Isibonelo sokubala amandla okushisa enethiwekhi yomgwaqo e-Nizhny Novgorod
Indawo yedolobha iyisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlukahlukene eshintsha njalo. Ungakwazi ukuchaza indawo futhi uhlole imvelo yasemadolobheni usebenzisa izinto zendawo (izici). Izici ezichaza indawo ziyahlukahluka ngesimo sethonya labo (enhle, engalungile) kanye nokucushwa kwejometri (amaphuzu, imigqa, amapholygoni).
Ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukunquma izinga lomthelela wento ngayinye ezingeni lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo iyonke noma iyiphi ingxenye yayo. Namuhla, inkinga yokuchaza nokuchaza imiqondo enjengokuthi "isiko", "inkundla yezenhlalo", "ukungezwani komphakathi", "impilo enhle", "ukuthuthukiswa komnotho", "impilo yabantu" iya ngokuya ibaluleka. Ukungaqondakali kwale mibono kuyanda uma sifuna ukukusebenzisa emaqenjini omphakathi ahlukene, imiphakathi yobudala obuhlukene nobulili.
Futhi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imingcele yedolobha embonweni wanamuhla ayinangqondo. Ukufuduka kwabantu nsuku zonke, ukufinyeleleka kwezokuthutha ezindaweni ezikude "kufiphalisa umngcele" wedolobha nakakhulu. Umqondo osetshenziswa kabanzi manje we-agglomeration ngokuvamile ubonisa imingcele yedolobha, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wenza wona kanye umqondo womngcele wedolobha ungacacile nakakhulu.
Naphezu kwezinkinga ezichazwe ngenhla, ukuhlaziywa nokuhlolwa kwezindawo namuhla kuphakathi kwezindawo ezithembisayo nezithakazelisa kakhulu ezivumela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ezicindezelayo zemvelo yasemadolobheni.
I-athikili iphakamisa ukuthi kucatshangelwe indlela yokuhlaziya indawo kusetshenziswa imodeli "eshisayo". Le ndlela isekelwe ocwaningweni lwamandla adalwe izinto (izici) zemvelo ehlukahlukene (iphuzu, umugqa kanye nendawo). Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kusetshenziswa le ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusuka kusethi yedatha yendawo (izici) echaza indawo iye ekuhlolweni kwezinombolo (amaphuzu) okunembile endaweni ngayinye yendawo.
Amandla afundwa njengengxenye yokuhlaziywa kwendawo anencazelo ebonakalayo - ukusakazeka kokushisa ezindaweni ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (2D, 3D). Lesi simo singamelelwa ngendlela yezithombe "ezishisayo" (amamephu "okushisa" wendawo), enikeza umbono wezinga lokuthuthuka kwendawo ngokuya ngombala wombala wesithombe.
Izici zendawo
Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kubandakanya ukusesha kanye nokucubungula ulwazi mayelana nezici ezithonya indawo kanye nezinkomba zazo. Izici ezinomthelela yizinto ezithonya indawo ezungezile futhi ezinesethi yezimpawu nezixhumanisi zendawo. Izibonelo zezinto ezinomthelela zihlanganisa izitolo, izinsiza zezimboni, imigwaqo, amahlathi, nezindawo zamanzi.
Izinkomba zethonya yizinto ekhombisayo umthelela wezinto futhi nokuba neqoqo lezimpawu kanye nezixhumanisi zendawo. Izibonelo zezinkomba zethonya: Ama-ATM, amabhodi ezikhangiso, amatshe esikhumbuzo.
Esethulweni esilandelayo sizosebenzisa umqondo wezici zethonya, ohlanganisa kokubili amagama - izici nezinkomba zethonya.
Ngezansi isibonelo sedatha yendawo esebenza njengezici ezinomthelela.
Esinye sezigaba ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wokuhlaziya izindawo yisigaba sokuqoqa nokucubungula ulwazi lokuqala. Namuhla kunolwazi oluningi mayelana nezici ezithonya indawo yamazinga ahlukahlukene emininingwane.
Ulwazi lungatholwa emithonjeni evulekile noma emithonjeni ekhawulelwe. Ezimweni eziningi, ulwazi oluvulekile lwanele ukuhlaziya, nakuba, njengomthetho, ludinga ukucubungula okudinga umsebenzi.
