Abantu bavame ukuhlobanisa izingxoxo ngamazinyo nama-caries, ama-braces nama-sadists agqoke amajazi amhlophe aphupha kuphela ukwenza ubuhlalu emazinyweni akho. Kodwa amahlaya eceleni, ngoba ngaphandle kodokotela bamazinyo nemithetho emisiwe yenhlanzeko yomlomo, mina nawe besingadla amazambane agayiwe nesobho kuphela ngotshani. Futhi konke kunecala lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okusinikeze kude namazinyo ahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, abuye angavuseleli, okungenzeka ukuthi kwenza abamele imboni yamazinyo bajabule ngendlela emangalisayo. Uma sikhuluma ngamazinyo abameleli bezilwane zasendle, khona-ke amabhubesi amakhulu, oshaka abanegazi kanye nezimpisi ezinhle kakhulu zifika engqondweni. Nokho, naphezu kwamandla namandla emihlathi yawo, amazinyo awo awamangalisa njengamazinyo ezilwane zasolwandle. Yebo, lesi sigaxa sezinaliti ngaphansi kwamanzi, okuthi, uma usinyathela, singonakalisa ingxenye enhle yeholide lakho, sinamazinyo amahle impela. Yebo, ababaningi babo, bahlanu kuphela, kodwa bahlukile ngendlela yabo futhi bayakwazi ukuzicija. Ososayensi basithola kanjani lesi sici, le nqubo yenzeka kanjani ngempela, futhi ingabasiza kanjani abantu? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukwazi umlingisi oyinhloko wocwaningo - i-Strongylocentrotus fragilis, noma ngokomuntu, i-urchin yasolwandle ebomvana. Lolu hlobo lwe-sea urchin aluhlukile kakhulu kwezinye izakwabo, ngaphandle komumo oyisicaba nombala ogqamile. Zihlala zijulile (kusuka ku-100 m ukuya ku-1 km), futhi zikhula zibe ngu-10 cm ububanzi.
"I-skeleton" ye-urchin yasolwandle, ebonisa ukulinganisa kwemisebe emihlanu.
Ama-sea urchins, anokhahlo njengoba kungase kuzwakale, alungile futhi angalungile. Owokuqala anomumo womzimba ocishe ube yindilinga one-symmetry ye-five-ray ephinyiselwe, kanti lena yakamuva i-asymmetrical.
Into yokuqala ebamba iso lakho uma ubona inyonyane yasolwandle imigqa yayo evala wonke umzimba wayo. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene, izinaliti zingaba kusuka ku-2 mm kuya ku-30 ββcm. Ngaphezu kwezinaliti, umzimba une-spheridia (izitho zokulinganisela) kanye ne-pedicellaria (izinqubo ezifana ne-forceps).
Wonke amazinyo amahlanu abonakala ngokucacile phakathi nendawo.
Ukuze ubonise i-sea urchin, kufanele uqale ubheke phansi, njengoba umlomo wayo uvuleka engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba, kodwa ezinye izimbobo zingaphezulu. Umlomo wama-sea urchin ufakwe izinto zokuhlafuna ezinegama elihle lesayensi elithi βAristotleβs lanternβ (kwakungu-Aristotle owachaza lesi sitho okokuqala futhi waqhathanisa ukuma kwaso nesibani esiphathwayo sakudala). Lesi sitho sifakwe imihlathi emihlanu, ngayinye egcina ngezinyo elibukhali (i-Aristotelian lantern ye-pink hedgehog ehlolwayo iboniswa esithombeni 1C ngezansi).
Kunombono wokuthi ukuqina kwamazinyo e-sea urchin kuqinisekiswa ukulola kwawo okuqhubekayo, okwenzeka ngokucekelwa phansi kancane kancane kwamapuleti anamaminerali ezinyo ukuze kugcinwe ukucija kwendawo ekude.
