Umbhalo wamaMaya wawuwukuphela kwesimiso sokubhala esiphelele eMelika, kodwa ngenxa yemizamo yabanqobi baseSpain abanesibindi, yakhohlwa ngokuphelele ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, izinkulungwane zalezi zimpawu zagcinwa ematsheni aqoshiwe, amafrescoes kanye ne-ceramics, futhi ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, umfundi ojwayelekile waseSoviet othweswe iziqu weza nombono owenza kube nokwenzeka ukuwachaza. Futhi lesi sihloko sizobonisa ukuthi lolu hlelo lusebenza kanjani.
Ukubhala kwe-Mayan kuwuhlelo lwe-logosyllabic (verbal-syllabic), lapho izimpawu eziningi zikhona. , okusho amagama noma imiqondo (isibonelo, “isihlangu” noma “jaguar”), kanye nelincane - , ezimelela imisindo yamagama ezinhlamvu (“pa”, “ma”) futhi zinqume umsindo wegama.
Sekukonke, imibhalo engaba ngu-5000 iye yasinda kuze kube yilolu suku, lapho ososayensi be-epigraphic bebone khona ama-glyphs angaphezu kwenkulungwane. Eziningi zazo ziwukuhluka kwezinhlamvu ezifanayo (ama-allograph) noma anomsindo ofanayo (ama-homophones). Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukuhlonza “kuphela” ama-hieroglyphs angaba ngu-500, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwezinhlamvu esizijwayele, kodwa angaphansi kwamaShayina anezinhlamvu zawo ezingu-12. Incazelo yefonetiki yaziwa ngama-000% alezi zimpawu, kanti incazelo ye-semantic yaziwa kuphela ngama-80%, kodwa ukuqokwa kwazo kuyaqhubeka.
Imibhalo yokuqala yamaMaya eyaziwayo isuka ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC, kanye neyakamuva kusukela ekunqotshweni kweSpanishi ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD. Lo mbhalo wanyamalala ngokuphelele ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho kunqotshwa imibuso yokugcina yamaMaya.
Unogwaja bhala
Ungawafunda kanjani ama-hieroglyphs amaMayan
Ubunzima bokuqala ekufundeni ama-hieroglyphs aseMayan ukuthi ukuklama kwabo kwakuguquguquka ngokwanele kangangokuthi kunezindlela ezahlukene zokubhala igama elifanayo ngaphandle kokushintsha ukufundwa noma incazelo. Yebo, kwakuwumsebenzi wokudala, futhi ababhali baseMeya babonakala beyijabulela futhi beyisebenzisa ngokugcwele inkululeko yabo yokudala:
Incazelo encane# Emifanekisweni, ukuhunyushwa kwama-hieroglyphs e-Mayan ku-alfabhethi yesiLatini kugqanyiswe ngokugqamile. Kulokhu, osonhlamvukazi bayabonisa AMA-LOGGRAM, kanye nofeleba abancane - ama-syllabograms. Umbhalo ibhalwe ngomalukeke futhi ukuhunyushwa kukuma-quotation marks “”.
Njengohlelo lwesiLatini, amagama e-Mayan akhiwa izinhlamvu eziningana ezihlobene, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sesithombe sokubhala, kwakunzima kakhulu ukubonwa ngeso elingaqeqeshiwe kunezinhlelo ezivamile ze-alfabhethi.
Iqembu lezinhlamvu ezakha igama libizwa ngokuthi ibhulokhi noma i-glyph complex. Isibonakaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke sebhulokhi sibizwa ngokuthi uphawu oluyinhloko, futhi ezincane ezinamathele kulo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-affixes.
Ngokuvamile, izinhlamvu kubhulokhi ye-glyph zifundwa ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla naphezulu kuye phansi. Ngokufanayo, imibhalo yamaMayan ibhalwa kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla futhi phezulu kuya phansi kumakholomu amabhlogo amabili.