Phakathi kwemithombo evulekile, umholi, ngokubona kwethu, isisetshenziswa se-OpenStreetMap (OSM). Ulwazi olutholwe kulo mthombo lubuyekezwa nsuku zonke emhlabeni wonke.
Imininingwane yensiza ye-OpenStreetMap (OSM) yethulwa ngamafomethi alandelayo:
- Ifomethi ye-OSM. Ifomethi eyinhloko enesandiso esithi ".osm" isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izithombe zezithombe ze-XML - izindawo, izindlela, ubudlelwano.
- "Ifomethi yasePoland". Ifomethi yombhalo enesandiso esithi “.mp” isetshenziselwa ukusebenza ngezithombe.
- Ifomethi ye-PBF. Ifomethi yokugcina idatha enesandiso esithi “.osm.pbf”.
Ungasebenzisa futhi okulandelayo njengemithombo yolwazi:
- 2 GIS
Insiza iqukethe ulwazi oluseqophelweni eliphezulu, olucutshungulwayo lwanyanga zonke, olunohlelo oluhle kakhulu lwezigaba ezi-3 lwamabhizinisi nezinhlangano.
- Amafayela e-KML (Ulimi Lwemakhaphu Yezikhiye).
Amafayela e-KML (Keyhole Markup Language) ayifomethi yefayela esetshenziselwa ukubonisa idatha yendawo ku-Google Earth, Google Maps, ne-Google Maps yamadivayisi eselula.
Ngamafayela e-KML ungakwazi:
- faka izithonjana ezihlukahlukene futhi wenze amasignesha ukukhombisa izindawo ebusweni boMhlaba
— Dala ama-engeli ahlukene ezinto ezikhethiwe ngokushintsha indawo yekhamera
- sebenzisa izithombe ezimbondelene ezahlukene
- chaza izitayela zokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo ukuboniswa kwento, sebenzisa ikhodi ye-HTML ukuze udale izixhumanisi nezithombe ezingaphakathi komugqa
- sebenzisa amafolda ukuze uthole ukuqoqwa kwezakhi
- Yamukela futhi ubuyekeze amafayela e-KML asuka kude noma kunethiwekhi yendawo
- Thola idatha ye-KML ngokuya ngezinguquko kusibukeli se-XNUMXD
- I-Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography "Rosreestr"
Ulwazi oluku-portal ye-Rosreestr lubalulekile ngokuqukethwe kwalo nokufaneleka, kodwa, ngeshwa, akwenzi kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ihluzo zamaphrojekthi wokwakhiwa kwenhloko-dolobha kanye neziza zomhlaba mahhala. Ingosi ye-Rosreestr futhi iqukethe inani elikhulu lemininingwane yokufinyelela ekhawulelwe.
- Izinhlaka zezibalo
Idatha yezibalo iwumthombo osemthethweni wolwazi mayelana nendawo, nokho, kusukela namuhla, idatha evela emigwaqweni yezibalo itholakala kuphela ngenani elithile lezinkomba, ikakhulukazi emibikweni yezinhlangano zezibalo kanye nemibiko yeziphathimandla zesifunda.
- Izinhlelo zolwazi zeziphathimandla
Ulwazi oluseqophelweni eliphezulu luqukethwe ezinhlelweni zolwazi zikahulumeni, kodwa ingxenye encane yalo eshicilelwe endaweni yomphakathi futhi iyatholakala ukuze ihlaziywe.
Ukuhlaziya izindawo akuphoqi izimfuneko ezithile ekwakhiweni kolwazi; empeleni, ungasebenzisa yonke into etholakele; imininingwane evela emithonjeni evulekile ivamise ukushintshashintsha. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho nolwazi olutholwe esisetshenziswa se-OSM kuphela lwanele ukwenza ukuhlaziya indawo engaziwa.
Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kusetshenziswa imodeli "eshisayo". Ukuchazwa ngokomzimba kwamandla
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuhlaziywa kwendawo namuhla kuyisihloko esishisayo futhi kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokukhanga utshalomali ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemadolobheni.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga ezixazululwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwendawo zingahlanganiswa zibe yizindawo ezinkulu ezimbalwa:
- Ukuthola ukuhlaziya okuchazeka kakhulu nokunemininingwane yendawo endaweni ngayinye.
Ngokuxazulula inkinga, ungathola isethi yamaphuzu endaweni ngayinye yendawo, unikeze umbono wezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo ngokujwayelekile, kanye nasendaweni ethile yesifundo. Isifundo esinjalo singaba, isibonelo, isiko, izimboni, ezohwebo, njll.
