Ikusasa ngelelabo abaqonda ubuchwepheshe futhi bahambise lobu buchwepheshe obufanayo ekusasa eliqhakazile nelingenakubikezelwa. Futhi nakuba kukholakala ukuthi inqwaba yongoti be-IT βbancelwaβ yi-United States, akhona amanye amazwe lapho kuthunyelwa khona ongoti be-IT.
Kulesi sihloko uzofunda:
- Kungani iSwitzerland iyindawo ekhangayo yochwepheshe be-IT?
- Ungayithola kanjani imvume yokusebenza neyokuhlala futhi uphathe umndeni wakho nawe?
- Kukuphi lapho kufanele ufune khona umsebenzi noma uziqalele elakho ibhizinisi?
- Ingabe zikhona izikole ezikahle lapho izingane zingafundiswa khona, futhi liyini izinga lemfundo yasendaweni?
- Liyini izinga lokuphila nezindleko zokuligcina lisesimweni esihle?
Umphumela uwuhlobo lomhlahlandlela oyisisekelo wezwe kulabo abafuna indawo entsha yokuhlala futhi bakhule ngokomsebenzi.
Kungani abantu be-IT bekhetha iSwitzerland?
Ake siqale sibheke izinkampani ze-IT esezivele zisebenza lapha. Abaningi babo uyabazi:
- I-Logitech (ama-peripherals ekhompyutha nokunye);
- I-SITA (ebhekele u-90% wezokuxhumana emoyeni);
- I-U-blox (ubuchwepheshe obudaliwe obufana ne-Bluetooth, i-Wi-Fi);
- I-Swisscom (umhlinzeki wezokuxhumana);
- Amagatsha e-Microsoft, Google, HP, CISCO, DELL, IBM;
- I-Ethereum Alliance (inkampani enakekela ukuthuthukiswa kwethokheni ye-Ether kanye nesistimu);
- Abanye abaningi.
Kukhona nenqwaba yezinkampani ezincane ezingasebenzi kuphela nge-software ne-hardware, kodwa futhi nge-biotechnologies, izibalo zomphakathi nokunye okuningi.
Ngakho-ke, iphuzu lokuqala lokukhetha iSwitzerland liwukuba khona kwezinkampani ezisebenzisana nobuchwepheshe be-IT emikhakheni eyahlukene futhi zihlangene ziphakamisa izinga lentuthuko yaso sonke isintu.
Baphinde banikeze amaholo aphezulu, iziqinisekiso zomphakathi nezinye izinzuzo zabasebenzi.
Osomabhizinisi nabo bakhululekile ukuthi bazenzele amaphrojekthi abo, basebenzise ingqalasizinda, ama-incubator, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nekhefu lentela ukuze bakhe isiqalo.
ISwitzerland ine-analogue yayo ye-Silicon Valley - i-Crypto Valley, lapho izimo zidalwe khona ukuze kuthuthukiswe amaphrojekthi asekelwe ku-blockchain. Futhi asikhulumi kuphela ngama-cryptocurrencies, kodwa futhi mayelana nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe.
Okwesibili, iyizwe elinethezekile ngokukhethekileyo ukuhlala kulo: ISwitzerland ikleliswe phezulu ngokwezinga lokuphila emhlabeni; Kunesimo sezulu esimnandi kanye nomoya ohlanzekile lapha, kuphephile. Ngisho nendaba evusa amadlingozi yabafuduki abatheleka eYurophu yagcwaliseka lapha: izakhamuzi zamanye amadolobha namadolobhana zenqaba ngokuzimela ukwamukela abantu abangabazi, naphezu kwazo zonke izidingo ze-EU. Bavikela izinga labo lokuphila nokulondeka.
Izinga labantu abangasebenzi eSwitzerland li-3% kuphela, kuyilapho umnotho wezwe udonsa ochwepheshe bangaphandle ngobugovu.
Iphuzu elikhethekile uhlelo lwentela. Inamazinga amathathu: izinga lenhlangano (8,5%), izinga le-canton (lisukela ku-12 kuya ku-24%) kanye nezinga likamasipala (kuye ngokuthi idolobha nomphakathi).
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi zonke lezi zintela yilokho okubhalwe emithethweni, kodwa empeleni, noma yiliphi izinga lingancishiswa ngokusemthethweni kusetshenziswa izindlela ezithile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezintela zebhizinisi, nakuba kukhona okuqondile okuqondene nabantu ngabanye.
