Lena ingxenye yesibili yenhlolokhono efakwe ku-anthology I-Playboy Interview: Moguls, ehlanganisa nezingxoxo noJeff Bezos, uSergey Brin, uLarry Page, uDavid Geffen nabanye abaningi.
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Playboy: Ubhejwa kakhulu ngeMacintosh. Bathi isiphetho se-Apple sincike empumelelweni noma ekuhlulekeni kwayo. Ngemva kokukhululwa kukaLisa no-Apple III, amasheya e-Apple acwila kakhulu, futhi kunamahemuhemu okuthi i-Apple ingase ingasindi.
Imisebenzi: Yebo, sibe nesikhathi esinzima. Sasazi ukuthi kufanele senze isimangaliso nge-Macintosh noma amaphupho ethu ngemikhiqizo noma inkampani ngokwayo ayisoze yafezeka.
Playboy: Bezimbi kangakanani izinkinga zakho? Ingabe i-Apple yayibhekene nokuqothuka?
Imisebenzi: Cha, cha kanye NO. Eqinisweni, i-1983, lapho zonke lezi zibikezelo zenziwa, kwaba unyaka ophumelele ngendlela emangalisayo ku-Apple. Ngo-1983, saphinda kabili imali engenayo isuka ku-$583 million yaya ku-$980 million. Cishe konke ukuthengisa bekungokwe-Apple II, futhi besifuna okwengeziwe. Ukube i-Macintosh ibingathandwanga, ngabe sisesebhiliyoni ngonyaka sithengisa i-Apple II nokuhluka kwayo.
Playboy: Тогда чем были вызваны разговоры о вашем крахе?
Imisebenzi: I-IBM isukume futhi yaqala ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo. Abathuthukisi besoftware baqale ukushintshela ku-IBM. Abathengisi bebekhuluma kakhulu nge-IBM. Kwasicacela ukuthi iMacintosh izoshaya wonke umuntu futhi iguqule yonke imboni. Lokhu kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe. Ukube iMacintosh ayizange iphumelele, ngabe ngancama ngoba nganginephutha elikhulu embonweni wami ngalo mkhakha.
Playboy: Eminyakeni emine edlule, i-Apple III bekufanele ibe inguqulo ethuthukisiwe, eshuniwe ye-Apple II, kodwa yehluleka. Ukhumbule amakhompyutha okuqala ayi-14 ayizinkulungwane kusukela ekuthengisweni, ngisho nenguqulo elungisiwe ayiphumelelanga. Ulahlekelwe yimalini ku-Apple III?
Imisebenzi: Ngokungakholeki, abaningi ngokungenamkhawulo. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukube i-Apple III ibiphumelele kakhulu, bekungaba nzima ukuthi i-IBM ingene emakethe. Kodwa yimpilo leyo. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwasenza saba namandla kakhulu.
Playboy: Nokho, uLisa naye wayeyisehluleki esihlobene. Kukhona into engahambanga kahle?
Imisebenzi: Okokuqala nje, ikhompuyutha yayibiza kakhulu futhi ibiza cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi. Saphambuka ezimpandeni zethu, sakhohlwa ukuthi kufanele sidayisele abantu imikhiqizo, futhi sithembele ezinkampanini ezinkulu ze-Fortune 500. Kwakukhona nezinye izinkinga - ukulethwa kwathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, isofthiwe ayizange isebenze ngendlela esiyifunayo, ngakho-ke salahlekelwa umfutho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IBM, kanye nokulibaziseka kwethu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, kanye nentengo ibiphezulu kakhulu, kanye nelinye iphutha lesu - isinqumo sokuthengisa uLisa ngenani elilinganiselwe labahlinzeki. Ayengama-150 noma ngaphezulu kuwo - lokhu kwakuwubuwula obukhulu kithi, okwasibiza kakhulu. Siqashe abantu ababethathwa njengochwepheshe bokumaketha nokuphatha. Kungabukeka kuwumqondo omuhle, kodwa imboni yethu isencane kangangokuthi imibono yalaba basebenzi iphenduke isidala futhi yavimbela impumelelo yomsebenzi.
Playboy: Ingabe lokhu kuntula ukuzethemba ohlangothini lwakho? “Sesifike lapha futhi izinto sezibucayi. Sidinga ukuqiniswa. "
Imisebenzi: Ungakhohlwa, sasineminyaka engu-23-25 ubudala. Sasingenaso isipiliyoni esinjalo, ngakho lo mbono wabonakala unengqondo.
Playboy: Izinqumo eziningi, ezinhle noma ezimbi, bekungezakho?
Imisebenzi: Sazama ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi izinqumo azithathwa ngumuntu oyedwa kuphela. Ngaleso sikhathi, inkampani yayiphethwe abantu abathathu: uMike Scott, uMike Markkula kanye nami. Namuhla kukhona abantu ababili abaphethe - uMongameli we-Apple uJohn Sculley kanye nami. Lapho siqala, ngangivame ukubonisana nozakwethu abanokuhlangenwe nakho okwengeziwe. Njengomthetho, babonakala belungile. Kwezinye izinto ezibalulekile, bekufanele ngikwenze ngendlela yami, futhi bekungaba ngcono enkampanini.
Playboy: Ubufuna ukuphatha isigaba sikaLisa. UMarkkula noScott (empeleni, abaphathi bakho, nakuba ubambe iqhaza ekuqokweni kwabo) abazange bakubone ufanelekile, akunjalo?