Kodwa le nqubo isebenza kanjani ngempela, yimaphi amazinyo okudingeka alolwe futhi angaloli, futhi senziwa kanjani lesi sinqumo esibalulekile? Ososayensi bazama ukuthola izimpendulo zale mibuzo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Isithombe #1
Ngaphambi kokudalula izimfihlo zamazinyo zama-sea urchin, ake sibheke ukwakheka kwamazinyo awo ewonke.
Ezithombeni I-1A-I-1Π‘ iqhawe locwaningo liyaboniswa - i-urchin yasolwandle ebomvana. Njengamanye ama-urchin olwandle, abameleli balolu hlobo bathola izingxenye zabo zamaminerali emanzini olwandle. Phakathi kwezakhi zamathambo, amazinyo anamaminerali amaningi (99%) ne-calcite ehlanganiswe ne-magnesium.
Njengoba sike saxoxa ngaphambili, ama-hedgehog asebenzisa amazinyo awo ukukhuhla ukudla. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu, zisebenzisa amazinyo ukuze zizimbele imigodi, lapho zicasha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye noma isimo sezulu esibi. Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu kusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile kwamazinyo, amazinyo kufanele abe namandla kakhulu futhi abukhali.
Esithombeni 1D i-microcomputed tomography yengxenye yezinyo lonke iyaboniswa, okubonisa ukuthi izinyo lakhiwe eduze kwejika eliyi-elliptical elinesiphambano esimise okuka-T.
Isiphambano sezinyo (1E) ibonisa ukuthi izinyo lakhiwe izifunda ezintathu zesakhiwo: i-laminae eyinhloko, isifunda se-calculus, kanye ne-laminae yesibili. Isifunda samatshe siqukethe imicu encane yobubanzi ezungezwe igobolondo lemvelo. Imicu ishumekwe ku-polycrystalline matrix ehlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-calcite ezinothe nge-magnesium. Ububanzi balezi zinhlayiya cishe 10-20 nm. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-magnesium akufani kulo lonke izinyo futhi kukhuphukela ekupheleni, okunikeza ukumelana nokugqoka nokuqina.
Isigaba sobude (1F) indawo yamatshe ezinyo ikhombisa ukucekelwa phansi kwemicu, kanye nokuvuvukala, okwenzeka ngenxa ye-delamination lapho kuhlangana khona imicu kanye nolwelwesi oluphilayo.
Amapuleti ayisisekelo ngokuvamile akhiwa amakristalu awodwa e-calcite futhi atholakala endaweni eyi-convex yezinyo, kuyilapho amapuleti esibili egcwalisa indawo eqondile.
Esithombeni 1G inqwaba yamapuleti ayisisekelo agobile angabonwa elele ngokuhambisana. Isithombe siphinde sibonisa imicu kanye ne-polycrystalline matrix egcwalisa isikhala phakathi kwamapuleti. I-Kiel (1H) yenza isisekelo se-T-section ye-cross-section futhi ikhulise ukuqina kokugoba kwezinyo.
Manje njengoba sesisazi ukwakheka kwezinyo le-urchin yasolwandle e-pink, manje sidinga ukuthola izakhiwo zemishini yezingxenye zalo. Ngale njongo, ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena kanye ne- i-nanoindentation*. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nanomechanical kuhilela amasampula asikwe eceleni komumo we-longitudinal kanye naphambanweni wezinyo.
I-Nanoindentation* - ukuhlola impahla ngokucindezela ithuluzi elikhethekile - i-indenter - ebusweni besampula.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kubonise ukuthi isilinganiso se-Young's modulus (E) nobulukhuni (H) esiphundu sezinyo ku-longitudinal ne-transverse directions yilezi: EL = 77.3 Β± 4,8 GPa, HL = 4.3 Β± 0.5 GPa (longitudinal) kanye ne-ET = 70.2 Β± 7.2 I-GPa, HT = 3,8 Β± 0,6 GPa (eguquguqukayo).