Ama-logogram
Ama-logograms yizimpawu ezimele incazelo nokuphinyiselwa kwegama eliphelele. Ngisho nasohlelweni lwethu lokubhala lwe-alfabhethi nefonetiki, olusekelwe kuzinhlamvu zesiLatini, sisebenzisa ama-logogram:
- @ (commercial at): esetshenziswa emakhelini e-imeyili nasezingosini zokuxhumana nabantu, ekuqaleni eyayisetshenziswa kumadokhumenti okukhokha esikhundleni segama lesiNgisi elithi, elisho ukuthi “[inani]”
- £: uphawu lwe-pound sterling
- & (i-ampersand): ithatha indawo yesihlanganisi "futhi"
Iningi labalingiswa ekubhalweni kwe-hieroglyphic yama-Mayan ama-logogram:
Isistimu ehlanganisa ama-logogram kuphela ingaba nzima kakhulu, ngoba izodinga uphawu oluhlukile lwento ngayinye, umbono noma imizwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ngisho nezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiShayina, ezinezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kuka-12, azilona uhlelo lwe-logographic kuphela.
Ama-syllabograms
Ngaphezu kwama-logogram, amaMayans asebenzisa ama-syllabograms, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi angavimbeli amagama futhi alondoloze ukuguquguquka kwesistimu.
I-syllabogram noma iphonogram wuphawu lwefonetiki olubonisa uhlamvu. Ezilimini zama-Mayan, lisebenza njengohlamvu SG (ungwaqa-nkamisa) noma njengohlamvu S(G), (umsindo wongwaqa ongenankamisa ohambisana nawo).
Ngokuvamile, ulimi lwesiMayan lulandela iphethini yongwaqa-nkamisa-ngongwaqa (CVC), futhi ngokuvumelana nesimiso. unkamisa wohlamvu lokugcina egameni ngokuvamile ucindezelwa:
Ngokuthakazelisayo, noma yiliphi igama elibhalwe kulogogramu lingabhalwa ngokuphelele ngama-syllabograms. AmaMeya asendulo ayevame ukwenza lokhu, kodwa awazange awalahle ngokuphelele ama-logogram.
Izengezo zefonetiki
Izengezo zefonetiki ziphakathi kwezinamathiselo ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwamaMayans. Lolu uhlelo lohlelo olusiza ekufundeni amalogo anencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa noma olukhombisa ukuphinyiselwa kohlamvu lokuqala, okwenza kube lula ukufunda.
Esibonelweni esingezansi, uphawu lwegama elithi "itshe" (ngokumpunga) liphinde libe iphonogram yomsindo othi "ku", esetshenziswa egameni elithi "ahk" "turtle" noma "kutz" "turkey" (umsindo wonkamisa wokugcina. yehliswa kuzo zombili izimo). Kodwa lapho ubhala njengegama elihlukile, isengezo sefonetiki elithi “ni” sifakwa kuso, esiqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela igama elithi “itshe”:
Izinqumo ze-Semantic ne-diacritics
Izinqumo ze-Semantic kanye nezimpawu zohlobo lwezinhlamvu zisiza umfundi ukuthi aqonde ukuphinyiselwa noma incazelo yegama, kodwa, ngokungafani nokugcwaliswa kwefonetiki, awaphinyiswa nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Isinqumo se-semantic sicacisa ama-logogram e-polysemantic. Isibonelo esihle se-semantic determinant umngcele wokuhlobisa ozungeze isithombe noma ukubhala. Isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izinsuku phakathi :
Omaka be-Diacritic banquma ukubiza kwe-glyph. Izilimi zaseYurophu zinezimpawu ezivamile, isb.
- I-cedille: ngesiFulentshi, ibonisa ukuthi uhlamvu c lubizwa ngokuthi s esikhundleni sika-k, isb. i-façade
- I-Diaresis: ngesiJalimane, ikhombisa ukugudluka phambili konkamisa /a/, /o/ noma /u/, isibonelo, schön [ʃøːn] - “beautiful”, schon [ʃoːn] - “vele”.
Ekubhaleni kwe-Mayan, umaka we-diacritic ojwayelekile ipheya lamachashazi ekhoneni elingenhla (noma elingezansi) kwesokunxele lebhlokhi yamaglyph. Akhombisa umfundi ukuphindaphinda kohlamvu. Ngakho esibonelweni esingezansi uhlamvu elithi “ka” liphindwe kabili:
I-polyphony kanye ne-homophony
I-polyphony kanye ne-homophony kuqhubezela phambili ukwenza kube nzima ukubhala kwamaMayan. Nge-polyphony, uphawu olufanayo luyaphinyiswa futhi lufundwe ngendlela ehlukile. Embhalweni we-hieroglyphic wama-Mayan, isibonelo, igama elithi tuun kanye nohlamvu ku-ku amelwe uphawu olufanayo:
kusho ukuthi umsindo ofanayo umelelwa izimpawu ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ekubhaleni kweMeya, amagama athi "inyoka", "ezine" nelithi "isibhakabhaka" abizwa ngokufanayo, kodwa abhalwe ngokuhlukile:
Ukuhleleka kwamagama
Ngokungafani nesiNgisi, esisebenzisa ukwakhiwa kwe-Subject-Verb-Object, ulimi lwamaMayan lisebenzisa i-Verb-Object-Subject order. Njengoba imibhalo ye-hieroglyphic yama-Mayan yasendulo ngokuvamile iqala ngosuku futhi ingenakho ukuphelelisi, ukwakheka kwemisho okuvame kakhulu kungaba Isihloko-Isenzo-Isihloko.