Imisebenzi: Ngemva kokuchaza imiqondo eyisisekelo, ukukhetha abadlali ababalulekile nokuhlela izikhombisi-ndlela zobuchwepheshe, i-Scotty inqume ukuthi anginaso isipiliyoni esanele sephrojekthi enjalo. Ngangisezinhlungwini—ayikho enye indlela yokuyibeka.
Playboy: Ingabe uzizwe sengathi ulahlekelwa i-Apple?
Imisebenzi: Ngokwengxenye. Kodwa into ecasula kakhulu ukuthi abantu abaningi bamenywe kuphrojekthi kaLisa abangazange bahlanganyele umbono wethu wokuqala. Kwakukhona ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kweqembu likaLisa phakathi kwalabo ababefuna ukwakha into efana ne-Macintosh, nalabo abavela e-Hewlett-Packard nezinye izinkampani futhi baletha imibono evela lapho ngemishini emikhulu nokuthengiswa kwebhizinisi. Nganquma ukuthi ukuze ngithuthukise i-Macintosh, kwakuzodingeka ngithathe iqembu elincane labantu ngisuke—empeleni ngibuyele egaraji. Asizange sithathwe ngokungathi sína ngaleso sikhathi. Ngicabanga ukuthi uScotty wayefuna nje ukungiduduza noma ukungitotosa.
Playboy: Kodwa wena owasungula le nkampani. Ubuthukuthele?
Imisebenzi: Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uthukuthelele eyakho ingane.
Playboy: Noma ngabe lengane ikuyisa esihogweni?
Imisebenzi: Angizange ngizizwe ngithukuthele. Ukudabuka nokukhungatheka okujulile nje. Kepha ngathola izisebenzi ezihamba phambili ze-Apple - ukube lokhu bekungenzeki, inkampani ibizoba senkingeni enkulu. Yiqiniso, laba ngabantu abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala i-Macintosh. [amahlombe] Bheka nje iMac.
Playboy: Awukho umbono ongavumelananga okwamanje. I-Mac yethulwa ngendlela efanayo nekaLisa, kodwa iphrojekthi yangaphambili ayizange iqale.
Imisebenzi: Yiqiniso lokhu. Sasinethemba elikhulu ngoLisa, elingazange ligcwaliseke ekugcineni. Ingxenye enzima kakhulu ukuthi besazi ukuthi i-Macintosh iyeza, futhi yalungisa cishe zonke izinkinga nge-Lisa. Ukuthuthuka kwawo kwaba wukubuyela ezimpandeni - sesiphinde sadayisela abantu amakhompyutha, hhayi ama-corporation. Sithathe isithombe futhi sakha ikhompuyutha epholile ngendlela emangalisayo, ehamba phambili emlandweni.
Playboy: Ngabe kufanele uhlanya ukuze udale izinto ezipholile ezihlanyayo?
Imisebenzi: Eqinisweni, into eyinhloko ekudaleni umkhiqizo opholile ngobuhlanya yinqubo ngokwayo, ukufunda izinto ezintsha, ukwamukela ezintsha nokulahla imibono emidala. Kepha yebo, abadali beMac bathintwa kancane.
Playboy: Yini ehlukanisa labo abanemibono epholile ehlanya nalabo abakwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa?
Imisebenzi: Ake sithathe i-IBM njengesibonelo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ithimba le-Mac likhiphe i-Mac futhi i-IBM ikhiphe i-PCjr? Sicabanga ukuthi i-Mac izothengisa kahle kakhulu, kodwa asiyakhelanga noma ubani. Sazidalela yona. Mina neqembu lami sasifuna ukuzinqumela ukuthi ulungile noma cha. Besingazimiselanga ukwenza ukuhlaziya imakethe. Besifuna nje ukudala ikhompuyutha engcono kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Zicabange ungumbazi wenza ikhabethe elihle. Ngeke wenze udonga lwangemuva nge-plywood eshibhile, nakuba luzophumula odongeni futhi akekho oyoke alubone. Uzokwazi ukuthi yini ekhona futhi usebenzise izinkuni ezinhle kakhulu. I-aesthetics nekhwalithi kufanele ibe sezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke ukwazi ukulala ebusuku.
Playboy: Uthi abadali be-PCjr abaziqhenyi kangako ngendalo yabo?
Imisebenzi: Ukube bekunjalo ngabe abamdedeli. Kusobala kimina ukuthi bayiklame ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwengxenye yemakethe ethile yohlobo oluthile lwekhasimende futhi balindele ukuthi wonke lawo makhasimende agijimele esitolo futhi awenzele ithani lemali. Lesi yisisusa esihluke ngokuphelele. Ithimba le-Mac lalifuna ukudala ikhompuyutha enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu.
Playboy: Kungani iningi labantu abasha lisebenza emkhakheni wamakhompyutha? Isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala yesisebenzi se-Apple sineminyaka engama-29.
Imisebenzi: Lo mkhuba usebenza kunoma yiziphi izindawo ezintsha, ezinoguquko. Njengoba abantu bekhula, baba ne-ossified. Ubuchopho bethu bufana nekhompiyutha ye-electrochemical. Imicabango yakho idala amaphethini afana ne-scaffolding. Abantu abaningi babhajwa emaphethini abawajwayele futhi baqhubeke nokuhamba eduze kwawo kuphela, njengenaliti yomdlali ohamba emigudwini yerekhodi. Bambalwa abantu abangashiya indlela yabo evamile yokubuka izinto futhi bahlele imizila emisha. Akuvamile ukubona umdwebi oneminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu noma amane enza imisebenzi emangalisayo ngempela. Yiqiniso, kukhona abantu ilukuluku labo lemvelo libavumela ukuba bahlale beyizingane kuze kube phakade, kodwa lokhu akuvamile.
