Ngo-2012, kwaqubuka umlilo enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMoscow. Isakhiwo esidala esinophahla lwamapulangwe sasha, futhi umlilo wasakazekela ezindlini ezingomakhelwane ngokushesha. Abezicishamlilo abakwazanga ukufika endaweni - zonke izindawo zokupaka bezigcwele izimoto. Umlilo uhlanganise inkulungwane eyodwa nengxenye square metres. Kwakungenakwenzeka futhi ukufika ku-hydrant, ngakho abatakuli basebenzisa isitimela somlilo kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezimbili. Omunye umsebenzi wezimo eziphuthumayo ushone emlilweni.
Njengoba kuvele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umlilo usuke endlini yokushicilela iMir.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi leli gama lisho okuthile kubantu abaningi. Indlu yokushicilela kanye nendlu yokushicilela, esinye isipoki esivela ezikhathini zaseSoviet, esasingakaze sishicilele lutho iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile saqhubeka sikhona. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX, lase lizoshabalala, kodwa ngandlela thize labuyisela izikweletu zalo kunoma ubani nanoma yini eyayilikweleta. Umlando wawo wonke wesimanje uyimigqa embalwa ku-Wikipedia emayelana ne-leapfrog phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-MSUP SHMUP FMUP yombuso, eziqoqa uthuli kumafolda e-Rostec (uma ukholelwa i-Wikipedia, futhi).
Kepha ngemuva kwemigqa ye-bureaucratic alikho igama elithi ifa elikhulu uMir alishiye eNdiya nokuthi libe nomthelela kanjani ezimpilweni zezizukulwane ezimbalwa.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule uthumele isixhumanisi ku , lapho kuthunyelwa khona izincwadi zesayensi zaseSoviet ezenziwe ngedijithali. Bengicabanga ukuthi othile uguqula ukulangazelela kwabo kube yisizathu esihle. Kwavela ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa imininingwane embalwa yenza ibhulogi ingajwayelekile - izincwadi zazingesiNgisi, futhi amaNdiya axoxile ngazo kumazwana. Wonke umuntu wabhala ukuthi lezi zincwadi zazibaluleke kangakanani kubo ebuntwaneni, wabelana ngezindaba nezinkumbulo, futhi wathi kuzoba kuhle kangakanani ukuzithola zisesimweni sephepha manje.
Ngisebenzise i-Google, futhi isixhumanisi esisha ngasinye singimangaze kakhulu - amakholomu, okuthunyelwe, ngisho namadokhumentari mayelana nokubaluleka kwezincwadi zesiRashiya kubantu baseNdiya. Kimina kwaba ukutholakala, manje enginamahloni ngisho nokukhuluma ngakho - angikholwa ukuthi ungqimba olukhulu kangaka ludlule.
Kuvela ukuthi izincwadi zesayensi zaseSoviet ziye zaba uhlobo lwehlelo eNdiya. Izincwadi zenkampani yokushicilela ezanyamalala ngokuhlazisayo kithi zisafanele isisindo sazo ngegolide kwelinye icala lomhlaba.
“Bebedume kakhulu ngenxa yezinga kanye nenani labo. Lezi zincwadi zazitholakala futhi zidingeka ngisho nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezincane - hhayi emadolobheni amakhulu kuphela. Eziningi zihunyushelwe ezilimini ezihlukahlukene zaseNdiya - isiHindi, isiBengali, isiTamil, isiTelugu, isiMalayalam, isiMarathi, isiGujarati nezinye. Lokhu kwandise kakhulu izilaleli. Nakuba ngingeyena uchwepheshe, ngicabanga ukuthi esinye sezizathu zokunciphisa intengo kwakuwumzamo wokushintsha izincwadi zaseNtshonalanga, ezazibiza kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi (futhi ngisho namanje),” kusho uDamitr, umbhali webhulogi, wangitshela. [U-Damitr uyisifinyezo segama langempela lombhali, acele ukuthi angalenzi obala.]