Iningi lemibhalo etholakele iqoshwe ezakhiweni eziyisikhumbuzo futhi ichaza impilo yamakhosi kanye nemilando yobukhosi. Emibhalweni enjalo, izinsuku zithatha kufikela ku-80% wesikhala. Izenzo ngokuvamile zimelelwa ibhulokhi eyodwa noma amabili ama-glyphs, alandelwa amagama amade neziqu.
Izabizwana
AmaMayya ayenamasethi amabili ezabizwana. Isethi A isetshenziswe nezenzo eziguquguqukayo kanye ne-Setha B enezenzo ezingaguquki. Ngokuvamile, amaMayya ayesebenzisa izabizwana zomuntu wesithathu (“yena, yena, yona,” “yena, yena, wakhe”) kusukela kusethi ethi A. Izabizwana ezivela kuleli sethi zisetshenziswa kokubili amabizo nezenzo. Umuntu wesithathu ebunyeni wakhiwe yiziqalo ezilandelayo:
- u- ngaphambi kwamagama noma izenzo eziqala ngongwaqa
- ya-, ye-, yi-, yo-, yu- ngaphambi kwamagama noma izenzo eziqala ngonkamisa a, e, i, o, u, ngokulandelana.
Esimweni sokuqala, izimpawu ezilandelayo zisetshenziswa:
Noma yiziphi zalezi zinhlamvu zingasetshenziswa ukumela umuntu wesithathu ebunyeni:
Qaphela isiqalo /u/ esibonelweni sokuqala. Lena inguqulo eyenziwe lula yohlamvu lokuqala emugqeni wesithathu wesibalo sangaphambilini.
Ama-syllabograms esiqalo -ya:
Okwakho-:
Esibonelweni esingezansi, uphawu lwe-ye lubhalwa isitayela njengesandla:
Okwe-yi:
Kulesi sibonelo, i-yi izungeziswe ngo-90° ngokuphikisana newashi ngezizathu zobuhle:
Okwakho-:
Kwa yu-:
Amabizo
AmaMaya ayenezinhlobo ezimbili zamabizo: “ophethwe” kanye “nokuphelele” (okungaphathwanga).
Amabizo aphelele awanazo izinamathiselo, ngaphandle kokubili:
- isijobelelo - sisho izingxenye zomzimba
- isijobelelo -aj sikhombisa izinto ezigqokwa abantu, njengobucwebe
Ubulili
Abukho ubulili olimini lwesiMayan, ngaphandle kwamabizo achaza umsebenzi noma isikhundla, isibonelo, “umbhali”, “indlovukazi”, “inkosi”, njll. Kumagama anjalo sisebenzisa:
- isiqalo Ix- kwabesifazane
- isiqalo Aj- samadoda
Izenzo
Iningi lemibhalo yasendulo yamaMaya ilondolozwe ezakhiweni eziyisikhumbuzo, futhi ilandisa umlando wokuphila kwababusi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe zonke izenzo zibhalwa ngomuntu wesithathu futhi zitholakala ngokushesha ngemva kwezinsuku. Imvamisa emibhalweni enjalo kukhona izenzo ezingaguquki ezingakwazi ukunamathisela izinto.