Playboy: Abafundi bethu abaneminyaka engamashumi amane bazowathokozela amazwi akho. Ake sidlulele kolunye udaba oluvame ukukhulunywa ngalo mayelana ne-Apple - inkampani, hhayi ikhompuyutha. Ukunikeza wona lowo muzwa wobumesiya, akunjalo?
Imisebenzi: Nginomuzwa wokuthi sishintsha umphakathi hhayi ngosizo lwamakhompyutha kuphela. Ngicabanga ukuthi i-Apple inamandla okuba inkampani ye-Fortune 500 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili noma ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu edlule, lapho kuhlanganiswa uhlu lwezinkampani ezinhlanu ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu e-United States, iningi laliyofaka i-Polaroid ne-Xerox. Bakuphi namuhla? Kwenzekani kubo? Njengoba izinkampani ziba izikhondlakhondla zezigidigidi zamadola, zilahlekelwa umbono wazo. Baqala ukwakha izixhumanisi phakathi kwabaphathi nalabo abasebenza ngempela. Balahlekelwa uthando ngemikhiqizo yabo. Abadali bangempela, labo abakhathalelayo, kufanele banqobe izingqimba ezinhlanu zabaphathi ukuze nje benze lokho abacabanga ukuthi kuyadingeka.
Izinkampani eziningi azikwazi ukugcina abantu abahlakaniphile endaweni lapho impumelelo yomuntu idikibala futhi ingabukeki. Laba chwepheshe bayahamba, kodwa ubumpunga buhlala bukhona. Ngiyazi lokhu ngoba i-Apple yakhiwe ngaleyo ndlela. Thina, njenge-Ellis Island, samukela ababaleki abavela kwezinye izinkampani. Kwezinye izinkampani, laba bantu abagqamile babebhekwa njengabahlubuki nabahlukumezi.
Uyazi, uDkt. Edwin Land naye wayeyimbuka. Washiya i-Harvard futhi wasungula i-Polaroid. Izwe lalingeyena nje omunye wabasunguli abakhulu besikhathi sethu—wabona lapho kuhlangana khona ubuciko, isayensi, nebhizinisi, futhi wasungula inhlangano ezobonisa leyo mpambana-mgwaqo. I-Polaroid yaphumelela isikhashana, kodwa uDkt. Land, omunye wabavukeli abakhulu, wacelwa ukuba ashiye inkampani yakhe - esinye sezinqumo eziwubuphukuphuku engake ngazenza. Khona-ke u-Land oneminyaka engu-75 ubudala wathatha isayensi yangempela - kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wazama ukuxazulula imfumbe yombono wombala. Le ndoda iyigugu lethu lesizwe. Angiqondi ukuthi kungani abantu abafana nalaba bengasetshenziswa njengezibonelo. Abantu abanjalo bapholile kakhulu kunosomkhathi nezihlabani zebhola; akekho opholile kunabo.
Ngokuvamile, omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko mina noJohn Sculley esizokwahlulelwa ngayo eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ukuguqula i-Apple ibe yinkampani enkulu enenzuzo yezigidigidi eziyishumi noma ezingamashumi amabili zamaRandi. Ingabe izowugcina umoya wanamuhla? Sizihlolela indawo entsha. Azikho ezinye izibonelo ongathembela kuzo - hhayi mayelana nokukhula, noma mayelana nezinqumo ezintsha zokuphatha. Ngakho kuzofanele sihambe ngendlela yethu.
Playboy: Uma i-Apple ihluke kakhulu, kungani idinga lokhu kwanda okuphindwe kabili? Kungani ungahlali uyinkampani encane?
Imisebenzi: Imboni yethu ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ukuze sihlale singomunye wabadlali abakhulu, kuzomele sibe yinkampani ebiza izigidigidi eziyishumi. Ukukhula kuyadingeka ukuze uhlale unokuncintisana. Yilokhu kanye okusikhathazayo; izinga lemali ngokwalo alinandaba.
Abasebenzi bakwa-Apple basebenza amahora angu-18 ngosuku. Siqoqa abantu abakhethekile - labo abangafuni ukulinda iminyaka emihlanu noma eyishumi ukuze othile abafake engozini. Labo abafuna ngempela ukuzuza okwengeziwe futhi bashiye uphawu emlandweni. Siyazi ukuthi sidala okuthile okubalulekile nokukhethekile. Sisekuqaleni kohambo futhi singazinqumela umzila ngokwethu. Ngamunye wethu unomuzwa wokuthi sishintsha ikusasa njengamanje. Abantu iningi labo bangabathengi. Mina nawe asizidali izingubo zethu, asizilimeli ukudla kwethu, sikhuluma ulimi olusungulwe ngomunye futhi sisebenzisa izibalo ezasungulwa kudala ngaphambi kwethu. Kuyaqabukela sikwazi ukunikeza umhlaba okuthile okungokwethu. Manje sinalo ithuba elinjalo. Futhi cha, asazi ukuthi kuzosiyisaphi - kodwa siyazi ukuthi siyingxenye yento enkulu kunathi.
Playboy: Ushilo ukuthi kubalulekile kuwe ukuthi uthwebule imakethe yebhizinisi ngeMacintosh. Ungakwazi yini ukushaya i-IBM kulo mkhakha?