Uyisazi se-physics ngokuziqeqesha futhi uzibheka njengomuntu othanda ukufunda. Manje usengumcwaningi nothisha wezibalo. UDamitr waqala ukuqoqa izincwadi ngasekupheleni kwawo-90s. Zabe zingasanyatheliswa eNdiya. Manje unezincwadi zaseSoviet ezingaba ngu-600 - ezinye wazithenga kumasekeni noma kubadayisi bamasekeni, ezinye wazinika yena. “Lezi zincwadi zenze kwaba lula kakhulu kimi ukufunda, futhi ngifuna abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka bazifunde nabo. Yingakho ngiqale ibhulogi yami.”
Izincwadi zaseSoviet zafika kanjani eNdiya
Eminyakeni emibili ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iNdiya yayeka ukuba ikoloni laseBrithani. Izikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu zihlala zinzima kakhulu futhi ziyinselele. I-Independent India kuvele ukuthi igcwele abantu abanemibono eyahlukene, asebenethuba lokugudluza izisekelo lapho bebona kufanele khona. Izwe elizungezile nalo lalingaqondakali. ISoviet Union neMelika bazama ukufinyelela, kubonakala sengathi, kuwo wonke amagumbi ukuze babayengele ekamu labo.
AmaSulumane ahlukana futhi asungula iPakistan. Izindawo zasemngceleni, njengenjwayelo, zaba nengxabano, futhi kwaqubuka impi lapho. IMelika yeseka iPakistan, iSoviet Union yeseka iNdiya. Ngo-1955, uNdunankulu waseNdiya wavakashela eMoscow, futhi uKhrushchev wenza impindelo ngawo lowo nyaka. Kwaqala kanjalo-ke ubuhlobo obude nobusondelene kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe. Ngisho nalapho i-India yayingqubuzana neChina ngeminyaka yama-60s, i-USSR yahlala ingathathi hlangothi ngokusemthethweni, kodwa usizo lwezezimali lwaseNdiya lwaluphakeme, okwathikameza ubuhlobo ne-PRC.
Ngenxa yobungane neNyunyana, kwaba khona inhlangano enamandla yamaKhomanisi eNdiya. Futhi-ke imikhumbi enamathani ezincwadi yaya eNdiya, futhi amakhilomitha ama-reels amafilimu ane-cinema yaseNdiya yeza kithi.
“Zonke izincwadi zeza kithi ngeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseNdiya, futhi imali yokuthengisa yabuyisela izimali zabo. Yiqiniso, phakathi kwezinye izincwadi, kwakukhona izilwandle nezilwandle zemiqulu ye-Lenin, Marx ne-Engels, futhi izincwadi eziningi zefilosofi, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomlando zazichemile. Kodwa kwizibalo, kwisayensi, kuncane kakhulu ukuchema. Nakuba, kwenye yezincwadi ze-physics, umbhali wachaza izinto ezibonakalayo ze-dialectical kumongo wokuguquguquka ngokomzimba. Ngeke ngisho ukuthi abantu babezingabaza yini izincwadi zaseSoviet ngalezo zinsuku, kodwa manje abaqoqi abaningi bezincwadi zamaSoviet bashisekela kwesokunxele noma kwesokunxele.”
U-Damitr wangibonisa imibhalo embalwa evela “encwadini eshisekela kwesokunxele” yamaNdiya ethi The Frontline enikelwe iminyaka eyikhulu yeNguquko ka-Okthoba. Kwesinye sazo, intatheli uVijay Prashad leyo ntshisekelo eRussia yabonakala ngisho nangaphambilini, ngeminyaka yawo-20s, lapho amaNdiya egqugquzelwa ukuketulwa kombuso wethu wama-tsarist. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-manifestos yamakhomanisi neminye imibhalo yezombangazwe yahunyushelwa ngokuyimfihlo ezilimini zamaNdiya. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20s, izincwadi ezithi “Soviet Russia” kaJawaharal Nehru kanye nethi “Letters from Russia” kaRabindranath Tagore zazidumile phakathi kwabashisekeli bobuzwe baseNdiya.
