Kukhona okungitshela ukuthi iningi lenu lihlala emadolobheni. Kungakanani okwaziyo ngabo?

Manje sekuyimfashini ukukhuluma ngamadolobha njengezinhlelo eziphilayo, ezithuthukayo. Lesi simo saqala ngokudalwa kwenkolelo-mbono yokuzihlanganisa kwezinhlelo - synergetics - ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokwemigomo yakhe, idolobha libizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo oluvulekile oluguquguqukayo lokulahla", futhi umuntu angakha imodeli yalo - "into ekhombisa ukuncika kokuguqulwa kwefomu ekuguquleni okuqukethwe" futhi ichaze "ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuziphatha okungapheli kwesistimu ngesikhathi". Wonke lawa magrafu, amatafula nama-algorithms kumuntu ongonakalisiwe kubangela ukusabela okuvamile kokuzivikela kokulala. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezingenathemba kangako.

Ngaphansi kokusika kuzoba nama-analogies amaningana e-bionic azokuvumela ukuthi ubheke idolobha ngaphandle futhi uqonde ukuthi liphila kanjani, likhula kanjani, lihamba, ligula futhi lifa. Ngakho-ke asingachithi isikhathi futhi sifinyelele ekuhlakazweni.

Ngaphezu kwamamodeli ezibalo, okuqonda kanye nasemthethweni, kukhona nendlela efana nesifaniso, esetshenziswe umuntu izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka futhi izibonakalise kahle ekwenzeni ukuqonda kube lula. Yiqiniso, ukwenza izibikezelo ezisekelwe ku-analogies kuyibhizinisi eliyingozi, kodwa ungakwazi ukulandelela amandla enqubo: kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuzihlonipha kunemithombo yamandla, izindlela zokudlulisela, amaphuzu okusetshenziswa, ama-vector okukhula, njalonjalo. Imizamo yokuqala yokusebenzisa umqondo we-bionics ekuhleleni amadolobha kusukela ngawo-1930, kodwa ayizange ithole intuthuko enkulu ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba kungekho mfanekiso ophelele wedolobha ezilwaneni zasendle (uma bekutholakala, bekungaba yinqaba ngempela) . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici ezithile "ze-physiology" yedolobha zinokuxhumana okuhle. Njengoba ngingathanda ukuthopha idolobha, ngokuyisisekelo liziphatha njengengqamuzana elilodwa, ulele, ikoloni lezinto eziphilayo ezincane, noma isilwane esinamangqamuzana amaningi esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesipontshi.

Abadwebi bezakhiwo bahlukanisa izakhiwo eziningi kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi kwesakhiwo sedolobha, ngasinye sinegama laso, eziningi zazo okungenzeka uhlangane nazo, njengesistimu yezokuthutha noma isakhiwo sesitoko sezindlu, kanti ezinye cishe awuzange uzizwe ngazo, isibonelo, ifreyimu ebonakalayo noma imephu yengqondo. Nokho, i-elementi ngayinye inenhloso yayo yokusebenza ecacile.

Amathambo

Into yokuqala ozohlangana nayo lapho uhlukanisa noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala uhlaka lwayo lwama-axbones nama-nodes-joints. Yilokhu okunikeza ifomu futhi kuqondise ukuthuthukiswa kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala. Ingqamuzana ngalinye linohlaka, ngaphandle kwalo azikho izinqubo ezingahlelwa ngempela, ngakho kunengqondo ukuthi kokubili idolobha elikhulu nedolobhana elinezimbewu eziningi kunalo. Okokuqala, lena imigwaqo emikhulu ebheke ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Idolobha lizofuna ukwelula eduze kwazo, futhi zizoba imigqa ezinzile kakhulu ohlelweni, zingashintshiwe amakhulu eminyaka. Okwesibili, uhlaka lwamathambo luhlanganisa izithiyo: imifula, amachibi, amaxhaphozi, imihosha nezinye iziphazamiso zendawo ezimisa ukukhula, ezicindezela indawo yokuhlala ekhulayo njengegobolondo langaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuyizici ezinjalo kanye ezazivame ukusebenza njengokuvikela izinqaba zamadolobha enkathi ephakathi, futhi izindikimba ezibusayo zazidonsela kuzo, ukuze ezinye izinhlobo zokukhululeka zibizwe ngonembeza ohlanzekile ngokuthi amathambo ogebhezi olucashayo. ubuchopho.