Enkathini edlule (ekusaxoxwa ngayo) isijobelelo sithi -iiy, futhi esikhathini esizayo isijobelelo sithi -oom:
Ngokuvamile ngemva kwesenzo ungabona uphawu -aj, oluguqula umsuka (okwazi ukulawula into) ube yisenzo esingaguquki, isibonelo, chuhk-aj (“uthunjiwe”):
Enye yezindlela ezivamile zezenzo eziguquguqukayo ibonakala kalula ngesiqalo u- (izabizwana zomuntu wesithathu) kanye nesijobelelo u-aw. Isibonelo, mayelana nokuqala kokubusa, imibhalo isebenzisa inkulumo ethi uch'am-aw K'awiil - "uthatha u-K'awiil" (ababusi baseMaya abazange bathole isihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa intonga yobukhosi, eyenza samuntu. ):
Izichasiso
Emibhalweni yakudala yamaMayan, izichasiso zandulela amabizo, futhi uhlamvu (-al, -ul, -el, -il, -ol) lwengezwe egameni, ngokulandela umthetho wokuvumelana. Ngakho isichasiso “somlilo” sithi k'ahk ' ("umlilo") + -al = k'ahk'al:
Umsuka wokubhala kweMayan
Ukubhala kwamaMayan kwakungelona uhlelo lokuqala lokubhala eMesoamerica. Kuze kube muva nje bekukholelwa ukuthi kwavela (noma i-Epiolmec) ukubhala, kodwa ngo-2005 kwatholakala , okubambezele ukudalwa kokubhala kweMayan.
Izinhlelo zokuqala zokubhala eMesoamerica kukholakala ukuthi zavela ezikhathini zamuva ze-Olmec (circa 700-500 BC), zase zihlukaniswa zibe amasiko amabili:
- enyakatho ezintabeni zaseMexico
- eningizimu ezindaweni eziphakeme nasezintabeni zaseGuatemala kanye nesifunda saseMexico saseChiapas.
Ukubhala kweMeya kungokwesiko lesibili. Imibhalo yakudala iyimidwebo engaphakathi (I-Guatemala, ikhulu lesi-3 BC) kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe kumaski wamatshe amanxiwa (Belize, ngekhulu lokuqala BC).
Umbhalo wakuqala we-Mayan nesithombe
Ukuhlaziya umbhalo wamaMaya
/Lapha futhi ngaqhubeka nganweba i-athikili yokuqala ngezinto ezivela emithonjeni yasekhaya - cishe. umhumushi/
Ukuchazwa kokubhala kweMayan kwathatha ikhulu nesigamu. Ichazwe ezincwadini eziningana, edume kakhulu kuzo UMichael Co. Ifilimu yedokhumentari yenziwa ngokususelwa kuyo ngo-2008.
Imibhalo yamaMaya yaqala ukushicilelwa ngawo-1810, lapho izincwadi zamaMaya ezazigcinwe ngokuyisimangaliso zitholakala ezinqolobaneni zaseYurophu, ezazibizwa ngokuthi ama-codex ngokufanisa nawaseYurophu. Baheha ukunaka, kwathi ngawo-1830, kwaqala ucwaningo olunzulu lwezindawo zamaMayan eGuatemala naseBelize.
Ngo-1862, umpristi ongumFulentshi kutholwe eRoyal Academy of History eMadrid "Umbiko Wezindaba eYucatan," umbhalo wesandla owabhalwa cishe ngo-1566 nguMbhishobhi waseYucatan, u-Diego de Landa. U-De Landa kulo mbhalo ngephutha uzame ukufanisa amaglyph amaMayan nezinhlamvu ze-Spanish:
Naphezu kwale ndlela eyiphutha, umbhalo wesandla kaDe Landa waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuchazeni umbhalo wamaMayan. Ushintsho lwafika ngawo-1950.
U-Yuri Knorozov, 19.11.1922/30.03.1999/XNUMX - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX
Ngokwenganekwane ethile, ngo-May 1945, umhloli wezikhali u-Yuri Knorozov wathola izincwadi ezilungiselelwe ukukhishwa eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wesifunda SasePrussia emanxiweni avuthayo aseBerlin. Enye yazo ivele yaba uhlelo olungajwayelekile lwamakhodi amathathu aseMayan asekhona. U-Knorozov, owafunda emnyangweni womlando weNyuvesi yaseKharkov ngaphambi kwebutho lezempi, waba nesithakazelo kule mibhalo yesandla, ngemva kwempi waphothula eMnyangweni womlando we-Moscow State University futhi waqala ukuchaza ukubhala kwamaMayan. Yile ndlela le ndaba ichazwa ngayo nguMayanist uMichael Ko, kodwa cishe u-Knorozov, owahlangana nesiphetho sempi endaweni yezempi eduze kwaseMoscow, wahlobisa amaqiniso engxoxweni yomuntu siqu ukuze ashaqise uzakwabo waseMelika othintekayo.