Abantu bakhokha kuye nge-canton kanye nenani lemali engenayo ukusuka ku-21% (Zug) ukuya ku-37% (Geneva).
Iyiphi i-canton yaseSwitzerland okufanele uyikhethele umsebenzi nokuphila?
Kunama-canton angama-26 eSwitzerland. Ungakhetha kanjani kuzo? Uma sicabangela imingcele emibili eyinhloko - ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nempilo enethezekile nomndeni - khona-ke siphakamisa ukuthi ugxile kuma-canton angu-2: iZug neZurich.
Zug
I-Zug iyinhliziyo yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Crypto Valley - indawo lapho amabhizinisi emkhakheni we-blockchain kanye ne-cryptocurrencies esebenza ngemibandela evumayo.
UZug useqalile ukwamukela ama-bitcoins ukuze akhokhele izinsiza zikahulumeni.
Izinkampani ezifana ne-Monetas, i-Bitcoin Suisse, i-Etherium evela ku-Vitalik Buterin zisekelwe lapha.
Ngaphezu kwabo, izinkampani ezinkulu eZug (hhayi zonke izinkampani ze-IT): Johnson & Johnson, Siemens, Interactive Brokers, Luxoft, Glencore, UBS kanye nabanye abaningi.
Izinga lempilo eZug liphezulu, kunezikole ezizimele nezikahulumeni, izikole zemisebenzi yezandla, amanyuvesi namanyuvesi. Sizokhuluma ngemfundo kancane kancane.
Zurich
I-canton enabantu abaningi kakhulu eSwitzerland (kusukela ngo-2017). Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu ihlala edolobheni laseZurich.
Yisikhungo sezezimali esikhulu kunazo zonke eSwitzerland kanye nesikhungo sesayensi. Ngo-2019, yathatha indawo yesibili ngokwezinga lempilo emhlabeni, kanye nendawo yesi-4 ohlwini lwamadolobha abiza kakhulu. Futhi aziwa njengelinye lamadolobha aphephe kakhulu.
Lena i-canton ekhuluma isiJalimane.
I-Zurich inesikhumulo sezindiza sayo futhi inezixhumanisi zokuhamba ezihamba phambili namanye ama-canton namazwe.
Izinkampani nezigaba zezinkampani: amabhange amaningi, i-Amazon, Booking.com, Apple, Swisscom, IBM, Accenture, Sunrise Communications, Microsoft, Siemens nabanye.
Imfundo: Inyuvesi yaseZurich, izikole ezizimele nezikahulumeni, izikole zemisebenzi yezandla.
Imfundo yakho nezingane zakho
Ngokwezibalo zika-2015, imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni emfundweni ngomuntu ngamunye yayingama- $4324, okungokwesibili ngemuva kwe-United States. IRussia isendaweni yama-49 kulesi simo.
Izinga lemfundo, elikalwa njengokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho, lingama-8,94 kwabayi-10, noma lisendaweni yokuqala ohlwini. IRussia isendaweni ka-43 ngamaphuzu angu-4,66.
Ukunakwa okuningi akukhokhelwa kuphela kubantu abasha, kodwa nakwabaqeqeshi - ukuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe kunikezwa njalo.
Uhlelo lwezemfundo luqukethe amazinga amaningana: okokulungiselela (inkulisa), imfundo yezinga lokuqala lesekondari, imfundo yesibili yezinga lesibili (izindawo zokuzivocavoca, isitifiketi sikamatikuletsheni, imfundo yamabanga aphansi, imfundo yokufundela umsebenzi ophansi), izinga lesithathu (amanyuvesi, izikole zokufundisa, amanyuvesi ayisipesheli, imfundo ephakeme yezandla). imfundo, ama-bachelor, masters, iziqu zobudokotela).
Kunezikole ezizimele ezingama-260 lapho kufundiswa khona ngesiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiNgisi nezinye izilimi.
E-Switzerland batshala imali kubantu njengempahla yabo eyigugu kakhulu. Izwe limpofu emithonjeni yemvelo, ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe, izinsizakalo, ubungcweti kanye nolwazi luyanquma.