Imoduli yabancane* - inani elibonakalayo elichaza ikhono lempahla ukumelana nokushuba nokucindezelwa.
Ukuqina* - Impahla yento yokumelana nokungena komzimba onzima (indenter).
Ukwengeza, ama-indentations ane-cyclic yokulayisha eyengeziwe ayenziwe ekuqondeni kwe-longitudinal ukudala imodeli yokulimala kwe-visco-plastic yendawo yamatshe. Vuliwe I-2A ijika lokuhambisa umthwalo liyaboniswa.
Isithombe #2
Imoduli yomjikelezo ngamunye ibalwa ngokusekelwe endleleni ye-Oliver-Pharr kusetshenziswa idatha yokuthulula. Imijikelezo yokuhlehlisa ibonise ukwehla kwe-monotonic ku-modulus ngokukhula okujulile kokuhlehlisa (I-2B). Lokhu kuncipha kokuqina kuchazwa ukunqwabelana komonakalo (2C) ngenxa yokuguga okungenakuhlehliswa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesithathu kwenzeka ezungeze imicu, hhayi ngabo.
Izakhiwo zomshini zezakhi zamazinyo nazo zahlolwa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zokucindezelwa kwe-quasi-static micropillar. I-ion beam egxilile yayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinsika ezinosayizi we-micrometer. Ukuze kuhlolwe amandla esibopho phakathi kwamapuleti ayisisekelo ohlangothini lwe-convex lwezinyo, ama-micropillar ayenziwe ane-oblique orientation ehlobene nesixhumi esibonakalayo esivamile phakathi kwamapuleti (2D). Esithombeni 2E i-micropillar ene-interface ethambekele iyaboniswa. Futhi kugrafu 2F imiphumela yezilinganiso zokucindezeleka kwe-shear iyaboniswa.
Ososayensi baqaphela iqiniso elithakazelisayo - imodulus enwebekayo elinganisiwe icishe ibe yingxenye yokuhlolwa kokuhlehlisa. Lo mehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kokuhlehlisa nokuminyanisa kuye kwaphawulwa nangoqweqwe lwazo lwamazinyo. Okwamanje, kunemibono eminingana yokuchaza lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye (kusukela emithonyeni yezemvelo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kuya ekungcolisekeni kwesampula), kodwa namanje akukabi khona mpendulo ecacile embuzweni wokuthi kungani kwenzeka lokhu kungafani.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ocwaningweni lwamazinyo e-sea urchin kwaba ukuhlolwa kokugqoka okwenziwe kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena. Izinyo lalinanyathiselwe esibambi esikhethekile lacindezelwa ku-ultrananocrystalline diamond substrate (I-3A).
Isithombe #3
Ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi inguqulo yabo yokuhlolwa kokugqokwa iphambene nalokho okuvamile, lapho ithiphu ledayimane licindezelwa engxenyeni engaphansi yezinto ezihlolwayo. Izinguquko kumasu okuhlola ukugqokwa zivumela ukuqonda okungcono kwezakhiwo ze-microstructures kanye nezingxenye zezinyo.
Njengoba sibona ezithombeni, lapho umthwalo obalulekile ufinyelelwa, ama-chips aqala ukwakha. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi amandla "okuluma" kwelambu lika-Aristotle kuma-urchin olwandle ayahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni kusuka kuma-newton angu-1 kuya kwangu-50. Esivivinyweni, kusetshenziswe amandla asuka kumakhulu ama-micronewtons kuya ku-1 newton, i.e. kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 amashathoni e-Aristotelian lantern (njengoba kunamazinyo amahlanu).