Indawo eyinhloko yesithakazelo sikaKnorozov kwakuyinkolelo-mbono yamaqoqo, futhi waqala ukuchaza ukubhala kwamaMeya hhayi ngenhlanhla, kodwa ngenhloso yokuhlola imibono yakhe mayelana nezimiso zokushintshana kolwazi ezivamile kubo bonke abantu. "Ayikho into eyenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa engakwazi ukuqondwa ngomunye."
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni amakhodi amathathu aseMayan kanye nombhalo wesandla we-La Landa, u-Knorozov waqaphela ukuthi izimpawu eziku-"Umbiko Wezindaba e-Yucatan" akuzona izinhlamvu, kodwa ama-syllables.
Indlela ye-Knorozov
Encazelweni yomfundi kaKnorozov, uDokotela Wesayensi Yezomlando G. Ershova, indlela yakhe yayibukeka kanje:
Isigaba sokuqala ukukhetha kwendlela yethiyori: ukusungula iphethini yokubhalelana phakathi kwezimpawu nokufunda kwazo ezimeni lapho ulimi lungaziwa noma lushintshe kakhulu.
Isigaba sesibili - ukufundwa kwefonetiki okunembile kwama-hieroglyphs, njengoba lokhu kuwukuphela kwendlela yokufunda amagama angaziwa lapho kutholakala khona izinhlamvu ezaziwayo.
Isigaba sesithathu ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yezibalo zokuma. Uhlobo lokubhala (i-ideographic, morphemic, syllabic, alfabhethi) lunqunywa inani lezinhlamvu kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu. Khona-ke imvamisa yokusetshenziswa nezikhundla lapho lesi sibonakaliso sibonakala khona - yile ndlela imisebenzi yezimpawu enqunywa ngayo. Le datha iqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha , okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izithenjwa zohlelo lolimi, i-semantic, impande kanye namamofimu esevisi. Khona-ke ukufundwa kokwakheka okuyisisekelo kwezimpawu kuyasungulwa.
Isigaba sesine sikhomba ama-hieroglyphs angafundwa kusetshenziswa okuthi "Umbiko Wezindaba e-Yucatan" njengokhiye. U-Knorozov waphawula ukuthi uphawu "cu" oluvela embhalweni wesandla ka-Landa kuma-codices aseMayan lulandela esinye isibonakaliso futhi lo mbhangqwana wawuhlotshaniswa nesithombe se-turkey. Igama lesiMayan elisho “turkey” lithi “kutz”—futhi uKnorozov wacabanga ukuthi uma elithi “cu” kuwuphawu lokuqala, khona-ke owesibili kumelwe kube “tzu” (uma nje unkamisa wokugcina wehliswa). Ukuze avivinye imodeli yakhe, u-Knorozov waqala ukufuna i-glyph kumakhodi aqala ngophawu oluthi “tzu”, futhi wayithola ngaphezu komfanekiso wenja (tzul):
Imininingwane evela и amakhodi
Isigaba sesihlanu - ukufunda ngokuphambanayo okusekelwe ezimpawini ezaziwayo.
Isigaba sesithupha - ukuqinisekiswa kokubusa kwe-syharmony. Uphawu olufanayo lungasho kokubili uhlamvu nomsindo ohlukile. Kwavela ukuthi izimpawu zemisindo ngayinye kufanele zibe nonkamisa abahambisana nemofimu.
Isigaba sesikhombisa siwubufakazi bokuthi kuyo yonke imisindo yonkamisa ekubhalweni kwe-Mayan kwakukhona izimpawu ezizimele ezinikezwe ku-alfabhethi ka-De Landa.
Isigaba sesishiyagalombili - ukuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kwethekisthi. U-Knorozov unqume ukuthi le mibhalo yesandla emithathu iqukethe izinhlamvu eziyingqayizivele ezingu-355, kodwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamagrafu ahlanganisiwe nama-allographs, inani labo lehliswa laya ku-287, kodwa azikho ngaphezu kuka-255 ezifundekayo ngempela - ezinye zihlanekezelwe kakhulu noma kungenzeka kube ukuhlukahluka okwaziwayo. abalingiswa.
Isigaba sesishiyagalolunye - ukuhlaziya imvamisa yombhalo. Iphethini elandelayo isivele: njengoba uhamba embhalweni, inani lezinhlamvu ezintsha liyehla, kodwa alilokothi lifinyelele kuziro. Izimpawu zazinamaza ahlukene aphelele futhi ahlobene: cishe ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izimpawu zatholakala kuyi-hieroglyph eyodwa kuphela; cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zisetshenziswe kuma-hieroglyphs angaphansi kuka-50, kodwa izinhlamvu ezizodwa zazivame kakhulu.