Imisebenzi: Yebo. Le makethe ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha eminingana. Ngiyathanda ukucabanga ukuthi akukhona kuphela i-Fortune 500, kodwa kukhona ne-Fortune 5000000 noma i-Fortune 14000000. Kunamabhizinisi amancane angu-14 million ezweni lakithi. Kimina kubonakala sengathi izisebenzi eziningi zezinkampani eziphakathi nendawo nezincane zidinga amakhompyutha omsebenzi. Sizobanikeza izixazululo ezihloniphekile ngonyaka ozayo, we-1985.
Playboy: Nhloboni?
Imisebenzi: Indlela yethu ukubheka hhayi emabhizinisini, kodwa emaqenjini. Sifuna ukwenza izinguquko ezisezingeni eliphezulu ohlelweni lwabo lomsebenzi. Akwanele ngathi ukubasiza ngesethi yamagama noma ukusheshisa ukungezwa kwezinombolo. Sifuna ukushintsha indlela abasebenzisana ngayo. Amamemo anamakhasi amahlanu afingqiwe abe linye ngoba ungasebenzisa isithombe ukuveza umqondo oyinhloko. Iphepha elincane, ukuxhumana kwekhwalithi eyengeziwe. Futhi kumnandi kakhulu ngale ndlela. Ngesizathu esithile, bekulokhu kunenkolelo yokuthi ngisho nabantu abajabule nabathakazelisa kakhulu emsebenzini baphenduka amarobhothi aminyene. Lokhu akulona neze iqiniso. Uma singaletha lo moya wamahhala ezweni lebhizinisi elibalulekile, kuzoba umnikelo obalulekile. Kunzima nokucabanga ukuthi izinto zizohamba kude kangakanani.
Playboy: Kodwa engxenyeni yebhizinisi, ngisho negama elithi IBM ngokwalo liyakuphikisa. Abantu bahlobanisa i-IBM nokusebenza kahle nokuzinza. Esinye isidlali sekhompiyutha esisha, i-AT&T, sinaso igqubu ngawe. I-Apple yinkampani encane engabonakala ingahloliwe kumakhasimende angaba khona nezinkampani ezinkulu.
Imisebenzi: I-Macintosh izosisiza ukuthi singene engxenyeni yebhizinisi. I-IBM isebenza namabhizinisi ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Ukuze siphumelele, kufanele sisebenzele emuva, siqale phansi. Ngizochaza ngisebenzisa isibonelo sokubeka amanethiwekhi - akufanele sixhume izinkampani zonke ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengoba kwenza i-IBM, kodwa sigxile emaqenjini amancane omsebenzi.
Playboy: Omunye uchwepheshe uthe ukuze imboni ithuthuke futhi kuzuze umsebenzisi wokugcina, kufanele kube nendinganiso eyodwa.
Imisebenzi: Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ukuthi kudingeka indinganiso eyodwa namuhla kuyefana nokuthi ngo-1920 kudingeka uhlobo olulodwa lwemoto. Kulokhu, besingeke sibone i-automatic transmission, power steering kanye ne-independent suspension. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqandisa into yokugcina okudingeka uyenze. I-Macintosh iyinguquko emhlabeni wamakhompyutha. Akungabazeki ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-Macintosh buphakeme kunobuchwepheshe be-IBM. I-IBM idinga enye indlela.
Playboy: Ingabe isinqumo sakho sokungenzi ikhompuyutha ihambisane ne-IBM sihlobene nokungabaza ukuhambisa umuntu oqhudelana naye? Omunye umgxeki ukholelwa ukuthi isizathu kuphela isifiso sakho - okuthiwa uSteve Jobs uthumela i-IBM esihogweni.
Imisebenzi: Cha, asizange sizame ukubonisa ubudoda bethu ngosizo lomuntu ngamunye.
Playboy: Bese siyini isizathu?
Imisebenzi: Impikiswano enkulu ukuthi ubuchwepheshe esibuthuthukisile buhle kakhulu. Bekungeke kube kuhle ukube ibihambisana ne-IBM. Impela, asifuni ukuthi i-IBM ibuse imboni yethu, lokho kuyiqiniso. Kwabaningi kwakubonakala sengathi ukwenza ikhompuyutha ingahambisani ne-IBM kuwubuhlanya obumsulwa. Inkampani yethu ithathe lesi sinyathelo ngezizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala - futhi kubonakala sengathi impilo ifakazela ukuthi siqinisile - ukuthi kulula ku-IBM "ukumboza" futhi ichithe izinkampani ezikhiqiza amakhompyutha ahambisanayo.
Okwesibili futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inkampani yethu iqhutshwa umbono okhethekile womkhiqizo owukhiqizayo. Sikholelwa ukuthi amakhompyutha angamathuluzi ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu ake asungulwa ngumuntu, futhi abantu empeleni bangabasebenzisi bamathuluzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuhlinzeka ngamakhompyutha kubantu abaningi, abantu abaningi, sizokwenza izinguquko ezisezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Kwa-Apple, sifuna ukwenza ikhompuyutha ibe into evamile yasendlini futhi silethule emashumini ezigidi zabantu. Yilokho esikufunayo. Asikwazanga ukufeza lo mgomo ngobuchwepheshe be-IBM, okusho ukuthi bekufanele sidale okuthile okwethu. Wazalwa kanje uMacintosh.
Playboy: Phakathi kuka-1981 no-1983, isabelo sakho semakethe yekhompyutha yomuntu siqu sehle sisuka kumaphesenti angu-29 saya kumaphesenti angu-23. Isabelo se-IBM sikhule sisuka kumaphesenti ama-3 saya kumaphesenti angama-29 ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uziphendula kanjani izinombolo?