Esithombeni 3B(i) izinhlayiya ezinhle ezibonakalayo (umcibisholo obomvu) ezakhiwe ngenxa yokugqoka endaweni yamatshe. Njengoba indawo yamatshe iguga futhi inenkontileka, imifantu ezindaweni zokusebenzelana phakathi kwamapuleti ingase ithuthuke futhi isakazeke ngenxa yokulayishwa kwe-compress-shear kanye nokunqwabelana kokucindezeleka endaweni ye-calcite plate. Izithombe 3B(ii) ΠΈ 3B(iii) khombisa izindawo lapho kugqashuke khona izingcezwana.
Ukuze kuqhathaniswe, izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlolwa kokugqoka zenziwa: ngomthwalo oqhubekayo ohambisana nokuqala kwesivuno (WCL) kanye nomthwalo oqhubekayo ohambisana nokucindezeleka kwesivuno (WCS). Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezimbili zokugqoka kwamazinyo.
Ividiyo yokuhlola ye-Wear:
Isiteji I
Isigaba II
Isigaba III
Isigaba IV
Ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo, ukucindezelwa kwendawo kwabonwa ekuhlolweni kwe-WCL, kodwa akukho ukucwiliswa noma omunye umonakalo kumapuleti owabonwa.4A). Kodwa ekuhlolweni kwe-WCS, lapho amandla avamile anyuswa ukuze kugcinwe ukucindezeleka okubizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana okungaguquki, ukuchithwa nokulahlekelwa kwamapuleti kwabonwa (I-4B).
Isithombe #4
Lokhu kubuka kuqinisekiswa igrafu (I-4Π‘) izilinganiso zendawo yokuminyanisa kanye nevolumu yamapuleti aqoshiwe kuye ngobude bokuslayida (besampula kudayimane ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa).
Le grafu iphinda ibonise ukuthi esimweni se-WCL, ama-chips awakhi ngisho noma ibanga lokuslayida likhulu kunesimo se-WCS. Ukuhlolwa kwamapuleti acindezelwe futhi aqoshiwe I-4B kusivumela ukuba siqonde kangcono indlela yokuzilola yamazinyo e-sea urchin.
Indawo ecindezelwe yetshe iyanda njengoba ipuleti liphuka, lisusa ingxenye yendawo ecindezelwe [4B (iii-v)]. Izici ze-Microstructural ezifana nesibopho phakathi kwamatshe nama-slabs zisiza le nqubo. I-microscopy yabonisa ukuthi imicu esendaweni yokubala igobile futhi ingena ezingxenyeni zamapuleti engxenyeni eqondile yezinyo.
Eshadini I-4Π‘ ukugxuma kwevolumu yendawo eqoshiwe kubonakala lapho ipuleti elisha likhishwa ezinyoni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona ukwehla okukhulu kobubanzi besifunda esicaba (4D), okubonisa inqubo yokuzilola.
Kalula nje, lezi zivivinyo zibonise ukuthi lapho umthwalo ovamile (ongabalulekile) oqhubekayo ugcinwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuguga, ithiphu liba buthuntu kuyilapho izinyo lihlala libukhali. Kuvela ukuthi amazinyo ama-hedgehogs abukhali ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, uma umthwalo ungadluli okubucayi, ngaphandle kwalokho umonakalo (ama-chips) ungenzeka kunokuba ubukhali.
Isithombe #5
Ukuze uqonde indima yama-microstructures wezinyo, izakhiwo zawo kanye negalelo lawo kumshini wokuzilola, ukuhlaziywa kwesici esingenasiphelo senqubo yokugqoka kwenziwa (I-5A). Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwasetshenziswa izithombe zengxenye yobude besihloko sezinyo, ezazisebenza njengesisekelo semodeli enezinhlangothi ezimbili ehlanganisa amatshe, amapuleti, i-keel kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwamapuleti namatshe.