Isigaba seshumi siwukunqunywa kwababhekisela kuhlelo lolimi, okwakudingeka ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwama-hieroglyphs. U-Yu. Knorozov wachitha isikhathi esiningi enquma ukuhleleka kokubhala izinhlamvu ngazinye ngamabhulokhi. Ngokwesikhundla sabo emgqeni, wahlukanisa la ma-hieroglyphs abe ngamaqembu ayisithupha. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhambisana kwazo nezimpawu eziguquguqukayo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izinkomba zohlelo lolimi - amalungu ayinhloko nesesibili omusho. Izimpawu eziguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwamabhulokhi e-hieroglyphic zisho izinamathiselo namagama okusebenza. Ngemva kwalokhu, umsebenzi waqala ngezichazamazwi nokwandisa inani lezinhlamvu ezifundekayo.
Ukuqashelwa indlela Knorozov
Indlela ye-syllabic ka-Knorozov yayiphikisana nemibono , owaba neqhaza elikhulu ekutadisheni imibhalo yamaMayan ngawo-1940 futhi ebhekwa njengesazi esihlonishwa kakhulu kulo mkhakha. UThomson wasebenzisa indlela yesakhiwo: wazama ukunquma ukuhleleka nenjongo yamaglyphs aseMayan ngokusekelwe ekusabalaliseni kwawo emibhalweni eqoshiwe. Naphezu kokuphumelela kwakhe, u-Thomson waphika ngokucacile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukubhala kweMayan kwakuyifonetiki futhi kungaqopha ulimi olukhulunywayo.
E-USSR yaleyo minyaka, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wesayensi kwakudingeka uqukathe ukuthethelela okuvela kumbono kaMarxist-Leninist, futhi ngesisekelo salokhu kufakwa okubizwa ngokuthi, uThomson wamangalela u-Knorozov ngokukhuthaza imibono yeMarxism phakathi kososayensi baseMeya. Isizathu esengeziwe sokugxekwa kwakuyisitatimende sabahleli bezinhlelo abavela eNovosibirsk, abamemezele intuthuko, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini kaKnorozov, "wenkolelo-mbono yokuqanjwa komshini" wemibhalo yasendulo futhi bawethula ngokuzithoba eKhrushchev.
Naphezu kokugxekwa okunamandla, ososayensi baseNtshonalanga (uTatyana Proskuryakova, uFloyd Lounsbury, uLinda Schele, uDavid Stewart) baqala ukuphendukela kumbono wefonetiki kaKnorozov, futhi ngemva kokufa kukaThomson ngo-1975, kwaqala ukuchazwa okuningiliziwe kwemibhalo yamaMayan.
I-Mayan ibhala namuhla
Njenganoma iyiphi isistimu yokubhala, ama-glyphs aseMeya asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, amatshe esikhumbuzo anemibhalo yokuphila kwababusi afinyelele kithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abane basinda : "Dresden Codex", "Paris Codex", "Madrid Codex" kanye "Grolier Codex", atholakala kuphela ngo-1971.
Futhi, izincwadi ezibolile zitholakala emingcwabeni yamaMayan, kodwa azikakacaciswa, njengoba imibhalo yesandla inamathelene futhi icwiliswe kumcako. Nokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuskena, le mibhalo yesandla iye yaba nayo . Futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi amaphesenti angu-60 kuphela ama-hieroglyphs ahunyushiwe, izifundo zamaMaya zizosinika okuthile okuthakazelisayo.
PS Izinto eziwusizo:
- Amathebula e-Syllabogram avela ku-Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Isingeniso se-Maya Hieroglyphs:
- U-Harri Kettunen noChristophe Helmke (2014), Isingeniso se-Maya Hieroglyphs, []
- U-Mark Pitts no-Lynn Matson (2008), Ebhala Nge-Maya Glyphs Amagama, Izindawo, Nemisho Elula Isingeniso Esingezona Ezobuchwepheshe, []
- - Isizindalwazi sama-hieroglyphs aseMayan ngefomethi yesithombe
- nemininingwane yesigameko echazwe, i-Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, eNyuvesi yaseHarvard.
Source: www.habr.com