Imisebenzi: Izinombolo azikaze zisikhathaze. I-Apple igxile emikhiqizweni ngoba umkhiqizo uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. I-IBM igcizelela isevisi, ukwesekwa, ukuphepha, izinhlaka eziyinhloko kanye nokunakekelwa cishe kukamama. Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, u-Apple waphawula ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukunikeza umama ngawo wonke amakhompyutha ayizigidi eziyishumi awathengisa ngonyaka—ngisho ne-IBM ayinabo omama abaningi kangako. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubumama kumele bakhelwe kukhompuyutha uqobo. Lokho kuyingxenye enkulu yalokho iMacintosh emayelana nayo.
Konke kwehlela ku-Apple ngokumelene ne-IBM. Uma ngesizathu esithile senza amaphutha abulalayo futhi i-IBM iwine, ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi iminyaka engu-20 ezayo izoba yinkathi yobumnyama yamakhompyutha. Uma i-IBM ithwebula ingxenye yemakethe, ukuqamba okusha kuyama. I-IBM ivimbela ukuqamba okusha.
Playboy: Kungani?
Imisebenzi: Ake sithathe isibonelo inkampani ethokozisayo njengoFrito-Lay. Isebenza ngama-oda angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu ngesonto. Kukhona i-Frito-Lay rack kuzo zonke izitolo, futhi ezinkulu kukhona neziningana. Inkinga enkulu kaFrito-Lay ukushoda kwezimpahla, uma sikhuluma nje, ama-chips angenambitheka. Banezisebenzi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezigijima zishintsha ama-chips amabi ngezinhle. Baxhumana nabaphathi futhi baqinisekise ukuthi konke kuhamba ngendlela. Isevisi enjalo nokusekelwa kubanika isabelo esingu-80% kuyo yonke ingxenye yemakethe yama-chips. Akekho ongamelana nazo. Uma nje beqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi omuhle, akekho ozobaphuca amaphesenti angama-80 emakethe - abanabo abantu abanele bokuthengisa kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Abakwazi ukubaqasha ngoba abanayo imali yokwenza lokho. Abanayo imali ngoba abanawo amaphesenti angama-80 ezimakethe. Kuyi-catch-22 enjalo. Akekho ongazamazamisa umdondoshiya ongaka.
I-Frito-Lay ayidingi ukusungulwa okuningi. Umane abuke imikhiqizo emisha yabakhiqizi abancane bama-chip, afunde le mikhiqizo emisha unyaka wonke, futhi ngemva komunye unyaka noma emibili akhiphe umkhiqizo ofanayo, awunikeze ukusekelwa okufanele, futhi athole amaphesenti angu-80 afanayo emakethe entsha.
I-IBM yenza into efanayo ncamashi. Bheka umkhakha we-mainframe - selokhu i-IBM yaqala ukubusa lo mkhakha eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule, ukuqamba okusha kucishe kwaphela. Kuzokwenzeka okufanayo kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye zemakethe yamakhompiyutha uma i-IBM ivunyelwe ukuyibeka izandla. I-IBM PC ayizange ilethe ngisho neconsi elilodwa lobuchwepheshe obusha embonini. Imane ipakishwe kabusha futhi yalungiswa kancane i-Apple II, futhi bafuna ukuthatha yonke imakethe ngayo. Ngokuqinisekile bafuna yonke imakethe.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyathanda noma cha, imakethe incike ezinkampanini ezimbili kuphela. Angiyithandi, kodwa konke kuncike ku-Apple ne-IBM.
Playboy: Ungaqiniseka kanjani uma imboni ishintsha ngokushesha kangaka? Manje i-Macintosh isezindebeni zawo wonke umuntu, kodwa kuzokwenzekani eminyakeni emibili? Ingabe lokhu akuphambani nefilosofi yakho? Uzama ukuthatha indawo ye-IBM, azikho yini izinkampani ezincane ezifuna ukuthatha indawo ka-Apple?
Imisebenzi: Uma sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuthengiswa kwekhompyutha, konke kusezandleni ze-Apple ne-IBM. Angicabangi ukuthi kukhona ozofuna indawo yesithathu, yesine, yesithupha noma yesikhombisa. Iningi lezinkampani ezisencane, ezenza izinto ezintsha ziqhutshwa kakhulu yisoftware. Ngicabanga ukuthi singalindela impumelelo kubo endaweni yesoftware, kodwa hhayi endaweni yehardware.
Playboy: I-IBM ingasho into efanayo mayelana nehadiwe, kodwa ngeke ubaxolele ngakho. Uyini umehluko?
Imisebenzi: Ngicabanga ukuthi indawo yethu yebhizinisi isikhule kakhulu kangangokuthi kuzoba nzima kunoma ubani ukuthi ethule into entsha.
Playboy: Ngabe izinkampani zezigidigidi ngeke zisazalelwa emagaraji?
Imisebenzi: Ikhompyutha - cha, ngiyakungabaza ngempela. Lokhu kubeka isibopho esikhethekile ku-Apple - uma silindele ukuqanjwa kabusha kunoma ubani, kufanele kuvele kithi. Yilena kuphela indlela esingalwa ngayo. Uma sihamba ngokushesha ngokwanele, ngeke basithole.
Playboy: Ucabanga ukuthi i-IBM izogcina nini ibambene nezinkampani ezikhiqiza amakhompyutha ahambisana ne-IBM?
Imisebenzi: Kungenzeka kusekhona izinkampani zama-copycat ebangeni elingama-$100-200 wezigidi, kodwa lolo hlobo lwemali engenayo lusho ukuthi uyazabalaza ukuze uphile futhi awunaso isikhathi sokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngikholwa wukuthi i-IBM izoqeda abalingisi ngezinhlelo abangenazo, bese igcina yethula izinga elisha elingahambisani nelanamuhla - lincane kakhulu.