Uma isethi yale mingcele isivele isethiwe, kungenzeka ukubikezela isimo sokuhlala esikhathini esizayo nokuthi inethiwekhi yemigwaqo emincane izokhula kanjani, lapho inyama nezibilini zizokhula. Futhi uma emadolobheni amadala yonke into yayisebenza ngokwayo, khona-ke ezikhathini zaseSoviet, lapho kwakhiwa izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zamadolobha amasha, ababhali bamaphrojekthi kwakudingeka bahambise ama-convolutions abo, bahlanganise (hhayi njalo ngempumelelo) ukuthambekela kwemvelo kanye neziqondiso ze ubuholi beqembu.

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• I-skeleton kumele ixhunywe, izakhi ezintsha zihlale zijoyina endala - uma idolobha linezinkinga ngokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi yomgwaqo, lizoba nezinkinga ngokukhula kanye nokuzinza kwezomnotho.
• Izicubu ezizungezile emajoyini amalunga zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesingavamile - ukuphambana kwemigwaqo kuheha uhwebo, izinsiza, izindawo zenethiwekhi yabahamba ngezinyawo, ngokuphambene nalokho "ukumpintsha" izindlu ezijwayelekile.
• Inyama enenani elikhulu lezinto "zegobolondo" ingayeka ukukhula nokukhula, noma iphoqeleke ukuba ibhubhise - iphuzu elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenani elikhulu lamadolobha ukuwela umfula noma ukudonsa ixhaphozi, futhi uma kukhona hhayi izinsiza ezanele zephrojekthi enkulu enjalo, idolobha lingaba sengozini amakhulu eminyaka, ngaphandle kokwandisa indawo futhi ngaphandle kokwandisa ukubaluleka kwalo kwezomnotho;
• Kuyinzuzo ukubeka imithambo yegazi eyinhloko eduze kwezakhi zohlaka lwamathambo, ngoba ayishintshile kakhulu ngesikhathi - imigwaqo nokuxhumana kwezobunjiniyela kudonselana ngesizathu esithile, kodwa ngaphezulu kwalokho okungezansi.

Inyama encane

Inyama, futhi iyimisipha namafutha, futhi kumaseli, i-cytoplasm iyinto ezungezile amathambo, yakha ingxenye enkulu yomzimba womuntu ophilayo, iqoqa futhi ikhulule izinsiza, inikeza ukunyakaza futhi inquma ukusebenza okuphelele. Edolobheni, yiqiniso, yilokhu abaklami bezakhiwo ababiza ngokuthi "indwangu yasemadolobheni", "ukugcwalisa" namanye amagama ayisicefe: izindawo zokuhlala ezivamile, ikakhulukazi zokuhlala.

Njengoba noma yisiphi isidalwa sakha inqwaba kuwo wonke amathuba, ngakho idolobha, elinezinto ezingcono, liqala ukuheha abantu abaningi futhi lakha izindawo ezintsha zokulala, ngisho noma lingakwazi ukunikeza laba "abafuduki bangaphakathi" njalo ngezinga elivamile lokuphila nomsebenzi. Izindawo eziphakeme eziphansi zimnandi, kodwa azisebenzi - lokhu kungamafutha, angenanga kahle emithanjeni yegazi futhi aqukethe amangqamuzana ambalwa awusizo emzimbeni.

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• Imisipha ivame ukuhlukana ngokulinganayo eduze nohlaka lwamathambo; ithambo elijiyile linongqimba olukhulu lomsipha. Izindawo zokuhlala zizoziphatha ngendlela efanayo: eduze kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukuminyana kwabantu kuzoba phezulu kunaseduze kwesibili.
• Uma imisipha inikezwa kabi ngegazi, iyafa - izindawo ezinokufinyeleleka okungahambi kahle zokuthutha zikhula kancane kancane kunezinye, izindlu kuzo ziba ishibhile futhi zingalungiswa, inani labantu lincishiswa kancane kancane.
• Uma izingcezu zamafutha zicindezelwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngemisipha (futhi izifunda ezindala ezisezingeni eliphansi ziphakeme kakhulu), singathola "ukuvuvukala", okungaholela ekushabalaleni kwalolu hlobo lwentuthuko (bese sicabangela ukuthi thina nje okwesikhashana. igcine le volumu), noma ekuguqulweni kwayo yonke indawo ezungezile ibe "iqembu lezigelekeqe" noma ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo sibe yikota esezingeni eliphezulu, enopopayi futhi ebiyelwe - lokhu sekuvele kuwuhlobo "lwe-cyst".
• Uma umzimba ukhuluphala ngaphezulu (futhi idolobha lisemngceleni), kuba nzima ukuthi uthwale izicubu ezingaka ezingasebenzi kahle, uyancishana, imithambo yegazi iyanwebeka futhi ivaleke ngamahlule egazi, futhi izitho zangaphakathi zithola umthwalo ongalingani. futhi behluleka. Zonke izinto ezithokozisa ukugcwala kwezindawo ezisemadolobheni njengoba zinjalo: isiminyaminya sezimoto, ukungakwazi ukufika kalula emsebenzini nengqalasizinda, umthwalo engqalasizinda emaphakathi mkhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunalokho okubaliwe, ukubuna kobudlelwane bomphakathi, nokunye.