- Ukunquma izindawo ezinenzuzo kakhulu zokubeka izinto zokutshala izimali zohlobo oluthile (isibonelo, amabhange, izitolo ezikhethekile, izikhungo zokuthenga nezokuzijabulisa, njll.) endaweni ekhethiwe.
- Ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwensimu.
Lesi siqondiso sivumela ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwezimpawu zendawo, isimo semakethe esithuthuke endaweni esacwaningwayo, kanye nokuhlonza izinketho ezidumile.
- Ukunqunywa komnikelo wesici esisodwa kumodeli wezindleko, kusetshenziswa isibonelo sokuvela kwemigwaqo emisha nemizila emisha.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwezici ezihlukene zensimu eyodwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezindawo ezahlukene (ukuqhathaniswa kwezindawo).
Okwangempela kwendlela yokuhlaziya indawo ehlongozwayo ku-athikili kusetshenziswa imodeli “eshisayo” kusekusetshenzisweni kwezinkomba zokuthuthukiswa kwendawo - amandla, ethulwe ngezinombolo futhi abonisa izinga lomthelela wento (isici sethonya) endaweni.
Ukuze uqonde ingqikithi yocwaningo, kuyadingeka ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana namandla okushisa ngokwawo futhi unikeze incazelo yawo ngokomzimba.
Ku-physics kunemiqondo enjengokuthi phoqa inkambu и umsebenzi wokuphoqa. Inkundla yamandla inobukhulu bamandla, umsebenzi wamandla unobukhulu bamandla.
Ngomthetho wokudonsela phansi kwendawo yonke, inkambu yamandla ichazwa ngefomula:
F=k/r2, kuphi
k - njalo;
r – ibanga phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzisanayo.
Umsebenzi wamandla ϕ unqunywa inkulumo ethi:
dϕ=-F*dr, kuphi
ϕ - amandla enkundla yokuphoqelela;
dϕ, dr - umehluko;
r ibanga phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzisanayo,
ngakho-ke ϕ=k/r.
Incazelo engokomzimba yekhono lenkambu yamandla ϕ wumsebenzi u-E owenziwa yinkambu yamandla ngenkathi udlula indlela ethile. Endabeni yomthetho wokudonsela phansi kwendawo yonke, lapho ibanga eliya entweni lishintsha lisuka ku-r2 liye ku-r1, ukusebenza kwamandla kunqunywa ifomula.
E=k*(1/r1-1/r2), lapho
U-E umsebenzi owenziwe yinkambu yamandla ngenkathi udlula indlela ethile;
r1, r2 – indawo yokuqala neyokugcina yento.
Ngomsebenzi wokuhlaziya indawo, umthelela wezinto (izici) endaweni ungabhekwa njengamandla (umsebenzi wamandla), kanye nezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo njengamandla okushisa aphelele (phoqa inkambu) kuzo zonke izinto (izici). Ezinkingeni zefiziksi, amandla okushisa izinga lokushisa, futhi ezinkingeni zokuhlaziywa kwendawo kusetshenziswa imodeli "eshisayo", amandla amelela umthelela ophelele wazo zonke izici ezinethonya endaweni ethile endaweni.
Idatha yendawo iqukethe amaphuzu, imigqa, namapholigoni. Ukuze ubale amandla, idatha enwetshiwe yendawo ihlukaniswa izingcezu ezincane. Kucezu ngalunye, amandla avela endaweni abalwa ngesiphindaphinda esilingana nosayizi wesiqephu sento (isici).
Idatha ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu e-semantic ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokufana okuseduze. Isibonelo, izinto zokuhweba zihlanganiswa yizimpahla. Kunamaqembu ezinto zehlathi, imizimba yamanzi, izindawo zokuhlala, izitobhi zokuthutha, njll. Amaqembu ahlanganiswe ngokwencazelo amelela isici. Ngemva kokudlula kuzo zonke izinto (izici), sithola isethi yamandla ashisayo afanele ukuqhutshekwa nokucutshungulwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ("amamephu okushisa") kukuvumela ukuthi usuke kudatha yendawo uye ezithombeni "ezishisayo" zezinto (izici) zethonya endaweni (ukubona ngeso lengqondo amandla). Ushintsho olunjalo lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma izinga lokuba khona kwesici endaweni ngayinye yendawo futhi kwenziwe ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe, i.e. bonisa izinkomba ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha ngombala. Ngakho-ke, sithola ukukhanya kokuqina okuhlukahlukene kwephoyinti ngalinye lensimu.