Playboy: Kodwa nawe wenze into efanayo. Uma umuntu enezinhlelo ze-Apple II, ngeke akwazi ukuziqhuba ku-Macintosh.
Imisebenzi: Kunjalo, iMac iyidivayisi entsha ngokuphelele. Saqonda ukuthi singaheha labo abathanda ubuchwepheshe obukhona - i-Apple II, i-IBM PC - ngoba basazohlala ekhompyutheni imini nobusuku, bezama ukuyiqonda kahle. Kodwa abantu abaningi bayohlala bengafinyeleleki kithi.
Ukuhlinzeka ngamakhompuyutha emashumini ezigidi zabantu, besidinga ubuchwepheshe obuzokwenza amakhompuyutha abe lula kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa ngesikhathi esifanayo awenze abe namandla kakhulu. Besidinga inqubekelaphambili. Besifuna ukwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ngoba iMacintosh kungenzeka kube yithuba lethu lokugcina lokuqala kabusha. Ngijabule kakhulu ngesikwenzile. I-Macintosh izosinika isisekelo esihle seshumi leminyaka elizayo.
Playboy: Ake sibuyele ezimpandeni, kwabandulela uLisa noMac, ekuqaleni. Abazali bakho babe nomthelela ongakanani ekuthandeni kwakho amakhompyutha?
Imisebenzi: Bakhuthaza isithakazelo sami. Ubaba wayengumakhenikha futhi ehlakaniphile ekusebenzeni ngezandla zakhe. Angakwazi ukulungisa noma iyiphi idivayisi. Ngalokhu wanginika umfutho wokuqala. Ngaqala ukuthanda izinto zikagesi futhi waqala ukungilethela izinto engangingazihlukanisa futhi ngizihlanganise. Washintshelwa ePalo Alto lapho ngineminyaka emihlanu, okuyindlela esagcina ngayo eSigodini.
Playboy: Watholwa, akunjalo? Ngabe lokhu kube nomthelela ongakanani empilweni yakho?
Imisebenzi: Kunzima ukusho. Kwazi bani.
Playboy: Uke wazama ukufuna abazali begazi?
Imisebenzi: Ngicabanga ukuthi izingane zokutholwa zivame ukuba nesithakazelo ngemvelaphi yazo - abaningi bafuna ukuqonda ukuthi izici ezithile zavelaphi. Kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi imvelo iyinhloko. Ukukhuliswa kwakho, izindinganiso, imibono ngezwe kuvela ebuntwaneni. Kodwa ezinye izinto azikwazi ukuchazwa yimvelo. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungokwemvelo ukuba naleyo ntshisekelo. Nami nganginayo.
Playboy: Ukwazile ukuthola abazali bangempela?
Imisebenzi: Yiso kuphela isihloko lesi engingakakulungeli ukusixoxa.
Playboy: Isigodi owathuthela kuso nabazali bakho saziwa ngokuthi iSilicon Valley. Kwakunjani ukukhulela lapho?
Imisebenzi: Besihlala emaphandleni. Kwakuyindawo evamile yaseMelika - izingane eziningi zazihlala eduze kwethu. Umama wangifundisa ukufunda ngaphambi kwesikole, ngakho ngaba nesithukuthezi lapho futhi ngaqala ukwesabisa othisha. Bekumele usibone ibanga lesithathu, saziphatha kabi - sadedela izinyoka, saqhumisa amabhomu. Kodwa kakade ebangeni lesine konke kwashintsha. Enye yezingelosi ezingigadayo nguthisha wami u-Imogen Hill, owafundisa izifundo ezithuthukile. Wangiqonda kanye nesimo sami ngenyanga nje futhi wavutha uthando lwami lolwazi. Ngifunde izinto ezintsha eziningi kulo nyaka wesikole kunanoma yimuphi omunye. Ekupheleni konyaka baze bafisa nokungidlulisela ngqo esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, kodwa abazali bami abahlakaniphile babemelene nakho.
Playboy: Ingabe indawo obuhlala kuyo nayo yaba nomthelela kuwe? Yakhiwa kanjani iSilicon Valley?
Imisebenzi: Lesi sigodi sisendaweni ekahle phakathi kwamanyuvesi amabili amakhulu, iBerkeley neStanford. Lawa manyuvesi awamane nje ahehe inqwaba yabafundi - aheha inqwaba yabafundi abasezingeni eliphezulu abavela ezweni lonke. Bafike bazithande lezi zindawo bahlale. Lokhu kubangela ukuthutheleka okuqhubekayo kwabasebenzi abasha, abanamakhono.
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, abafundi ababili baseStanford, uBill Hewlett noDave Packard, basungula i-Hewlett-Packard Innovation Company. Kwathi ngo-1948, kwasungulwa i-bipolar transistor eBell Telephone Laboratories. Omunye wababhali abathathu bokusungulwa, uWilliam Shockley, wanquma ukubuyela endaweni yakubo yasePalo Alto ukuze athole inkampani yakhe encane - iShockley Labs, kubonakala sengathi. Wahamba naye cishe ishumi nambili izazi zefiziksi nosokhemisi, abantu abavelele kakhulu esizukulwaneni sabo. Kancane kancane, baqala ukuhlakazeka futhi bathola amabhizinisi abo, njengoba nje imbewu yezimbali nokhula ihlakazeka nxazonke lapho uvuthela kuzo. Sazalwa kanjalo iSigodi.
Playboy: Wajwayelana kanjani nekhompyutha?