Leli dolobha liyathuthuka ngokuzungeza. Ngokushesha kuyacaca ukuthi yavela ngokwemvelo, futhi ayizange yakhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi

Inqubo ngayinye idinga izinsiza. Edolobheni, laba ngabantu, imithwalo, amanzi, amandla, ulwazi kanye nesikhathi. I-circulatory system isabalalisa kabusha izinsiza phakathi kwezitho. Uhlelo lwezokuthutha lwedolobha lusebenzelana nabantu nezimpahla, amanethiwekhi onjiniyela abhekana namandla nolwazi. Akuhlali kunenzuzo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthutha amandla ngokuhamba amabanga amade, ngakho-ke izinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqizwa kwawo zingathuthwa, njengoba i-glucose ilethwa ku-mitochondria.

Amanethiwekhi wobunjiniyela azo zonke izinhlobo ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe nemithambo yokuthutha ngezizathu eziningana: okokuqala, alethwa ezindaweni ezintsha ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi akusizi ukusebenza ezindaweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa; okwesibili, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lesi yisiqhingi sokuzinza, "esingcwatshwe futhi sikhohlwe", futhi kusasa i-skyscraper ngeke ikhule lapha; okwesithathu, kunethuba lokulondoloza "kugobolondo lomkhumbi" ngokwakha izakhiwo ezivamile zokuzivikela nezobunjiniyela-abaqoqi; okwesine, kubalulekile ukulondoloza isikhala kuma-indents, ngoba kunezindawo nezakhi ezingase zibe khona, kanti ezinye ziyingozi komunye nomunye.

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• Imikhumbi ebanzi ithwala igazi amabanga amade, ngakho-ke kukhona ukumelana okuncane, futhi emaphethelweni ayaphuma futhi ijubane liyancipha.
• Imisipha inikezwa ngegazi ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yemikhumbi emincane, ukufana kokuhlinzeka kubalulekile lapha, futhi ezinkulu ziya ezithweni ezibalulekile.
• Igazi aligcini nje ngokuletha izinsiza, kodwa futhi lisusa ezisetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle zithobela imithetho efanayo.
• Uma ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo sekuvele kulethwe endaweni, iqala ukukhula ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Ukukhula kwedolobha ku-spiral kusakazekile: isifunda ngasinye esilandelayo siseduze nesedlule kanye nezakhiwo ezindala, umsebenzi omkhulu ngokuvamile awukwenziwa ezindaweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa (emadolobheni amakhulu anamuhla kungase kube khona. "amaphuzu okukhula" amaningana anjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngenani lezifunda, khona-ke i-spiral ayitholakali njengoba ibonakala).

Uhlelo Lokukhathazeka

Uhlelo lwezinzwa luqukethe ama-node acubungula idatha futhi athumele amasignali nezindlela zokudlulisa amasignali. Njengoba ulwazi lwethu luye ngaphansi kwekholomu "yezinsiza", kusho ukuthi lokhu akuphathelene ne-inthanethi. Imayelana nokuphatha. Futhi ngikuphathele izindaba ezidabukisayo: amadolobha ayizinto eziphilayo zakudala, futhi aphethwe kabi. Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile awenziwa, isimo sangempela asihambisani nedatha yabaphathi, amasignali okulawula ngokuvamile awafinyeleli noma asebenze ngendlela eyinqaba, ukusabela kunoma yiziphi izinguquko kuhlale kuphuzile.