Akumangazi ukuthi umbono wenguquko wawumnandi kakhulu kubo. Esimeni sekoloni laseBrithani, amagama athi “capitalism” kanye “ne-imperialism” ngokuzenzakalelayo ayenomongo omubi ofanayo nalowo uhulumeni waseSoviet awufaka kuwo. Kodwa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva, kwakungeyona nje incwadi yezombangazwe eyaduma eNdiya.
Kungani abantu baseNdiya bezithanda kangaka izincwadi zaseSoviet?
ENdiya, konke esikufundayo kwahunyushwa. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky. Ulwandle lwezincwadi zezingane, isibonelo, "izindaba zikaDeniska" noma "Chuk and Gek". Kusukela ngaphandle kubonakala kithi ukuthi i-India, nomlando wayo wasendulo ocebile, idonsela ezinganekwaneni ezingaqondakali nezindaba zemilingo, kodwa izingane zaseNdiya zakhangwa ubuqiniso, impilo yansuku zonke kanye nokulula kwezincwadi zaseSoviet.
Ngonyaka odlule, ifilimu yedokhumentari ethi "Red Stars Lost in the Fog" mayelana nezincwadi zaseSoviet yadutshulwa eNdiya. Abaqondisi babenaka kakhulu izincwadi zezingane lapho abalingisi befilimu abakhulele khona. Ngokwesibonelo, uRugvedita Parakh, udokotela womdlavuza waseNdiya, wakhuluma ngesimo sakhe sengqondo esinjengalesi: “Izincwadi zesiRashiya ziyizintandokazi zami ngoba azizami ukufundisa. Azikhombisi ukuziphatha kwenganekwane, njengaku-Aesop noma kuyi-Panchatantra. Angiqondi ukuthi kungani ngisho nezincwadi ezinhle njengencwadi yethu ethi “Shyama’s Mother” kufanele zigcwale amazwi alula.”
“Okwabahlukanisa ukuthi abakaze bazame ukuphatha ubuntu bengane kalula noma ngokuyeyisa. Abazithuki ubuhlakani babo,” kusho isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uSulbha Subrahmanyam.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-60s, i-Publishing House of Foreign Literature ibishicilela izincwadi. Kamuva yahlukaniswa yaba eziningana ezihlukene. "Inqubekela-phambili" kanye "noThingo" bashicilele izincwadi zezingane, izinganekwane, kanye nezindaba ezingezona zezombangazwe (njengoba bebengakubiza kanjalo manje). I-Leningrad "Aurora" yanyathelisa izincwadi mayelana nobuciko. Indlu yokushicilela ye-Pravda yanyathelisa umagazini wezingane i-Misha, okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, wawuqukethe izinganekwane, amagama ahlukene okufunda isiRashiya, ngisho namakheli okuxhumana nezingane ezivela eSoviet Union.
Ekugcineni, i-Mir publishing house yashicilela izincwadi zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
“Yebo, izincwadi zesayensi zazidumile, kodwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu ababeyithanda ngokukhethekile isayensi, futhi laba bayingcosana njalo. Mhlawumbe ukuthandwa kwama-classics aseRussia ngolimi lwaseNdiya (uTolstoy, uDostoevsky) nawo kwabasiza. Izincwadi zazishibhile futhi zisakazeke yonke indawo kangangokuthi zazibonakala zicishe zilahlwe. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezifundo zesikole basika izithombe kulezi zincwadi,” kusho uDamitr.