IZug idume ngesikole sayo samazwe ngamazwe sokuhlala. Akhiwe endaweni yangaphambili Grand Hotel SchΓΆnfels. Kuthathwa njengesikole sabathile. Abafundi be-alumni bahlanganisa uJohn Kerry (uNobhala Wezwe wase-US), uMark Foster (umbhali nomqondisi), uPierre Mirabeau (umsunguli webhange iMirabo, kanye nosihlalo weSwiss Bankers Association).
Ngaphandle kwesikole, kukhona amanyuvesi nezikole zikahulumeni nezizimele.
Kunamanyuvesi ayi-12 eZurich, iFederal Higher Technical School (ETH) - okuphothule kuyo u-Albert Einstein noWilhelm Conrad RΓΆntgen - izikole zikahulumeni nezizimele.
Iphuzu elithakazelisayo: kulezi cantons kunezikhungo zemfundo lapho zingafundisi kuphela ngesiJalimane nesiNgisi, kodwa futhi ngesiRashiya.
Izindleko zemfundo zingaba ishibhile kunasezweni lakini. Ikakhulukazi, unyaka wokufunda ngeziqu eZurich e-ETH yomfundi wangaphandle ubiza ama-franc ayi-1700 ngonyaka - okufanayo nakwasekhaya. Unyaka eNyuvesi yaseZurich ubiza ama-franc angu-2538 (ama-franc angu-1000 ngaphezu komfundi wendawo).
Ungathola i-Executive MBA eZurich.
Impilo yansuku zonke eSwitzerland: irenti, i-inthanethi, ezokuthutha, izindleko zokuphila
ISwitzerland inikeza izakhamuzi zayo amazinga aphezulu okuphila, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuphepha nokunethezeka. Imali engenayo lapha nayo kulindeleke ukuthi ibe phezulu.
Ngokuqondile, iZurich isendaweni yesibili ngokwezinga lempilo emhlabeni (2017). IGeneva isendaweni yesishiyagalombili, iBasel isendaweni yeshumi, kanti uBern usendaweni ye-10.
Mayelana nokuphepha komuntu siqu, iSwitzerland ikleliswe endaweni yesi-3 ngemva kweFinland neDenmark.
Ukuheha nokugcina ochwepheshe bangaphandle - amaphuzu ayi-100 kwangu-100 angenzeka.
Zingaphezu kuka-10 000 izinkampani kuleli eziheha ongoti bakwamanye amazwe. Kunama-ejensi akhethekile akusiza ukuthi uthuthukise impilo yakho ngemuva kokuthuthela eSwitzerland.
Isibalo sabantu bakuleli zwe siyababekezelela abantu abenele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavelaphi. Umbuso ngokwawo uthatha indawo engathathi hlangothi ezindabeni eziningi, ngakho usebenzisana nawo wonke umuntu.
Mayelana nokuthutha
Uma uthutha impahla yomuntu, ayikhokhiswa intela emngceleni. Kudingeka kuphela ukuthi indawo ibe ngeyakho okungenani izinyanga eziyi-6 futhi isetshenziswe nguwe lapho ufika.
Ezinsukwini eziyi-14 zokufika kufanele ubhalise endaweni yakho entsha yokuhlala. Uzodinga amapasi angaphandle, umshwalense wezempilo, isithombe sepasipoti, izitifiketi zomshado nezokuzalwa, kanye nenkontileka yomsebenzi.
Uma uhamba nomndeni wakho, umuntu ngamunye unesethi efanayo.
Ungafaka imoto futhi uyenze ibhaliswe futhi ifakwe umshwalense eSwitzerland zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-12.
Kunconywa ukuthi ufunde okungenani ulimi olulodwa lwasendaweni olusemthethweni: isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane. Kunenani elikhulu lezifundo.
ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
Kuwumkhuba ukuthintana nalabo ababhala indawo, uhlole ifulethi bese uthatha isinqumo.
Lapho uphetha isivumelwano, idiphozithi noma idiphozi enani lenkokhelo yezinyanga ezi-3 zokuqasha ikhokhwa ku-akhawunti ekhethekile. Isebenza njengesiqinisekiso somnikazi wendawo. Lapho befika, umqashi nomnikazi babheka indawo yokuhlala bese bebhala umbiko onamaphutha. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, lapho uhamba ungakhokhiswa ngakho konke "ukuphuka" nokushoda.
