngokusobala azivumeli izinkinga zamanje zefilosofi ukuba zibaphazamise kakhulu ekutadisheni kwabo ezentengiselwano. Esikhathini sami, umoya wemibono yeminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha wawungakaphelelwa amandla, futhi iningi lontanga yami lagcina le mibono kuze kube phakade.
Playboy: Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imboni yamakhompiyutha yenze osozigidi...
Imisebenzi: Yebo, yebo, zinsizwa ezihlanyayo.
Playboy: Sasikhuluma ngabantu abafana nawe noSteve Wozniak, ababesebenza egaraji eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Sitshele ngale nguquko eniyiqalile nobabili.
Imisebenzi: Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule kwakukhona inguquko ye-petrochemical. Usinike amandla afinyelelekayo, kulokhu, imishini. Kwashintsha sona kanye isakhiwo somphakathi. Inguquko yolwazi yanamuhla nayo ithinta amandla athengekayo - kodwa kulokhu ingeyengqondo. Ikhompyutha yethu ye-Macintosh isisesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka - kodwa ngisho namanje ingakongela amahora ambalwa ngosuku, idla ugesi omncane kunesibani sama-watt angu-100. Yini ikhompyutha ezokwazi ukuyenza eminyakeni eyishumi, engamashumi amabili, namashumi amahlanu? Lokhu kuguquguquka kuzodlula uguquko lwepetrochemical - futhi sihamba phambili kukho.
Playboy: Ake sithathe ikhefu sichaze ikhompuyutha. Usebenza kanjani?
Imisebenzi: Empeleni, amakhompyutha alula kakhulu. Manje sisentolongweni. Ake sicabange ukuthi ungaqonda kuphela izikhombisi-ndlela ezingajwayelekile, futhi ngidinga ukukutshela ukuthi ungafika kanjani endlini yangasese. Kuzodingeka ngisebenzise iziqondiso ezinembe kakhulu neziqondile, into enjengalena: “Slayida ebhentshini ngokuhambisa amamitha amabili eceleni. Asukume aqonde. Phakamisa umlenze wakho wesokunxele. Gobisa idolo lakho langakwesokunxele lize livundlile. Qondisa umlenze wakho wesokunxele bese uhambisa isisindo sakho ngamasentimitha angamakhulu amathathu ukuya phambili,” njalonjalo. Uma ungabona imiyalo enjalo ngokushesha okuphindwe kayikhulu kunanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu kule khefi, ungabonakala kithi njengomlingo. Ungagijima uyothenga i-cocktail, uyibeke phambi kwami bese ushaya iminwe yakho, futhi ngingacabanga ukuthi ingilazi ivele ngokuchofoza - konke kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Lena yiyo kanye indlela ikhompuyutha esebenza ngayo. Lenza imisebenzi yakudala kakhulu - “thatha le nombolo, yengeze kule nombolo, faka umphumela lapha, uhlole ukuthi ingaphezu kwaleyo nombolo” - kodwa ngesivinini, cishe, sokusebenza kwesigidi ngomzuzwana. Imiphumela etholiwe ibonakala iwumlingo kithi.
Lena incazelo elula. Iphuzu liwukuthi abantu abaningi abadingi ukuqonda ukuthi ikhompuyutha isebenza kanjani. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi umshini ozishintshayo usebenza kanjani, kodwa bayakwazi ukushayela imoto. Awudingi ukufunda i-physics noma uqonde imithetho ye-dynamics ukushayela imoto. Awudingi ukuqonda konke lokhu ukuze usebenzise i-Macintosh—kodwa ubuzile. [uyahleka]
Playboy: Ukholelwa ngokusobala ukuthi amakhompyutha azoshintsha ubumfihlo bethu, kodwa ubaqinisekisa kanjani abangabazayo nabaphikisi?
Imisebenzi: Ikhompuyutha iyithuluzi elimangalisa kakhulu esake salibona. Kungaba ithuluzi lokunyathelisa, isikhungo sokuxhumana, i-super calculator, umhleli, ifolda yedokhumenti, kanye nendlela yokuziveza konke ngesikhathi esisodwa—okudingayo nje isofthiwe efanele neziqondiso. Ayikho enye idivayisi enamandla nokuguquguquka kwekhompyutha. Asazi ukuthi angahamba ibanga elingakanani. Namuhla amakhompyutha enza izimpilo zethu zibe lula. Baqeda imisebenzi engasithatha amahora ngengxenyana yomzuzwana. Bathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezimpilo zethu ngokuthatha isimiso esiyisidina nokwandisa amakhono ethu. Ngokuzayo bazofeza imiyalo yethu eyengeziwe.