Izibonelo zezithombe "ezishisayo" zensimu yaseNizhny Novgorod kumongo wezici eziningana zinikezwe ngezansi.
Imephu "eshisayo" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ekhombisa isici "sekhemisi".
Imephu "Yokushisa" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ebonisa isici esithi "Ama-Polyclinics abantu abadala"
Imephu "eshisayo" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ekhombisa isici esithi "Imitholampilo Yezingane"
Imephu "eshisayo" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ekhombisa isici esithi "Izindawo zezimboni"
Izithombe "ezishisayo" zendawo zenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukugxila kwamandla avela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezithonyayo. Okulandelayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa amandla atholiwe kusici esibalulekile esivumela ukuhlolwa kwendawo okususelwe kwinani elikhulu lezici. Lokhu kudinga indlela evumela ukuthi uhlaziye inani elikhulu lolwazi, ubone izinto, futhi unciphise ubukhulu bedatha, ulahlekelwe inani elincane lolwazi. Enye yalezi zindlela yi-principal component analysis (PCA). Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngale ndlela ingatholakala ku .
Ingqikithi yendlela ukuthola inhlanganisela yomugqa wamapharamitha okuqala ashintsha kakhulu endaweni yokuhlaziya. Ngedatha yendawo - eshintsha kakhulu endaweni.
Indlela yengxenye eyinhloko ikhomba izinto (izici) ezishintsha kakhulu endaweni. Njengomphumela wendlela, kuvela okuguquguqukayo okusha - izingxenye eziyinhloko, ezifundisa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha yasekuqaleni, ngosizo okulula ukuhlaziya, ukuchaza nokubona ngeso lengqondo insimu, lapho kulula ukwakha amamodeli. .
Izingxenye eziyinhloko ziyizinkulumo zokuhlaziya - isamba samandla wezinto zokuqala ezinama-coefficients athile. Nokho, uma noma iyiphi into inomthelela omkhulu endaweni, kodwa ingaguquki kuyo yonke indawo ehlaziywe, indlela yengxenye eyinhloko ngeke ifake le nto ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye eziyinhloko.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zihlelwe ngokulandelana kokwehla kolwazi - i.e. ukusabalala kuyo yonke indawo. Izingxenye zokuqala eziyinhloko ziphethe ulwazi oluningi kakhulu kunezici ngazinye futhi ziyichaza kahle indawo. Njengomthetho, uma usebenzisa izici ezingaba yikhulu, ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ithwala cishe u-50% walo lonke ulwazi (ukuhlukahluka) kwendawo. Izingxenye eziyinhloko azihambelani futhi zingasetshenziselwa amamodeli njengezici zendawo endaweni ngayinye.
Ingxenye eyinhloko, njengesikhombi esithile esibalwe ngokusobala sendawo, ayinalo igama elicacile nezigaba. Kodwa-ke, iqoqo lezici ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nengxenye eyinhloko lisivumela ukuthi sihumushe izingxenye eziyinhloko. Njengomthetho, izici ezilandelayo zihlotshaniswa nezakhi eziyinhloko:
- izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda;
- ingxenye yezokuthutha yendawo;
- izindawo zezulu;
- izinga lentuthuko yezolimo;
- amandla omnotho wendawo.
Ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, kuqhubeka nezingxenye ezimbalwa zokuqala ezibalulekile.
Ezibalo ungabona ukumelwa okucacile kwezingxenye zokuqala eziyinhloko endaweni yamadolobha amaningana aseRussian Federation.
Ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni eNizhny Novgorod
Ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni eYekaterinburg
Ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni eKazan
Ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni e-Perm
Ingxenye yokuqala esemqoka ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni eSamara
Ingxenye yokuqala eyinhloko ekhombisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni eKhabarovsk
Izici ezibalulekile: ukuhlanganisa
Isigaba esiqhubekayo somsebenzi ekuhlaziyweni kwendawo ukucinga izindawo zemvelo yasemadolobheni ezifanayo ngekhwalithi. Lokhu kusesha kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamanani ezingxenye eziyinhloko endaweni ngayinye endaweni. Inkinga yokucinga lezi zindawo ezifanayo ingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa - inqubo yokuqoqa izindawo ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokuba seduze kweqoqo lezici.