UDeepa Bhashti ubhala kuye kweThe Calvert Journal ukuthi lapho befunda izincwadi zesayensi, abantu babengazi lutho futhi babengakwazi ukuthola ngababhali bazo. Ngokungafani nezakudala, laba ngokuvamile kwakungabasebenzi abavamile bezikhungo zocwaningo:
“Manje i-Internet ingitshele [lapho lezi zincwadi zivela khona], ngaphandle kokusikisela okukodwa ngababhali, ngezindaba zabo siqu. I-inthanethi namanje ayikangitsheli amagama ka-Babkov, Smirnov, Glushkov, Maron nabanye ososayensi nonjiniyela abavela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni ababhala izincwadi zokufunda ngezinto ezifana nokuklanywa kwesikhumulo sezindiza, ukudluliswa kokushisa nokudluliswa kwenqwaba, izilinganiso zomsakazo nokunye okuningi.
Isifiso sami sokuba isazi sezinkanyezi (kuze kube yilapho sidunyazwa i-physics esikoleni esiphakeme) sasivela encwadini encane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebizwa ngokuthi i-Space Adventures at Home ka-F. Rabitsa. Ngazama ukuthola ukuthi ungubani uRabitsa, kodwa akukho lutho ngaye kunoma iyiphi indawo yabalandeli bezincwadi zamaSoviet. Ngokusobala, amagama okuqala ngemva kwesibongo sami kufanele anganele. Imibhalo yokuphila kwababhali kungenzeka ayizange ibe nesithakazelo ezweni abasebenzela kulo.”
“Izincwadi engangizikhonzile kwakuyizincwadi zikaLev Tarasov,” kusho uDamitr, “Izinga lakhe lokucwiliswa esihlokweni, ukuqonda kwalo, lalimangalisa. Incwadi yokuqala engayifunda, wayibhala kanye nomkakhe u-Albina Tarasova. Yayibizwa ngokuthi “Imibuzo Nezimpendulo kuPhysics Yesikole.” Lapho, imibono eminingi eyiphutha evela ohlelweni lwezifundo zesikole ichazwa ngendlela yenkhulumomphendvulwano. Le ncwadi yangicacisela okuningi. Incwadi yesibili engayifunda kuye ibithi “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics.” Ihlola i-quantum mechanics ngakho konke ukuqina kwezibalo. Lapho, futhi, kukhona inkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kwesazi sefilosofi sasendulo, umbhali kanye nomfundi. Ngaphinda ngafunda eyakhe ethi “This Wonderful Symmetrical World”, “Izingxoxo Ngokuphikiswa Kokukhanya”, “Umhlaba Owakhelwe Ngokunokwenzeka”. Incwadi ngayinye iyigugu futhi nginenhlanhla yokukwazi ukuyidlulisela kwabanye.”
Izincwadi zalondolozwa kanjani ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR
Ngawo-80, kwase kunenani elimangalisayo lezincwadi zamaSoviet eNdiya. Njengoba zahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi zendawo, izingane zamaNdiya zafunda ngokoqobo ukufunda amagama azo endabuko ezincwadini zesiRashiya. Kodwa ngokuwa kweNyunyana konke kuma kungazelelwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-India yayisivele isenkingeni ejulile yezomnotho, futhi uMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseRussia wathi wawungenasithakazelo ebuhlotsheni obukhethekile neNew Delhi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, bayeka ukuxhasa ukuhumusha nokunyathelisa izincwadi eNdiya. Ngawo-2000, izincwadi zaseSoviet zanyamalala ngokuphelele emashalofini.
Iminyaka embalwa nje yayanele ukuba izincwadi zaseSoviet zicishe zilibaleke, kodwa ngenxa yokusabalala okukhulu kwe-Internet, ukuthandwa kwayo okusha kwaqala. Abashisekayo babuthana emiphakathini ku-Facebook, babhalelana kumabhulogi ahlukene, babheka zonke izincwadi abangazithola, base beqala ukuzifaka kudijithali.