Uma umnikazi wendawo efuna ukwandisa imali yokuqasha, udinga ukugcwalisa ifomu elikhethekile. Uma ukukhushulwa kwezimali kubonakala kungenangqondo kuwe, ungafaka isikhalazo ngesinqumo ngokubhala zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30.
Ucingo, i-inthanethi, ithelevishini
Kunezinkampani eziningi ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezifanayo emakethe yaseSwitzerland. Abahlinzeki ababalulekile: Swisscom, Salt and Sunrise. Ukubhaliswa komthengi ohlelweni kuyimpoqo, ngisho noma sikhuluma ngamasevisi akhokhelwa ngaphambili.
Izwe linomabonakude we-analogu nowedijithali. Ukhokha imali yokubhalisela ilungelo lokuthola izinhlelo zomsakazo nezethelevishini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukelani futhi ulalele ini.
ezokuthutha
Izinto zokuhamba eSwitzerland ziyajabulisa. Kukhona inethiwekhi eminyene yezitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu, izinsiza zamabhasi kanye nemizila yamanzi. Isiminyaminya sishubile - ngisho nezigodi ezisemifuleni zinesikebhe esifika okungenani kanye njalo emahoreni amabili.
Amathikithi angawodwa, amaphasi ansuku zonke, anyanga zonke, nawonyaka ayanikezwa. Kukhona iphasi lokuhamba elizokuvumela ukuthi uhambe cishe kuzo zonke izitimela, usebenzise izinsiza zamabhasi ahlangana namadolobha, amanzi kanye nezokuthutha zasedolobheni.
Ukuhamba kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala kumahhala; Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala zingahamba mahhala ngeJunior Karte uma ziphelezelwa abazali bazo, kanye nekhadi lomzukulu uma lihambisana nogogo nomkhulu bazo. Abantu abasha abaneminyaka engu-16-25 bahamba mahhala ekilasini lesibili ngemva kuka-19:7 nge-Gleis XNUMX pass.
Imali engenayo kanye nezindleko zokuhlala eSwitzerland
Imali engenayo yanyanga zonke yomndeni waseSwitzerland ingama-franc ayi-7556. Izinzuzo zomphakathi neminye imithombo yengezwa - sithola inani elimaphakathi lama-franc angu-9946.
Isamba semali engenayo ngemva kwezintela cishe singama-70%. Nokho, kukhona umehluko wesifunda, ngakho udinga ukubheka kuye ngokuthi canton.
ISwitzerland ikleliswe endaweni yesi-2 ngokwamandla okuthenga abantu. IZurich ikleliswe endaweni yesibili kumadolobha emhlabeni.
Amanani eZurich
Ukuqashwa kwefulethi elinekamelo elilodwa eZurich - kusuka ku-1400 euros.
Kuhlale kunethuba lokubheka enye indlela ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zochwepheshe bendawo.
I-avareji bill in a cafe elula isuka 20 euros. Inkomishi ye-cappuccino - kusuka kuma-euro angu-5.
Ikhilogremu yamazambane icishe ibe ngama-euro ama-2, Isinkwa (0,5 kg) singama-euro ama-3, isigamu ilitha lamanzi singaphezu kwe-euro, amaqanda ayishumi nambili angama-euro ama-3. 95 kaphethiloli - kusuka ku-1,55 euros ilitha.
Amanani e-Zug
E-Zug, ukuqasha indlu enekamelo elilodwa kuqala ku-1500 EUR.
Isidlo sasemini e-cafe - cishe ama-euro angama-20. Inkomishi yekhofi - cishe ama-euro angu-4.
Ikhilogremu lamazambane lingama-euro angu-2, isinkwa singama-euro angu-1,5, amalitha angu-1,5 amanzi angama-euro angu-0,70, amaqanda ayishumi nambili angaba ama-euro angu-5. Uphethiloli 95 - cishe ama-euro ayi-1,5.
Ungayithola kanjani imvume yokusebenza neyokuhlala?
Ukuze uhlale futhi usebenze eSwitzerland, uzodinga imvume yokusebenza kanye nemvume yokuhlala (i-visa). Ukuze uvakashele eSwitzerland udinga i-visa.
Ama-visa ayatholakala ezokuvakasha, umsebenzi, ukuhlanganisa umndeni nokufunda. Kungaba okwesikhathi esifushane noma eside.