Imisebenzi: Omunye womakhelwane bethu kwakunguLarry Lang, owayesebenza njengonjiniyela eHewlett-Packard. Wachitha isikhathi esiningi nami, wangifundisa konke. Ngaqala ukubona ikhompuyutha e-Hewlett-Packard. Njalo ngoLwesibili babeba namaqembu ezingane futhi basivumele ukuba sisebenze kuyi-computer. Ngangineminyaka engaba yishumi nambili, ngilukhumbula kahle lolu suku. Basibonisa ikhompuyutha yabo entsha yedeskithophu futhi basivumela ukuthi sidlale kuyo. Ngokushesha ngafuna okwami ngempela.
Playboy: Kungani ikhompuyutha ikuthakasele? Uke wezwa ukuthi kunesithembiso kuyo?
Imisebenzi: Ayikho into enjalo, ngivele ngacabanga ukuthi ikhompuyutha ipholile. Ngangifuna ukuzijabulisa naye.
Playboy: Kamuva waze wasebenza kwaHewlett-Packard, kwenzeka kanjani lokho?
Imisebenzi: Lapho ngineminyaka eyishumi nambili noma eyishumi nantathu, ngangidinga izingxenye zephrojekthi. Ngathatha ucingo ngashayela uBill Hewlett—inombolo yakhe yayisencwadini yocingo ethi Palo Alto. Waluphendula ucingo futhi wayenomusa. Saxoxa cishe imizuzu engamashumi amabili. Wayengangazi nhlobo, kodwa wangithumelela izingxenye futhi wangimema ukuba ngisebenze ehlobo - wangibeka emgqeni womhlangano, lapho ngangihlanganisa khona izinto zokubala. Mhlawumbe “okuhlanganisiwe” kuyigama elinamandla kakhulu, bengiqinisa izikulufu. Kodwa akubanga nandaba, ngangisezulwini.
Ngikhumbula ukuthi ngosuku lokuqala lomsebenzi ngangichichima kanjani umdlandla - phela, ngaqashwa e-Hewlett-Packard ihlobo lonke. Bengitshela umphathi wami ngokujabula, umfana ogama lakhe linguChris, ukuthi ngangithanda izinto zikagesi ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye emhlabeni. Lapho ngibuza ukuthi yini ayithanda kakhulu, uChris wangibheka wayesephendula, “Ucansi.” [uyahleka] Kube yihlobo lokufundisa.
Playboy: Wahlangana kanjani noSteve Wozniak?
Imisebenzi: Ngahlangana no-Woz ngineminyaka eyishumi nantathu egaraji lomngane. Cishe wayeneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala. Ubengumuntu wokuqala engangimazi owazi kangcono i-electronics kunami. Saba abangani abakhulu ngenxa yentshisekelo evamile kumakhompiyutha kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisa. Yeka imigilingwane engaka esayenza!
Playboy: Ngokwesibonelo?
Imisebenzi: [ukuhleka] Akukho okukhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, benza ifulege elikhulu nomdondoshiya [ikhombisa umunwe ophakathi]. Besifuna ukuliqaqa phakathi nomcimbi wokuthweswa iziqu. Ngesinye isikhathi, u-Wozniak wahlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lwethuluzi lokumaka, elifana nebhomu, waliletha endaweni yokudlela yesikole. Senza namabhokisi aluhlaza ndawonye.
Playboy: Ingabe lawa amathuluzi angekho emthethweni ongashaya ngawo amakholi ukude?
Imisebenzi: Impela. Isigameko esidumile esihlobene nabo yilapho uWoz ebiza iVatican futhi ezethula ngokuthi uHenry Kissinger. Bavusa ubaba phakathi kwamabili babona nje ukuthi kuyadlalwa.
Playboy: Uke wasithola isijeziso ngokwenza imigilingwane enje?
Imisebenzi: Ngaxoshwa esikoleni izikhathi eziningi.
Playboy: Singasho ukuthi “uvulelwe” amakhompyutha?
Imisebenzi: Ngenze into eyodwa ngalandela enye. Kwakukhona okuningi nxazonke. Ngemva kokufunda u-Moby Dick okokuqala, ngabhalisela amakilasi okubhala futhi. Ngonyaka wami wokugcina, ngavunyelwa ukuchitha ingxenye yesikhathi sami eStanford ngilalele izinkulumo.
Playboy: Ingabe u-Wozniak waba nezikhathi zokuthatheka ngokweqile?
Imisebenzi: [uyahleka] Yebo, kodwa wayengagxilile nje ngamakhompiyutha. Ngicabanga ukuthi wayephila kolunye uhlobo lwezwe lakhe okungekho muntu owayeluqonda. Akekho owabelana ngezithakazelo zakhe - wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe kancane. Wayevame ukuzizwa enesizungu. Ngokuyinhloko uqhutshwa imibono yakhe yangaphakathi ngezwe, hhayi lokho okulindelwe omunye umuntu, ngakho wabhekana nakho. Mina noWoz sihlukile ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa siyefana ngezindlela ezithile futhi sisondelene kakhulu. Sifana namaplanethi amabili anemizila yethu ephambana ngezikhathi ezithile. Angigcini nje ngokukhuluma ngamakhompyutha—mina noWoz sobabili sasizithanda izinkondlo zikaBob Dylan futhi sacabanga ngazo kakhulu. Sasihlala eCalifornia - California igcwele umoya wokuhlola nokuvuleleka, ukuvuleleka kumathuba amasha.