Ukuhlanganisa indawo kunemigomo emibili:
- ukudala umbono obonwa kangcono wendawo;
- Ukwabiwa kwezindawo zokuhlanganiswa kwamamodeli ngamanye.
Izindawo zihlanganiswe ngokuhambisana nezinto ezikhethiwe ukuze zihlaziywe. Lezi zici zingase zibe izici ezithonya intengo noma izici ezichaza isici esithile sokuthuthukiswa kwendawo, isibonelo, i-social sphere.
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganisa zasendulo: indlela ye-K-means kanye nendlela ye-dendrogram. Lapho usebenza nezindawo, indlela ye-K-means izibonakalise kahle, isici sayo “ukukhula” kweqoqo ngokwengeza izinto ezintsha ezindaweni zokukhula. Inzuzo yendlela ye-K-means isekufaneni komsebenzi wayo nenqubo yemvelo yokwakheka kwendawo: ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezifanayo, kunokuhlukaniswa kwezingafani.
Indlela ye-K-means yasetshenziswa ekubaleni i-Nizhny Novgorod (isibalo esingezansi).
Ukuhambisana namaqoqo ngezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo usebenzisa isibonelo seNizhny Novgorod
Ngendlela ehlongozwayo, ungakwazi ukuthola umbono wensimu ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Izihloko esizithandayo zingase zibe, isibonelo, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, izinga "eliteness" lensimu, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko, ingxenye yezenhlalakahle yokuthuthukiswa kwendawo. Lezi zihloko ziyimiqondo esemqoka engachazwanga kahle, futhi iqukethe izici eziningi ezihlobene.
Sisebenzisa i-algorithm ethile yokukhetha amapharamitha okuhlaziya (okuhlanganisa nokubandakanyeka kochwepheshe), sizothola amamephu anezihloko anikeza umbono wesici esisodwa sokuthuthukiswa kwendawo.
Izici ezihlanganisiwe ziqondwa njengezingxenye eziyinhloko zokuqala, ngokuyinhloko ingxenye eyinhloko efundisayo kakhulu, kanye nokuhlanganisa indawo ngokuya ngamapharamitha akhethiwe.
Amamephu anetimu yezingxenye zokuqala eziyinhloko ezici ezihlukahlukene zentuthuko ethulwa kuzibalo ezingezansi.
Imephu enesihloko "Izinto Zamasiko" kusetshenziswa isibonelo saseNizhny Novgorod
Imephu enesihloko esithi “Social Sphere” isebenzisa isibonelo sikaNizhny Novgorod
Izici ezihlanganisiwe zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda izici zendawo kusetshenziswa izici eziningi ezinokulahlekelwa okuncane kolwazi.
Sengiphetha, kufanele kuphawulwe futhi ukuthi namuhla ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo kuyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokuthuthukisa indawo yasemadolobheni, ukukhetha izindawo zokutshala imali ekwakheni, ukuthola indawo enenzuzo kakhulu yezinsiza ezintsha neminye imisebenzi.
Indlela yokuhlaziya indawo ehlongozwayo ku-athikili kusetshenziswa imodeli "eshisayo" evela ezicini zemvelo ehlukile ayibalulekile kusethi yezici, okungukuthi ayibeki imikhawulo noma izimfuneko kulwazi lokuqala.
Ukwehlukahlukana nokungadingeki kolwazi lomthombo, kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa idatha evulekile, kunikeza amathemba angenamkhawulo okuhlaziya noma iyiphi indawo ukuthula.
Ezincwadini ezilandelayo ezinikelwe ezinkingeni zokuhlaziywa kwendawo, sihlela ukuveza izici zokuhlanganisa amamodeli kusetshenziswa izingxenye eziyinhloko nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwazo kwimisebenzi efana nale:
- ukukhetha indawo engcono kakhulu lapho ubeka into entsha;
- ukwakhiwa kwendawo enamanani esigaba esithile sezinto kusetshenziswa inani lemakethe;
- ukuhlolwa kwenzuzo yohlobo oluthile lomsebenzi kuye ngendawo yezinto.
Kukhona nezinhlelo zokwethula izindlela zokuhlehla kusuka ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko kuya ezintweni, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola imodeli kusuka kuzinto zendawo ethile.
Source: www.habr.com