Ifilimu ethi "Red Stars Lost in the Fog," phakathi kwezinye izinto, itshele ukuthi abashicileli besimanje bawuthathe kanjani umqondo wokungagcini nje ngokuqoqa nokwenza amadijithi, kodwa futhi baphinde bakhiphe ngokusemthethweni izincwadi ezindala. Baqale bazama ukuthola abanikazi bamalungelo okukopisha, kodwa abakwazanga, ngakho bavele baqala ukuqoqa amakhophi asekhona, bahumusha okwalahleka futhi, futhi bakuphrinta.
Isavela kufilimu ethi “Red Stars Lost in the Fog.”
Kodwa uma izinganekwane zingalibaleka ngaphandle kokusekelwa, izincwadi zesayensi zisalokhu zifunwa njengakuqala. NgokukaDamitra, isasetshenziswa emibuthanweni yezemfundo:
“Oprofesa nothisha abaningi basenyuvesi, izazi zesayensi yemvelo ezaziwayo, batusa kimi izincwadi zaseSoviet. Onjiniyela abaningi abasasebenza nanamuhla bafunde ngaphansi kwabo.
Ukuduma kwanamuhla kungenxa yokuhlolwa okunzima kakhulu kwe-IIT-JEE yobunjiniyela. Abafundi abaningi nabafundisi bamane bathandazele izincwadi zika-Irodov, Zubov, Shalnov kanye neWolkenstein. Angiqiniseki ukuthi izinganekwane zaseSoviet nezincwadi zezingane ziyathandwa yini esizukulwaneni sanamuhla, kodwa Isixazululo se-Irodov se-Basic Problems in Physics sisaqashelwa njengezinga legolide.”
Indawo yokusebenza kaDamitra, lapho afaka khona izincwadi ngedijithali.
Kodwa-ke, ukulondoloza nokusakazwa kwabantu - ngisho nezincwadi zesayensi - kusengumsebenzi wabaningi abashisekayo: "Ngokwazi kwami, abantu abambalwa kuphela ngaphandle kwami abaqoqa izincwadi zaseSoviet, lokhu akuyona into evamile kakhulu. Minyaka yonke ziba mbalwa futhi ziyancipha izincwadi ezinoqwembe oluqinile; phela ezokugcina zazo zanyatheliswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu edlule. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa nezimbalwa lapho izincwadi zaseSoviet zingatholakala khona. Izikhathi eziningi ngangicabanga ukuthi incwadi engangiyitholile yayingeyokugcina ukuba khona.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuziqoqa kwezincwadi kuwumsebenzi wokuzilibazisa ongasekho. Ngazi abantu abambalwa (yize ngihlala ezifundweni) abanezincwadi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ekhaya.”
Izincwadi zikaLev Tarasov zisanyatheliswa kabusha ezindlini ezihlukahlukene zokushicilela zaseRussia. Waqhubeka nokubhala ngemva kokuwa kweNyunyana, lapho bengasayiswa eNdiya. Kodwa angikhumbuli igama lakhe lithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwethu. Ngisho nezinjini zokusesha emakhasini okuqala zibonisa i-Lvov Tarasovs ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi uDamitr angacabangani ngalokhu?
Noma yini abashicileli abangacabanga ngayo uma bethola ukuthi "Mir", "Progress" kanye "Uthingo", izincwadi zabo abafuna ukuzishicilela, zisekhona, kodwa kubonakala kuphela kumarejista ezinhlangano ezisemthethweni. Futhi lapho indlu yokunyathelisa i-Mir isha, ifa labo lezincwadi kwaba umagazini wokugcina okwaxoxwa ngawo kamuva.
Manje banezimo zengqondo ezahlukene mayelana ne-USSR. Mina ngokwami nginokuningi okuphikisanayo ngaphakathi ngaye. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, ukubhala nokuvuma kuDamitro ukuthi ngangingazi lutho ngalokhu ngandlela-thile kwakubangela amahloni futhi kudabukisa.
Source: www.habr.com