Kumaphrojekthi ayishumi emakethe yezimboni zaseRussia namuhla, amabili kuphela okwakhiwa okusha, kanti amanye ahlobene nokwakhiwa kabusha noma ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ezikhona.
Ukuze enze noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuklama, ikhasimende likhetha usonkontileka phakathi kwezinkampani, okunzima kakhulu ukuziqhathanisa ngokomugqa ngenxa yomehluko ocashile kodwa ophawulekayo esakhiweni nasekuhleleni izinqubo zangaphakathi. Amandla amabili ayinhloko ancintisanayo emakethe yokuklama yaseRussia yizinhlangano zendabuko zokuklama kanye nezinkampani zobunjiniyela ezenza ukuklama njengomsebenzi ozimele noma njengengxenye yamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, ahlanganisa nomsebenzi wokwakha, ukufakwa kanye nokuthunywa. Ake sithole ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zezinkampani zakhiwe kanjani.
Ababambiqhaza ababalulekile bemakethe
Ukwakhiwa okusha kwezikhungo zezimboni kuhlale kuwutshalomali olukhulu kanye nesikhathi eside sokubuyisela. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umnikazi uhlala enesithakazelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi impilo yesevisi yesikhungo sakhe yinde ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, ukuwohloka ngokomzimba kwezakhiwo, izinguquko kumazinga akhona futhi, cishe, isidingo sokwandisa umthamo wokukhiqiza nokwandisa amakhono ezobuchwepheshe ebhizinisi akunakugwenywa.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha, ukuhlonyiswa kabusha kwezinto zobuchwepheshe kanye nesimanje kungandisa impilo yokukhiqiza futhi kuqinisekise ukuhambisana kwayo nemibono yesimanje mayelana nokusebenza kahle. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi anjalo manje sekudingeka kakhulu. Izizathu ziwukuthi zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane kakhulu kunokwakhiwa okusha, futhi kunezindawo eziningi zezimboni ezweni lethu ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20-30 ubudala (eziningi zazo zakhiwa ngesikhathi seSoviet).
Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani lamaphrojekthi amakhulu, ukwakheka kwabahlanganyeli emakethe yezinsizakalo zokuklama kushintshile.
Akwenzeki ngokomnotho ukuthi izikhungo zokuklama zibambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi anamanani amancane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izindleko eziphansi zomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, inani lephrojekthi "ama-giants" liwile: okusele kuyizikhungo zomnyango zezinkampani ezinkulu (AK Transneft, Rosneft, Gazpromneft, RusHydro, njll.). Inani lezinhlangano zokuklama ezincane neziphakathi nabasebenzi abaklami ukusuka ku-5 kuya ku-30 ββochwepheshe liye landa.
Izinkampani zobunjiniyela zisanda kuhlanganyela ezimakethe. Ngokuvamile benza:
- ukucwaninga okungenzeka kwephrojekthi;
- ukuhlela ukuhamba kwezimali, ukuqinisekisa ukuxhaswa ngezimali;
- ukuphathwa okuphelele kwephrojekthi noma izingxenye zayo;
- ukuklama, ukumodela, ukuklama;
- ukusebenza nabahlinzeki kanye nosonkontileka;
- ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yokugunyazwa;
- ukuhlinzeka ngezokuthutha;
- ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku, ukugunyazwa, njll.
Kubonakala sengathi ukukhetha phakathi "kwenkampani ye-orchestra" nenhlangano enobuchwepheshe obuncane kusobala. Nokho, akuwona wonke elula kangaka.
Sihlola umsebenzi - khetha umenzi
Izinkinga ezixazululiwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha kanye nemishini yobuchwepheshe kabusha, njengomthetho, azidingi iqembu elikhulu labaklami, kodwa zidinga kakhulu umculi, izinga lakhe lokufaneleka kufanele libe "ngaphezu kwesilinganiso".
Uchwepheshe weqembu ngalinye kuphrojekthi enjalo kufanele azi indlela yokusebenza futhi abe nesipiliyoni esibalulekile sokuklama, aqonde ubuchwepheshe bokufaka nokwakha, abe nombono obanzi mayelana nemishini: yazi abakhiqizi emakethe futhi baqonde izici zemishini yabo ngokuya ngokusebenza nangokusebenza. ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwendawo ethile, ukuqina, ukugcinwa kanye, okubalulekile, izindleko.