Kodwa futhi kubi ukuphila ngaphandle kwabaphathi ezimweni ezishintshayo, ngakho-ke idolobha livame ukuhlukaniswa libe yizindawo ezingaphansi kwe-"ganglia" yendawo, ezinethuba lokuba nesikhathi sokulungisa okuthile nokuvimbela isimo ukuthi sifinyelele ekugcineni (i-sacral " indluzele” yobuchopho bezibankwakazi ezinkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi iyasebenza). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma ukuhlukaniswa kokuphatha kwenziwa ngaphandle kokucabangela imininingwane ye-skeleton, izicubu zemisipha kanye nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, umzimba uzosebenza futhi uthuthuke ngendlela engafaneleki. Isibonelo esivela ekuphileni: umfula uhlukanisa idolobha libe izingxenye ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu, futhi izifunda zokuphatha zibe izingxenye ezisempumalanga nasentshonalanga. Ngenxa yalokho, sinokuhlukana ngokwezigaba kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuxhumanisa izenzo phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili zokuphatha.

Ngendlela, i-Russian Federation manje ibhekene nesikhathi esinzima sokushintsha uhlelo "lwezinhlelo ezinhle" ezidwetshwe ngokuqinile, okuyinto, empeleni, engazange isebenze kahle, ibe yisistimu yamasu aguquguqukayo - "izinhlelo eziyinhloko", lapho zisebenza khona. kuze kube manje bambalwa abantu abaqondayo nokuthi benzeni. Ngakho-ke, i-crystal ball yami ibikezela: ungalindeli ngisho nokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha okuzinzile nokunengqondo eminyakeni ezayo.

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• Amadolobha amakhulu awalingani kahle izidingo namathemba ezigodi zawo. Izimali zabiwa ngokulinganayo nangokungenangqondo. Ngokunokwenzeka, uhlelo oluyinhloko luzokwazi ukubhekana nenkinga, “kodwa lokhu akuqinisekile” (c).
• Amadolobha anezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-400 aqashelwa njengezinhlelo ezizibusayo emuva ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ngakho-ke uma uhlala kwenye yalezi, ungabheki nje umqondo esikalini esingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ambalwa. Ukuze uqalise iphrojekthi ethinta izifunda eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, udinga izimali ezinkulu kanye nensiza yokuphatha enamandla, futhi kukhona umuntu ozokonakalisa, futhi ikhilomitha lokugcina lomgwaqo oyindandatho lizokwakhiwa iminyaka eyishumi ..
• Ezindaweni lapho kuhlangana khona izifunda, zonke izinhlobo zegeyimu ezingaqondakali zivame ukuqhubeka, zingakwazi ngisho "ukushintshanisa" omunye nomunye, isibonelo, ngokwakha isakhiwo esikhulu lapho umgwaqo obalulekile kwesinye isifunda ungadlula khona.

Lomuzi uhlukene phakathi. Into esemqoka ukuthi ungadideki kanjani.

Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla

Kwenzekani ngezinsiza ezingena edolobheni? Zicutshungulwa ngendlela engenakuqashelwa noma zichotshozwe kahle futhi zisakazwe kuwo wonke umzimba ngosizo lwesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Njengoba nje ama-fatty acids eguqulwa esibindini abe yi-acetoacetic acid, iningi lawo elisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwesibindi, ezicutshini nasezithweni ezihlukahlukene, ngakho ukudla nezimpahla ezivela ezindaweni zokugcina zithuthwa kulo lonke idolobha. Ezingxenyeni zezimboni, izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zenzeka, kodwa imiphumela yazo ihlale ifana: isetshenziselwa ukugcina ukusebenza komzimba. Akuyona yonke into eya ngqo kubahlali, kukhona kokubili izimboni zokwakha nezokuthutha okuhloswe ngazo ukukhula (zingafaniswa ne-protein metabolism, kanye nezimpahla zansuku zonke ezinama-carbohydrate).