Ukuze ziqale ukufaka isicelo se-visa, izakhamuzi zamazwe angaphandle kwe-EU kanye ne-EEA zidinga ukuxhumana nabameleli baseSwitzerland ezweni lakubo. Uzodinga ipasipoti yangaphandle evumelekile, inqubomgomo yomshwalense wezempilo kanye namadokhumenti aqinisekisa inhloso yohambo: inkontileka yomsebenzi, imibhalo esemthethweni yenkampani, njll.
Imali ye-visa incike enjongweni yokuvakasha.
Wonke amadokhumenti angekho ngesiNgisi, isiFulentshi noma isiNtaliyane kuzodingeka ahunyushwe.
Ngemuva kwalokho ungathola imvume yokuhlala kanye nemvume yokuhlala.
Ezinye izimvume azilibandakanyi ilungelo lokusebenza. Hlola ngamasevisi okuthutha. Uma uhlala ezweni isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-3, uthola umazisi womuntu wangaphandle.
Ungathola:
- Imvume yokuhlala B (imvume yokuhlala enelungelo lokusebenza isikhathi esingangonyaka ongu-1, nethuba lokunwetshwa ngomunye unyaka);
- Imvume yokuhlala C (imvume yokuhlala yesikhathi eside enelungelo lokusebenza), amalungelo alinganayo nezakhamizi zaseSwitzerland;
- Imvume yokuhlala L (imvume yokuhlala isikhathi esifushane, uma umsebenzi unomnqamulajuqu ophawulwe ngokucacile), awukwazi ukushintsha indawo yakho yokusebenza;
- Imvume yokuhlala F (ukuhlala isikhashana kwezakhamizi zakwamanye amazwe).
Futhi, amanye ama-visa akuvumela ukuba umeme izihlobo: umngane womshado onezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-19 kanye nabazali abathembele; umngane womshado kanye nezingane kuphela; umngane womshado kuphela.
Ukuze baqale ukusebenza, abantu bangaphandle abahlala ezweni isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-3 kufanele bathole imvume ehhovisi le-canton migration.
Izimvume ezesikhashana (ngaphansi konyaka owodwa), ziyaphuthuma (isikhathi esithile) futhi azinamkhawulo. Lezi kanye nezinye izinkinga eziphathelene nokuhlala kwabantu bangaphandle zixazululwa ezingeni le-canton.
Lapho uya emsebenzini, uzodinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziqu zakho ziyabonakala. Uma uyithole ngaphakathi kwe-EU, izokwamukelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo noma cishe ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenqubo ye-Bologna. Uma sikhuluma ngesitifiketi saseRussia, khona-ke isiqinisekiso esivela kubaphathi abanekhono siyadingeka. Kwezinye izimo lokhu kungenziwa umlawuli wendawo yakho wezemfundo.
Uma unentshisekelo yokuthola ubuzwe baseSwitzerland, kufanele ugcwalise le mibandela elandelayo:
- Uhlale ezweni okungenani iminyaka eyi-12 (kulabo abahlala eSwitzerland ukusuka ku-12 kuye kwengama-20, unyaka ngamunye ubalwa njenge-2);
- Hlanganisa empilweni yendawo;
- Yazi indlela yokuphila namasiko amaSwitzerland;
- Lalela umthetho;
- Ungabeki ubungozi bokuphepha.
Ngaphambili, isikhathi esidingekayo sokuhlala kuleli zwe sasinde - kusukela eminyakeni engu-20.
Isifingqo
Ukuthuthela eSwitzerland ukuze uphile futhi usebenze kungenzeka. Uchwepheshe we-IT unethuba lokuthola umsebenzi enkampanini enkulu noma enze ibhizinisi lakhe. Izindleko zokuhlala lapha ziphakeme kunakwamanye amazwe, kodwa usathola izinga eliphezulu lokuphila, imfundo enhle kakhulu yezingane, ukunethezeka nokuphepha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali engenayo yabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe, iphakeme kunakwamanye amazwe.
ISwitzerland iyindawo ethembisayo yokuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi we-blockchain, nakuba noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa nokucwaninga kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwamukelekile lapha: imithi, ukuxhumana, i-nanotechnology, njll.
Noma ngabe iyiphi indawo ye-IT osebenza kuyo, uzothola indawo oyithandayo. Kubandakanya nomndeni wakho.
Source: www.habr.com