Uma izinqumo ezenziwe ukuze kuzuzwe izinkomba zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphepha zidinga ukuheha izimali ezeqa okulindelwe isabelomali noma imikhawulo yamakhasimende, khona-ke cishe iphrojekthi ngeke isetshenziswe. Ngakho-ke, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi umsebenzi wokuklama okhokhelwa ikhasimende uzophonswa kudoti, futhi umsebenzi owabelwe ngeke uxazululwe.
Kulapho-ke okubizwa ngokuthi βamaphrojekthi we-turnkeyβ kusiza khona, lapho usonkontileka oyedwa enza wonke umsebenzi, kusukela ocwaningweni lwalokho okwenzekayo kuye ekugunyazweni kwesikhungo sonke. Kulokhu, izindleko eziphezulu zomsebenzi kuxoxiswana ngazo ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe ukuklama kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza, ngoba ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemishini kanye nezindawo zokwakha kabusha, ngendlela efanele, kungenzeka ukubala izindleko zokwakha nokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa imibhalo yokusebenza. .
Indlela yakudala yokuklama/ukusetshenziswa kwesikhungo, lapho kukhona osonkontileka abambalwa - bokuklama, ukuhlinzekwa kwemishini, ukufakwa, emakethe eshintsha ngokushesha yezinto zokusebenza, izinto zokwakha nezindlela zokwakha, ayikuvumeli ukulinganisa ngokunembile izindleko zokwakha ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza. imibhalo.
Uma kuziwa ekulungiseni kabusha kanye nemiklamo yesimanje, indlela yokuklama yakudala ayihambi kahle: amaphrojekthi enziwa "ngomqondo" ngaphandle kwezinga elifanele lemininingwane, okuholela ekwandeni kwezindleko ze-CAPEX namashejuli wokwakha.
Amaphrojekthi we-EPC adinga ithimba elihlangene labaklami abathi, ngaphezu kwamakhono ayisisekelo okuklama, bakwazi ukwenza ucwaningo lwezinhlelo ezikhona zobunjiniyela, basebenze eduze nezinsizakalo zamakhasimende esigabeni sokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukugunyazwa kwemibhalo yokusebenza, ukuqondiswa komklamo wokuqaliswa), kanye nabahlinzeki bezinto eziyisisekelo neziyisizayo, iminyango yezokuthutha, iminyango yokukhiqiza kanye nezobuchwepheshe yeminyango yokufaka.
Mina nozakwethu enkampanini"βSizamile ukuqhathanisa izindlela zezinhlangano zamadizayini nezinkampani zobunjiniyela. Imiphumela ikuthebula elingezansi.
| Inhlangano yephrojekthi | Inkampani yobunjiniyela |
|---|---|
| Ukwakhiwa kwezindleko zokuthuthukiswa kokuklama kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza | |
| - Indlela ye-Bass-index isebenzisa amaqoqo amanani ayisisekelo (BCP). - Indlela yensiza. Amathuba okusebenzisa indlela ye-base-index anomkhawulo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingezona ezincane ezingenawo ama-analogue aqedwe ngaphambilini. |
- Indlela yensiza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkampani yobunjiniyela kumaphrojekthi we-EPC inethuba lokunquma izindleko zesiteji sokuklama ngezindleko ngokusebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe. |
| Ukukhethwa kwemishini esetshenziswa kuphrojekthi | |
| - Kwenziwe ngesisekelo sezinkomba zokuklama ezimenyezelwe abakhiqizi. - Kwenziwa ngochwepheshe abajwayelene nezici zemishini, kodwa abangenalo ulwazi ekufakweni noma ekusebenzeni kwayo. |
- Kwenziwe ngesisekelo sezinkomba zokuklama ezimenyezelwe abakhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu: - ukukhethwa kwemishini kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni komkhiqizi; ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkampani yobunjiniyela ihlola amandla okukhiqiza kanye nesipiliyoni somphakeli, futhi inezivumelwano zokubambisana nenani labakhiqizi abahlinzeka "izinzuzo" ezengeziwe; - Amalungu eqembu lephrojekthi anesipiliyoni esingokoqobo ekufakeni/ekusebenzeni kwemishini, okubavumela ukuthi bahlole uchwepheshe bezinto zokusebenza; - ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusebenza kwenziwa kucatshangelwa imigomo nemibandela yangempela yokulethwa; - izidingo kanye nemikhawulo ehambisana nomsebenzi wokufaka kuyacatshangelwa. |
| Ukwakhiwa kweshejuli yokwakha | |
| Ngokusekelwe ku: - ukulandelana kwezobuchwepheshe komsebenzi; β izinga labasebenzi elijwayelekile lezinhlobo zomsebenzi ezinqunywa ngokuya Ngokuqoqwa Kwamanani Ayisisekelo (SBC). |
