Ingxenye edlule yendaba yethu ekuqaleni kwawo-80s kanye nama-90s. Ngalesi sikhathi, othisha base bepholile ngamakhompyutha. Kukholakala ukuthi abahleli bezinhlelo kuphela abazidinga ngempela. Lo mbono wawubangelwa kakhulu ukuthi amakhompiyutha angaleso sikhathi ayengafinyeleleki ngokwanele ngokokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi, futhi othisha babengenawo amakhono anele okuzivumelanisa nokuwasebenzisa ohlelweni lwemfundo.
Lapho amandla ama-PC embulwa ngokugcwele, futhi acaca kakhudlwana, elula futhi ekhangayo kubantu abavamile, isimo saqala ukushintsha, kuhlanganise emkhakheni wesofthiwe yezemfundo.
Isithombe: /unsplash.com
"Iron" ukusetshenziswa
Lena kwakuyimodeli yokuqala ye-Apple enebhasi elijikelezayo i-SCSI (I-Small Computer Systems Interface, ebizwa ngokuthi "skazi"), ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi zingaxhunywa kukhompyutha: kusukela kuma-hard drive namadrayivu kuya kuma-scanner namaphrinta. Amachweba anjalo angabonwa kuwo wonke amakhompyutha we-Apple kuze kufike ku-iMac, eyakhululwa ngo-1998.
Umqondo wokwandisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi ubuwukhiye ku-Macintosh Plus. Khona-ke inkampani yanikeza izaphulelo ezikhungweni zemfundo ngemodeli ekhethekile - i-Macintosh Plus Ed, noSteve Jobs bahlinzeka ngemishini ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo - izinzuzo zentela zezinkampani ze-IT ezibandakanya amaphrojekthi anjalo.
Ngemva konyaka i-Macintosh Plus, i-Apple yakhipha ikhompuyutha yayo yokuqala enombala ogcwele, i-Macintosh II. Onjiniyela uMichael Dhuey noBrian Berkeley baqale ukusebenza kule modeli ngasese bevela eMisebenzini. Wayephikisana ngokukhethekile nombala we-Macintoshes, engafuni ukulahlekelwa ubuhle besithombe se-monochrome. Ngakho-ke, iphrojekthi yathola ukwesekwa okugcwele kuphela ngoshintsho kubaphathi benkampani futhi yanyakazisa yonke imakethe ye-PC.
Ayikhange kuphela isikrini sayo sombala esingu-13-intshi nokusekelwa kwemibala eyizigidi eziyi-16,7, kodwa futhi nokwakheka kwayo okujwayelekile, isikhombikubona esithuthukisiwe se-SCSI kanye nebhasi elisha le-NuBus, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha isethi yezingxenye zehadiwe (ngendlela, uSteve ngokumelene naleli phuzu).
Isithombe: /PD
Naphezu kwethegi yentengo yezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi, amakhompiyutha asondelana nabathengi njalo ngonyaka, okungenani ezingeni lemisebenzi namakhono. Okwakusele ukuthi kwenziwe kwakuwukudala izinhlelo ezizosebenza kuyo yonke le hardware ebabazekayo.
Othisha ababonakalayo
Amakhompyutha amasha avuse izingxoxo ngezinkinga ohlelweni lwezemfundo lulonke. Abanye bakhuluma ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukufinyelela wonke umfundi ekilasini eligcwele abantu. Abanye babala ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwenza nokuhlola izivivinyo. Kanti abanye bazigxeka izincwadi nezincwadi, ukuvuselelwa kwakho kwabiza isenti elihle futhi kwathatha iminyaka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, “uthisha we-elekthronikhi” angasebenza nezinkulungwane zabafundi ngesikhathi, futhi ngamunye wabo wayezothola ukunakwa kwakhe okungu-100%. Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, futhi uhlelo lokuqeqesha lungabuyekezwa ngokuthinta inkinobho. Ingasaphathwa iqiniso lokuthi ngale ndlela kwakungenzeka ukwethula indaba ngaphandle kokuhlola subjective kanye nesengezo, njalo efomini kanye umthamo ukuthi kuvunywe umphakathi ochwepheshe.
Isithombe: /unsplash.com
Ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, abafundi besikole banikezwa isofthiwe yemfundo yesizukulwane esisha - baqala ukufunda i-algebra nge и (PAT), kanye ne-physics - nge . Le software ayinikezi nje amathuba okuhlola ulwazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nosizo ekuqondeni izinto ezivela kukharikhulamu. Kodwa ukujwayela imikhiqizo enjalo ezinqubweni zemfundo kwakungelula kangako - isofthiwe entsha yayihlukile ezinhlelweni ezandulele futhi idinga izindlela ezahlukene zokufundisa - abathuthukisi bafuna ukuthi izingane zesikole zingagxili indaba, kodwa ziyiqonde.