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• Isimiso sokugaya ukudla sisondelene kakhulu nesistimu ye-excretory futhi ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwayo.
• Izindawo zezimboni zidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwesamba esikhulu sezinsiza (kuhlanganise nabantu) namandla. Imithambo emikhulu iyabiza, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuyisebenzisela izinqubo eziningana ezifanayo. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlanganiseni ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokuthutha.
• Ukugaywa kabusha kwezisetshenziswa ngokuvamile kuyinqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, futhi i-metabolite yenqubo ethile iyimpahla yokuqala kwenye. Lokhu kudala ukuhlanganisa "okuhlanganisa" kwezigaba ezilandelanayo.
• Izitho ezinkulu zixhunywe nomzimba kuphela ngamaphuzu ambalwa, ngakho kwezinye izicubu zidlala indima yezithiyo ekunikezeni igazi. Lokhu kuchaza ukucaciswa kwendawo yezindawo zezimboni edolobheni. Amadolobha asekhulile kunezinhlelo zawo adinga "ukusebenza kwe-cavernous" okuphuthumayo - ukususwa kwezindawo zezimboni kanye nokuphinda kwenziwe iphrofayela yezindawo. Ngendlela, amaphrojekthi amaningi ayingqayizivele ahlotshaniswa nalokhu emadolobheni ahlukahlukene omhlaba. Isibonelo, ama-Britons anenqindi ebambene abambe iqhaza lokwakhiwa kabusha komhlaba wonke kwechweba nezindawo zokugcina impahla e-London ngaphansi kwesibhengezo sokulungiselela ama-Olympics.

uhlelo lwe-excretory

Ngaphandle kwendle, ayikho impucuko, wonke umuntu uyakwazi lokho. Emzimbeni, igazi lihlungwa ezintweni eziyingozi ngezitho ezimbili: isibindi nezinso (inani lezinso eziphilayo lihlukile, ngakho-ke ngeke singene kulo). Izinso zikhipha lokho ezingakwazi ukukushintsha, futhi isibindi siguqula udoti (ngezinye izikhathi sibe ama-metabolites ayingozi kakhulu). Amathumbu avele akhiphe izinsiza ezingasetshenzisiwe, esifanisweni sethu, lokhu ukukhishwa kukadoti oqinile ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu. Uhlelo lwendle lusebenza njengenso (ngaphandle uma unamathangi e-methane aguqula imfucuza ibe amandla). Izitshalo zokucubungula imfucuza, izitshalo zokushiswa kwemfucuza kanye namathangi e-methane enza umsebenzi wesibindi.

Yini ongayifunda kulokhu:

• Imfucuza egaywe kabusha ingaba yingozi kakhulu kunemfucuza engacutshungulwanga, njenge-methyl alcohol, egaywa yi-alcohol dehydrogenase esibindini ibe yi-formaldehyde ne-formic acid. Sawubona, sawubona, abashisi, ngiyakubona.
• Imfucuza ingaba yinsiza ebalulekile. Ngemuva kokusebenza kanzima ngokomzimba, i-lactate, eyakhiwe ngesikhathi se-anaerobic glycolysis emisipha yamathambo, ibuyela esibindi futhi iguqulwa lapho ibe yi-glucose, ephinde ingene emisipha. Uma idolobha liqala ukugaywa kabusha udoti walo futhi lisebenzisa imikhiqizo ewumphumela ngaphakathi kwalo, lokhu kuhle kakhulu ngokonga okokugcina izinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nangokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa.
• Ukugaywa kabusha nokugcinwa kwemfucuza ngendlela engalungile kungase kube ubuthi empilweni yazo zonke izindawo, khumbula imibhikisho emelene nokulahlwa kwemfucuza, “amaphunga” avela ezinkundleni zokuhlunga nezindawo zokushiswa kwemfucuza, “izimpi” phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezinkampani zabaphathi mayelana nokususwa kwemfucuza yasendlini. Ngokwemvelo, izindlu ezindaweni ezinezinkinga ezinjalo zizoncipha, ziqashwe, zihehe abantu abahola kancane, abangafundile futhi abangeyona izakhamizi ezihloniphekile, ezizokwenza isithombe saso sibe sibi nakakhulu. I-Ghettoization iyinqubo yempendulo eyakhayo, futhi izici ezihluke ngokuphelele zingayidala.

Eqinisweni, lesi sihloko asiphelele, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu asisho ukuthi sinembe ngokwesayensi. Mayelana nokukhula kwamadolobha, ukunyakaza kwawo, izifo, ukugaya indawo kanye nezinye "izinqubo zomzimba" ngizokutshela ngesinye isikhathi, ukuze ngingahlanganisi yonke into ndawonye. Uma unokuthile ongakwengeza, noma unemibuzo, ngibheke ngabomvu ukuphawula kwakho. Ngiyabonga ngokufunda, ngethemba ukuthi bekungabhora.

Source: www.habr.com