- Ngokusekelwe ukulandelana kwezobuchwepheshe komsebenzi. - Isikhathi sezigaba sinqunywa ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi yomsebenzi ngumnyango wokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe. - Ibheka isikhathi "sokuvalwa" okungenzeka/okuhleliwe kokufakwa noma ukukhiqizwa. - Ibheka isikhathi sokulethwa kwezinto ezidingekayo endaweni yokwakha. |
| Uhlu olungenzeka lwemisebenzi okufanele ixazululwe ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwento | |
| - Ukwenziwa komklamo kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza. - Ukusekelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komklamo kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza. - Ukugadwa kombhali ngesikhathi sokwakha. |
- Ucwaningo olunokwenzeka lwephrojekthi. - Ukwenza izinhlolovo zochwepheshe zezinhlelo ezikhona zobunjiniyela. - Ukwenziwa komklamo kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza. - Ukuthola izimo zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ezinhlanganweni zenethiwekhi zangaphandle. - Ukusebenza nabahlinzeki bemishini. - Ukusekelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komklamo kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza. - Ukugadwa kombhali ngesikhathi sokwakha. - Imisebenzi yokukhiqiza. β Ukunikeza ezokuthutha. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinkampani zobunjiniyela zivumela ikhasimende ukunciphisa izindleko zokugcina ithimba lephrojekthi yangaphakathi elididiyela futhi liqaphe osonkontileka abakhethekile ezigabeni ezahlukene zokuqaliswa. |
Ngimema abafundi bebhulogi ukuthi babelane ngemibono ngolwazi lwabo lokusebenza nezinhlangano zokuklama nezinkampani zobunjiniyela ezikhungweni zezimboni futhi bathathe inhlolovo emfushane.
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
1. Linganisela isabelo sezisetshenziswa zobuchwepheshe kanye namaphrojekthi wokwakha kabusha owabamba iqhaza kuwo, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele eminyakeni engu-5 edlule:
-
kuze kufike ku-30%
-
kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-60%
-
ngaphezulu kwama-60%
3 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-1 uyekile.
2. Ngokwenza kwakho, yisiphi isilinganiso sesikhathi esibekelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwemibhalo yokusebenza ezikhungweni zokuphinda zifakwe imishini?
-
ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezi-3
-
Izinyanga ezi-3 kuye kweziyisi-6
-
ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-6
3 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-1 uyekile.
3. Kukusiphi isigaba sephrojekthi yokuhlonyiswa kabusha kwezinto zobuchwepheshe isinqumo sokugcina ngokusetshenziswa kwayo senziwe:
-
lapho sekuphothulwe isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo olunokwenzeka
-
esigabeni sokusayinda imigomo yereferensi yokusetshenziswa kweMibhalo Yokusebenza
-
ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwemibhalo yokusebenza kanye nezilinganiso
-
ngemva kokuhlonza abahlinzeki bempahla eyinhloko, ukuthuthukisa i-RD kanye nemibhalo yesilinganiso
2 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-1 uyekile.
4. Iyini ingxenye yezindawo zokuphinda zifakwe izinto zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswe ngaphansi kwesikimu sezinkontileka ze-EPC, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele:
-
kuze kufike ku-30%
-
30-60%
-
ngaphezulu kwama-60%
2 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-1 uyekile.
5. Ingabe sasikhona isidingo esigabeni sokuthenga izinto zokusebenza, ukwakhiwa, ukufakwa, ukugunyazwa komsebenzi wokubandakanya usonkontileka wemibhalo yokusebenza ukuze enze izinguquko kukho, avumelane ngokuchezuka kanye nokuqondisa komklami?
-
yebo, lapho uthenga izinto zokusebenza
-
yebo, ngesikhathi sokwakha kanye nomsebenzi wokuthuma
-
yebo, lapho uthenga izinto zokusebenza, ngesikhathi sokwakha, ukufakwa kanye nomsebenzi wokuthuma
-
cha, akudingekile
Bangu-2 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangama-2 bayenqaba.
Source: www.habr.com