Playboy: Kungaba yini ethize izizathu zokuthenga ikhompuyutha? Omunye wozakwenu usanda kuthi: “Sinikeze abantu amakhompyutha, kodwa asizange sibatshele ukuthi benzeni ngawo. Kulula kimi ukulinganisa izinto mathupha kunasekhompyutheni.” Kungani umuntu ukuthenga ikhompuyutha?
Imisebenzi: Abantu abahlukene bazoba nezizathu ezahlukene. Isibonelo esilula amabhizinisi. Ngekhompyutha, ungabhala amadokhumenti ngokushesha okukhulu nangekhwalithi engcono kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqiza kwabasebenzi basehhovisi kuyanda ngezindlela eziningi. Ikhompyutha ikhulula abantu emisebenzini yabo evamile futhi ibavumele ukuthi babe nobuciko. Khumbula, ikhompuyutha iyithuluzi. Amathuluzi asisiza ukuthi senze umsebenzi ongcono.
Uma kukhulunywa ngemfundo, amakhompiyutha ayizinto zokuqala eziqanjiwe kusukela encwadini exhumana nabantu ngokungakhathali nangaphandle kokwahlulela. Imfundo yeSocratic ayisatholakali futhi amakhompiyutha angaguqula imfundo ngokusekelwa othisha abanekhono. Izikole eziningi sezinawo amakhompyutha.
Playboy: Lezi zingxabano zisebenza emabhizinisini nasezikoleni, kodwa kuthiwani ekhaya?
Imisebenzi: Kulesi sigaba, le makethe ikhona kakhulu emcabangweni wethu kunangempela. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuthenga ikhompuyutha namuhla uma ufuna ukuthatha umsebenzi wakho uye nawo ekhaya noma uzifakele wena noma izingane zakho uhlelo lokufundisa. Uma kungekho nesisodwa salezi zizathu esisebenzayo, okuwukuphela kwenketho esele isifiso sokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwekhompyutha. Ubona okuthile okwenzekayo, kodwa awuqondi kahle ukuthi kuyini, futhi ufuna ukufunda okuthile okusha. Maduze konke kuzoshintsha futhi amakhompiyutha azoba yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu yasekhaya.
Playboy: Yini ngempela ezoshintsha?
Imisebenzi: Abantu abaningi bazofuna ukuthenga ikhompuyutha yasekhaya ukuze bakwazi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi yezokuxhumana yezwe lonke. Sisezigabeni zokuqala zempumelelo emangalisayo eqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sokukhula kocingo.
Playboy: Hlobo luni lwempumelelo okhuluma ngalo?
Imisebenzi: Ngingenza ukucabanga kuphela. Sibona izinto eziningi ezintsha emkhakheni wethu. Asazi kahle ukuthi izobukeka kanjani, kodwa izoba yinto enkulu futhi emangalisayo.
Playboy: Kuvela ukuthi ucela abathengi bamakhompyutha asekhaya ukuthi bakhiphe izinkulungwane ezintathu zamarandi, bathathe amazwi akho ngokukholwa?
Imisebenzi: Ngokuzayo, lesi ngeke kube isenzo sokwethembana. Inkinga enzima kakhulu esibhekene nayo ukungakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo yabantu mayelana nezinto ezithile. Uma eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule othile wayebuze u-Alexander Graham Bell ukuthi lusetshenziswa kanjani ucingo, wayengeke akwazi ukuchaza zonke izici zokuthi ucingo lwashintsha kanjani umhlaba. Wayengazi ukuthi ngosizo locingo abantu babezothola ukuthi yini eya e-cinema kusihlwa, ba-oda igrosa ekhaya noma bashayele izihlobo zabo ngaphesheya kwezwe. Okokuqala, ngo-1844, kwethulwa i-telegraph yomphakathi, impumelelo ephawulekayo emkhakheni wezokuxhumana. Imilayezo ihambe isuka eNew York iya e-San Francisco emahoreni ambalwa. Kuye kwenziwa iziphakamiso zokufaka i-telegraph kuwo wonke amadeski eMelika ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. Kodwa bekungeke kusebenze. I-telegraph yayidinga ukuthi abantu bazi ikhodi ye-Morse, iziphonso ezingaqondakali zamachashazi namadeshi. Ukuqeqeshwa kuthathe cishe amahora angama-40. Abantu abaningi bebengasoze bakuthole ukubambelela kukho. Ngenhlanhla, ngawo-1870, uBell wayenelungelo lobunikazi bocingo olwenze umsebenzi ofanayo kodwa lwaluthengeka kakhulu ukulisebenzisa. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, akuvunyelwe ukudlulisa amagama kuphela, kodwa futhi nokucula.
Playboy: Leyo?