Ngaphezu kukaDylan, nganginesithakazelo emikhubeni engokomoya yaseMpumalanga, eyayisanda kufika emazweni ethu. Ngenkathi ngise-Reed College e-Oregon, sasinabantu ababefika ngaso sonke isikhathi—uTimothy Leary, uRam Dass, uGary Snyder. Sasihlale sizibuza imibuzo ngenjongo yokuphila. Ngaleso sikhathi, wonke umfundi eMelika wayefunda ethi Be Here Now, Diet for a Small Planet, nezinye izincwadi eziyishumi nambili ezifanayo. Manje ngeke ubathole ekhampasi phakathi nosuku. Akukuhle noma kubi, kuhlukile manje. Indawo yabo yathathwa incwadi ethi “In Search of Excellence.”
Playboy: Kukuthinte kanjani konke lokhu namuhla?
Imisebenzi: Sonke lesi sikhathi sibe nomthelela omkhulu kimi. Kwaba sobala ukuthi iminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha yayingemuva kwethu, futhi abaningi ababethanda imibono yabo babengakafinyeleli izinhloso zabo. Njengoba ngaphambili babesishiye ngokuphelele isiyalo, akutholakalanga indawo ebafanele. Abaningi babangane bami bafaka i-idealism yeminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha, kodwa futhi ngokusebenziseka, ukungabaza ukusebenza esitolo sokuphuma esitolo ngama-XNUMX, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka kumaqabane abo amadala. Akukhona ukuthi lokhu kuwumsebenzi ongafaneleki, ukuthi nje ukwenza into engeyona into ongayithanda kudabukisa kakhulu.
Playboy: Ngemva kwe-Reed, ubuyele e-Silicon Valley futhi waphendula esikhangisweni esithi “Yenza Imali Ngenkathi Uzijabulisa” esaduma.
Imisebenzi: Kulungile. Ngangifuna ukuhamba, kodwa ngingenayo imali eyanele. Ngabuya ngizothola umsebenzi. Ngangibuka izikhangiso ephephandabeni futhi esinye sazo sathi, “Yenza imali ngenkathi uzijabulisa.” Ngikuthintile ngocingo. Kwavela ukuthi u-Atari. Ngangingakaze ngisebenze ndawo ngaphambili, ngaphandle kwalapho ngisemusha. Ngesimangaliso esithile, bangibizela kwinhlolokhono ngakusasa bangiqasha.
Playboy: Lesi kufanele kube isikhathi sokuqala somlando we-Atari.
Imisebenzi: Ngaphandle kwami kwakunabantu abangaba ngamashumi amane lapho, inkampani yayincane kakhulu. Bakha iPong neminye imidlalo emibili. Ngabelwa ukusiza insizwa okuthiwa uDon. Wayeklama umdlalo we-basketball omubi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, othile wayethuthukisa i-hockey simulator. Ngenxa yempumelelo emangalisayo yePong, bazamile ukumodela yonke imidlalo yabo ngemuva kwemidlalo eyahlukene.
Playboy: Ngesikhathi esifanayo, awuzange ukhohlwe mayelana nokugqugquzela kwakho - wawudinga imali yokuhamba.
Imisebenzi: U-Atari wake wathumela ukuthunyelwa kwemidlalo eYurophu, futhi kwavela ukuthi iqukethe ukukhubazeka kwezobunjiniyela. Ngacabanga ukuthi ngingazilungisa kanjani, kodwa kwakudingeka zenziwe ngesandla - othile wayedinga ukuya eYurophu. Ngavolontiya ngahamba ngacela ikhefu ngezindleko zami ngemva kohambo lwebhizinisi. Iziphathimandla azizange ziphikise. Ngavakashela eSwitzerland futhi ngasuka lapho ngaya eNew Delhi futhi ngachitha isikhathi esiningi eNdiya.
Playboy: Lapho uphuce ikhanda lakho.
Imisebenzi: Bekungenjalo impela. Ngangihamba ezintabeni ze-Himalaya futhi ngephutha ngazulazula ohlotsheni oluthile lomkhosi wenkolo. Kwakukhona ubaba - umdala olungile, umgcini ongcwele walo mkhosi - kanye neqembu elikhulu labalandeli bakhe. Ngezwa iphunga lokudla okumnandi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ngangingakwazi ukuhogela noma yini emnandi isikhathi eside, ngakho nganquma ukudlula emkhosini, ngikhokhe inhlonipho futhi ngidle ukudla okulula.
Ngidle ukudla kwasemini. Ngesizathu esithile, lona wesifazane ngokushesha weza kimi, wahlala eduze kwami futhi waqhuma ukuhleka. Wayengasazi nhlobo isiNgisi, ngangikhuluma isiHindi kancane, kodwa sisazama ukukhuluma. Wavele wahleka. Wabe esengibamba isandla wangihudula ekhuphuka ngendlela yasentabeni. Kwakuhlekisa - kwakukhona amakhulu amaNdiya azungeze ayevela ngokukhethekile ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha ukuze achithe okungenani imizuzwana eyishumi nalo mfana, futhi ngazulazula lapho ngifuna ukudla, futhi ngokushesha wangiyisa endaweni ethile ezintabeni.
Ngemva kwesigamu sehora safika phezulu. Kwakukhona umfudlana owawugeleza lapho - owesifazane wacwilisa ikhanda lami emanzini, wakhipha insingo waqala ukungigunda. Ngamangala. Ngineminyaka engu-19 ubudala, ngisezweni langaphandle, ndawana thize e-Himalayas, futhi esinye isazi saseNdiya siphuca ikhanda lami esiqongweni sentaba. Namanje angiqondi ukuthi kungani ekwenzile.
Source: www.habr.com