Izithombe 5B-5H ziyiziqephu zekhonta ye-von Mises criterion (i-plasticity criterion) emaphethelweni esifunda setshe ne-slab. Lapho izinyo licindezelwa, itshe liba nokukhubazeka okukhulu kwe-viscoplastic, liqongelela umonakalo, kanye nezinkontileka (βflattensβ) (5B ΠΈ 5C). Ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo kubangela ibhande lokugunda etsheni, lapho kunqwabelana khona okuningi kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki nomonakalo, kuklebhule ingxenye yetshe, kuyenze ihlangane ngqo ne-substrate (5D). Ukuhlukaniswa kwamatshe okunjalo kule modeli kuhambisana nokubonwa kokuhlola (izingcezu eziphukile zivuliwe 3B(i)). Ukucindezelwa nakho kubangela i-delamination phakathi kwamapuleti njengoba izakhi ze-interface zingaphansi kwemithwalo exubile, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni (i-delamination). Njengoba indawo yokuxhumana ikhula, ukucindezeleka kokuxhumana kuyanda, okubangela ukuqaliswa kokuqhekeka nokusakazeka esibonakalayo (5B-5E). Ukulahlekelwa kokunamathela phakathi kwamapuleti kwandisa ukugoba okubangela ukuba ipuleti elingaphandle lihlukane.
Ukuklwebha kubhebhethekisa ukulimala kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, okuholela ekususweni kwe-wafer lapho i(ama)wafa ihlukana (lapho imifantu ichezuka kusixhumi esibonakalayo futhi ingene ku-wafer, 5G). Njengoba inqubo iqhubeka, izingcezu zepuleti ziyahlukaniswa kusukela ekugcineni kwezinyo (5H).
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukumodela kubikezela ngokunembile ukuqhekeka kuzo zombili izindawo zamatshe namapuleti, lokho ososayensi asebekubonile kakade ngesikhathi sokubhekwa (3B ΠΈ 5I).
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka ΠΈ kuyena.
Epilogue
Lo msebenzi waphinda waqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakungawathandi amazinyo abantu. Ngokujulile, ocwaningweni lwabo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlola ngokuningiliziwe futhi bachaze indlela yokuzilola yamazinyo e-sea urchin, esekelwe esakhiweni esingavamile sezinyo kanye nomthwalo ofanele kuwo. Amapuleti amboze izinyo le-hedgehog ayaxebuka ngaphansi komthwalo othile, okusiza ukugcina izinyo libukhali. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ama-urchin olwandle angachoboza amatshe, ngoba lapho izinkomba zomthwalo obalulekile zifinyelelwa, ukuqhekeka kanye nama-chips akheka emazinyweni. Kuvela ukuthi isimiso esithi "unamandla, awudingi ukuhlakanipha" ngokuqinisekile ngeke kulethe inzuzo.
Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi ukufunda amazinyo ezakhamuzi zasolwandle akulethi nzuzo kubantu, ngaphandle kokwanelisa ilukuluku lomuntu elinganeliseki. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi olutholakala kulolu cwaningo lungasebenza njengesisekelo sokudala izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto ezizoba nezakhiwo ezifana namazinyo e-hedgehog - ukumelana nokugqoka, ukuzilola ezingeni lezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphandle kosizo lwangaphandle, nokuqina.
Noma ngabe kunjalo, imvelo ifihla izimfihlo eziningi okusamele siziveze. Ingabe ziyoba usizo? Mhlawumbe yebo, mhlawumbe akunjalo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho nasocwaningweni oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi akuyona indawo okuyiwa kuyo ebalulekile, kodwa uhambo ngokwalo.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Amahlathi ama-kelp amakhulu angaphansi kwamanzi asebenza njengendawo yokubuthanela ama-urchin olwandle nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle ezingavamile. (BBC Earth, voice-over by David Attenborough).
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe nempelasonto enhle bafana! π
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, Isaphulelo sika-30% sabasebenzisi be-Habr ku-analogue ehlukile yamaseva eleveli yokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
I-Dell R730xd ishibhile izikhathi ezi-2? Lapha kuphela eNetherlands! I-Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - isuka ku-$99! Funda mayelana
Source: www.habr.com