Imisebenzi: Wavumela amagama ukuba agcwaliswe ngencazelo ngokusebenzisa iphimbo, hhayi nje ngezindlela ezilula zolimi. Bathi ukuze ukhiqize kakhudlwana, udinga ukubeka ikhompuyutha ye-IBM kuwo wonke amadeski. Lokhu ngeke kusebenze. Manje udinga ukufunda ezinye iziphonso, /qz nezinye ezifanayo. Imanuwali ye-WordStar, iphrosesa yamagama edume kakhulu, inamakhasi angama-400 ubude. Ukuze ubhale inoveli, udinga ukufunda enye inoveli, kubantu abaningi ebukeka njengendaba yabaseshi. Abasebenzisi ngeke bafunde /qz, njengoba nje bengafundanga ikhodi ye-Morse. Yilokho i-Macintosh, “ifoni” yokuqala yemboni yethu. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi into ebanda kunazo zonke ngeMacintosh ukuthi, njengocingo, ikuvumela ukuthi ucule. Awugcini nje ukudlulisa amagama, ungawabhala ngezitayela ezahlukene, uwadwebe futhi wengeze izithombe, ngaleyo ndlela uziveze.
Playboy: Ingabe lokhu kuyamangalisa ngempela noma “iqhinga” elisha? Okungenani umgxeki oyedwa ubize i-Macintosh ngesikrini somlingo esibiza kakhulu se-Etch A Sketch.
Imisebenzi: Lokhu kuphawuleka njengocingo oluthatha indawo yocingo. Cabanga nje ukuthi yini obungayidala useyingane enesikrini somlingo esithuthuke kangaka. Kodwa lokho kuyisici esisodwa nje: nge-Macintosh, awukwazi nje ukwandisa ukukhiqiza kwakho nokudala, kodwa futhi uxhumane ngokuphumelelayo usebenzisa izithombe namagrafu, hhayi nje amagama nezinombolo.
Playboy: Amakhompiyutha amaningi athola imiyalo ngokucindezela okhiye, kuyilapho i-Macintosh isebenzisa idivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi igundane, ibhokisi elincane elihamba phezu kwetafula ukuze lilawule ikhesa esibukweni. Kubantu abajwayele ukusebenzisa amakhibhodi, lolu wushintsho olukhulu. Kungani igundane?
Imisebenzi: Uma ngifuna ukukutshela ukuthi kunebala ehembeni lakho, ngeke ngiphendukele kulimi: “Ibala ehembeni lakho lingamasentimitha angu-14 ukusuka kukhola namasentimitha amathathu ukuya kwesokunxele senkinobho.” Uma ngibona indawo, ngivele ngikhombe kuyo: “Lapha” [kubonisa]. Lesi isingathekiso esifinyeleleka kakhulu. Senze ukuhlola nokucwaninga okuningi okubonisa ukuthi lonke uhla lwezenzo, ezifana nokuthi Sika futhi Namathisela, azilula nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngenxa yegundane.
Playboy: Kuthathe isikhathi esingakanani ukuthuthukisa i-Macintosh?
Imisebenzi: Ukudalwa kwekhompyutha ngokwayo kwathatha iminyaka emibili. Ngaphambi kwalokho, besisebenze ubuchwepheshe obusemuva kwayo iminyaka eminingana. Angicabangi ukuthi ngake ngasebenza kunoma yini kakhulu kunalokho engikwenzile ku-Macintosh, kodwa kwakuyisipiliyoni esihle kakhulu empilweni yami. Ngicabanga ukuthi bonke ozakwethu bazosho okufanayo. Ekupheleni kokuthuthukiswa, asibange sisafuna ukuyikhulula - kwakungathi siyazi ukuthi ngemva kokukhululwa ngeke iphinde ibe eyethu. Lapho ekugcineni sesethula emhlanganweni wabaninimasheya, wonke umuntu owayesendlini wasukuma washaya ihlombe imizuzu emihlanu. Okumangaza kakhulu ukuthi ngibone ithimba lokuthuthukisa iMac lihamba phambili. Akekho kithi owayengakholwa ukuthi sesiqedile. Sakhala sonke.
Playboy: Ngaphambi kwenhlolokhono, saxwayiswa: zilungiselele, "uzocutshungulwa" ngabangcono kakhulu.
Imisebenzi: [emamatheka] Mina nozakwethu siwuthanda kakhulu umsebenzi.
Playboy: Kodwa umthengi angakwazi kanjani ukubona inani langempela lomkhiqizo ngemuva kwawo wonke lo mdlandla, imikhankaso yokukhangisa yezigidigidi zamadola kanye nekhono lakho lokuxhumana nabezindaba?