“Bonke abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme basebenzisa izibalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa abambalwa bahlobanisa ulwazi lwabo nezibalo “zesikole”,” kucabanga abadali be-PAT. “Emakilasini ethu [angokoqobo], basebenza kumaphrojekthi amancane, ngokwesibonelo, beqhathanisa amazinga okukhula kwamahlathi ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. Lo msebenzi ubaphoqa ukuba benze izibikezelo ngokusekelwe emininingwaneni ekhona, ubafundise ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwamasethi, futhi bachaze zonke izenzakalo ngolimi lwezibalo.”
Abathuthukisi be-software babhekise eziphakamisweni zoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wothisha Bezibalo, okwathi ngo-1989 batusa ukuthi bangahlukumezi abafundi abanezinkinga zokucatshangelwa, kodwa benze indlela engokoqobo yokufunda lesi sifundo. Abashisekeli bendabuko kwezemfundo bakugxeka lokho okusha, kodwa ngo-1995 izifundo zokuqhathanisa zase zikufakazele ukuphumelela kokuhlanganisa imisebenzi eyenziwayo - amakilasi anesofthiwe entsha andise ukusebenza kwabafundi ekuhlolweni kokugcina ngo-15%.
Kodwa inkinga enkulu yayingahlobene nokuthi yini okufanele ifundiswe, kodwa ukuthi abahleli bama-90s bokuqala bakwazi kanjani ukusungula inkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kothisha be-elekthronikhi nabafundi babo?
Ingxoxo yomuntu
Lokhu kwenzeke lapho izifundiswa zihlakaza ngokoqobo izinsimbi zezingxoxo zabantu zibe ngamagiya. Emisebenzini yabo, abathuthukisi bayakhuluma (Jim Minstrell), owakha indlela yokufundisa, impumelelo emkhakheni wezengqondo yengqondo kanye nokufunda kwengqondo. Lokhu okutholakele kubavumele ukuthi baklame amasistimu, amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi ama-smart chatbots, akwazi ukusekela “ingxoxo”—anikeze impendulo njengengxenye yenqubo yokufunda.
Ngakho-ke I-AutoTutor ye-physics ye-physics ithi “inganikeza impendulo eyakhayo, engemihle futhi engathathi hlangothi, isunduze umfundi empendulweni egcwele kakhudlwana, isize ngokukhumbula igama elifanele, inikeze izeluleko nezengezo, ilungise, iphendule imibuzo futhi ifinyeze isihloko.”
"I-AutoTutor inikeza uchungechunge lwemibuzo engaphendulwa emishwaneni emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa," kusho abadali bezinye zezinhlelo zokufundisa i-physics. - Abasebenzisi baqale baphendule ngegama elilodwa noma imisho embalwa. Uhlelo , ukulungisa isitatimende senkinga. Ngenxa yalokho, kunemigqa engama-50-200 yengxoxo ngombuzo ngamunye. ”
Isithombe: /unsplash.com
Abathuthukisi bezisombululo zemfundo abazange bavele babanikeze ulwazi lwezinto zesikole - njengothisha “bangempela,” lezi zinhlelo cishe zimele izinga lolwazi lwabafundi. “Babeqonda” lapho umsebenzisi ecabanga ngendlela engafanele noma esekude nesinyathelo esisodwa empendulweni efanele.
“Othisha bayakwazi ukukhetha ijubane elifanele izethameli zabo futhi bathole nencazelo efanele uma bebona ukuthi abalaleli sebefike kwangqingetshe,” DIAGNOSER onjiniyela. “Yileli khono eliyisisekelo sendlela ye-Minstrel (i-facet-based instruction). Kucatshangwa ukuthi izimpendulo zabafundi zisekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo okujulile isifundo esithile. Uthisha kufanele aveze umbono oqondile noma asuse ongalungile ngokuphikisa noma abonise ukuphikisana.”
Eziningi zalezi zinhlelo (DIAGNOSER, Atlas, AutoTutor) zisasebenza, sezidlule ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abanye bazalwa kabusha ngaphansi kwamagama amasha - isibonelo, kusukela ku-PAT yonke imikhiqizo yezemfundo yezikole eziphakathi nendawo namabanga aphezulu, amakolishi nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. Umbuzo ophakamayo: kungani lezi zixazululo ezinhle zingakangeni esikhundleni sothisha kuze kube manje?
Isizathu esiyinhloko, yiqiniso, imali kanye nobunzima bokuhlela isikhathi eside mayelana nokuhlanganisa isofthiwe enjalo enqubweni yemfundo (kucatshangelwa umjikelezo wokuphila wezinhlelo ngokwazo). Ngakho-ke, othisha nothisha be-elekthronikhi namuhla basalokhu beyisengezo esijabulisa kakhulu esingabukisa ngaso izikole ngazinye namanyuvesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa kweminyaka yama-90s kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 akukwazanga ukuvele kunyamalale. Ngesisekelo esinjalo sobuchwepheshe kanye nethemba lokuthi i-Inthanethi yavuleka, izinhlelo zemfundo zingakhula kuphela.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, amakilasi esikole alahlekelwa izindonga, futhi izingane zesikole nabafundi (cishe) bazilahla izinkulumo eziyisicefe. Sizokutshela ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke kanjani ku-habratopic entsha.
Sine-Habré:
Source: www.habr.com