Imisebenzi: Imikhankaso yokukhangisa iyadingeka ukuze uhlale unokuncintisana - ukukhangisa kwe-IBM kukuyo yonke indawo. I-PR enhle inika abantu ulwazi, yilokho kuphela. Akunakwenzeka ukukhohlisa abantu kuleli bhizinisi - imikhiqizo izikhulumela yona.
Playboy: Ngaphandle kwezikhalazo ezidumile mayelana nokungasebenzi kwegundane kanye nesikrini esimnyama nesimhlophe se-Macintosh, icala elibi kakhulu elibhekene ne-Apple amanani entengo emikhiqizo yawo. Ungathanda ukuphendula abagxeki?
Imisebenzi: Наши исследования доказывают, что мышь позволяет работать с данными или приложениями быстрее традиционных средств. Когда-нибудь у нас будет возможность выпустить относительно недорогой цветной экран. Что касается завышения, то при запуске новый продукт стоит дороже, чем в будущем. Чем больше мы сможем производить, тем дешевле…
Playboy: Yilokho umnyombo wesikhalazo: uheha abathanda izintengo zeprimiyamu, bese ushintsha isu nezintengo eziphansi ukuze uhehe yonke imakethe.
Imisebenzi: Akulona iqiniso. Ngokushesha nje thina Can yehlisa intengo, sikwenza. Ngempela, amakhompyutha ethu ashibhile kunaseminyakeni embalwa edlule noma ngisho nangonyaka odlule. Kodwa okufanayo kungashiwo nge-IBM. Umgomo wethu uwukunikeza amashumi ezigidi zabantu ngamakhompyutha, futhi uma la makhompyutha eshibhe, kuzoba lula ngathi ukwenza lokhu. Uma i-Macintosh ibiza inkulungwane yamadola, ngingaba njalo ngijabule.
Playboy: Kuthiwani ngabantu abathenge i-Lisa ne-Apple III, oyikhiphe ngaphambi kwe-Macintosh? Bashiywe nemikhiqizo engahambelani, eyisidala.
Imisebenzi: Uma ufuna ukubeka umbuzo ngale ndlela, khumbula-ke ngalabo abathenge ama-PC nama-PCjr kwa-IBM. Ekhuluma ngoLisa, obunye ubuchwepheshe bayo bubuye busetshenziswe ku-Macintosh - ungaqhuba izinhlelo ze-Macintosh ku-Lisa. U-Lisa ufana nomfowethu omkhulu we-Macintosh, futhi nakuba ukuthengisa bekuhamba kancane ekuqaleni, namuhla kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyaqhubeka nokuthengisa ama-Apple III angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili ngenyanga, ngaphezu kwengxenye yawo ukuphinda amakhasimende. Sekukonke, iphuzu lami ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha abuyithathi indawo obukhona—bona, ngokwencazelo, bubenza bungasebenzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yebo, bazoyishintsha. Kodwa lesi simo sifana naso endabeni yamathelevishini ombala, athatha indawo emnyama nomhlophe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu ngokwabo banquma ukuthi batshale noma cha kubuchwepheshe obusha.
Playboy: Ngaleli zinga, ingabe iMac ngokwayo izophelelwa yisikhathi eminyakeni embalwa?
Imisebenzi: Ngaphambi kokudalwa kwe-Macintosh, kwakukhona izindinganiso ezimbili - i-Apple II ne-IBM PC. Lezi zindinganiso zifana nemifula enqamula emadwaleni omhosha. Inqubo enjalo ithatha iminyaka - i-Apple II ithathe iminyaka eyisikhombisa "ukugqashuka", i-IBM PC yathatha iminyaka emine. I-Macintosh iyindinganiso yesithathu, umfula wesithathu, okwazile ukubhoboza itshe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngenxa yenguquko yomkhiqizo kanye nokumaketha ngokucophelela kwenkampani yethu. Ngicabanga ukuthi namuhla kunezinkampani ezimbili kuphela ezingenza lokhu - i-Apple ne-IBM. Kungase kungabi yinto enhle, kodwa inqubo ye-herculean, futhi angicabangi ukuthi i-Apple noma i-IBM izobuyela kuyo eminye iminyaka emithathu noma emine. Mhlawumbe ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kuzovela into entsha.
Playboy:Yini manje?
Imisebenzi: Intuthuko entsha izohloswe ukukhulisa ukuphatheka kwemikhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi, ukusabalalisa amaphrinta e-laser kanye nedathabheyisi okwabelwana ngayo. Amakhono okuxhumana nawo azonwetshwa, mhlawumbe ngokuhlanganisa ucingo nekhompyutha yomuntu siqu.
Ukuze iqhubeke
Source: www.habr.com