Umqondo we "cryptocurrency" awuvunyelwe ngokomthetho eRussia. Umthethosivivinywa othi "On Digital Assets" uthuthukiswe iminyaka emibili manje, kodwa awukakacatshangelwa yi-State Duma ekufundeni kwesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlelo lwakamuva, igama elithi "cryptocurrency" linyamalele embhalweni webhili. I-Central Bank ikhulume ngokuphindaphindiwe mayelana ne-cryptocurrencies, futhi ingxenye enkulu lezi zitatimende zingendlela engalungile. Ngakho, inhloko yeBhange Elikhulu muva nje , ephikisana nemali yangasese ngendlela yedijithali, njengoba ingabhubhisa inqubomgomo yezimali nokuzinza kwezezimali uma iqala ukufaka imali kahulumeni esikhundleni.
Nakuba ukuthengiselana nge-cryptocurrency kungalawulwa yimithetho ekhethekile, umkhuba othile wokwahlulela usuvele uthuthukile ezimeni lapho kuvela khona i-cryptocurrency. Ngokuvamile imibhalo yezinqumo zenkantolo ephathelene ne-cryptocurrency iqondana kule ngxenye kanye nesisusa sesinqumo se-cryptocurrency. Ngokuvamile, i-cryptocurrency ivela emacaleni asenkantolo ezimweni eziningana, esizozibheka ngezansi. Lokhu ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-cryptocurrency kanye nokuthengwa kwayo, izimayini, ukuvinjwa kwamasayithi ngolwazi mayelana ne-cryptocurrency, namacala ahlobene nokudayiswa kwezidakamizwa, lapho izinkokhelo kubathengi zenziwa nge-cryptocurrency.
Ukuthenga i-cryptocurrency
Inkantolo esifundeni saseRostov , ukuthi asikho isivikelo esingokomthetho sezimpahla ze-cryptocurrency, futhi umnikazi wohlobo oluthile lwemali ebonakalayo “usengozini yokulahlekelwa izimali ezitshalwe kumpahla, engekho ngaphansi kwembuyiselo.” Kuleso simo, ummangali uzame ukubuyisela inani lokucebisa okungalungile entombini yakhe, amdlulisela kuye inani elithile kuma-bitcoins. Wenza imali ngokuthenga nokudayisa i-cryptocurrency esitokisini futhi wakhipha cishe ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-600 kuma-bitcoins ngekhadi lentombi yakhe. Lapho enqaba ukubuyisela imali, waya enkantolo, kodwa inkantolo yasichitha isicelo sakhe. Inkantolo ibonise ukuthi ubudlelwano obuphathelene ne-cryptocurrencies eRussia abukalawulwa, i-Bitcoin ayibonwa njengemali ye-elekthronikhi futhi ukukhishwa kwayo ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe endaweni yeRussian Federation. Ngenxa yalokho, inkantolo yathi "ukushintshaniswa kwempahla yezezimali yedijithali (i-cryptocurrencies) yama-ruble akulawulwa ngumthetho wamanje we-Russian Federation. Ngakho-ke, u-D.L. Skrynnik uwubufakazi obamukelekayo bezimpikiswano zakhe kule ngxenye. akazange ayinikeze inkantolo.”
I-Cryptocurrency ayikwazi ukuthengwa ku-inthanethi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngama-cryptomats. Lena imishini yokuthenga i-cryptocurrency. Ukusebenza kwama-cryptomats akulawulwa ngumthetho, kodwa kusukela ngonyaka odlule izikhulu zomthetho zaqala ukuzithatha ngokomzimba. Ngakho, ukushaqwa kwama-ATM angama-22 e-crypto avela ku-BBFpro ngonyaka edlule. Khona-ke abomthetho baze bakwenza . Izikhulu zomthetho ngokwazo zathi lokhu zikwenza egameni likaMshushisi Jikelele ngokusekelwe encwadini evela eBhange Elikhulu, elithatha isikhundla esibucayi mayelana nezimali ze-crypto. Kusagwetshwa umnikazi wama-ATM e-crypto. Isibonelo, iNkantolo Yokulamula Yesifunda sase-Irkutsk ngoJuni 2019 yabona izenzo zokushaqa ama-ATM e-BBFpro crypto njengezisemthethweni futhi yasenqaba isikhalazo.
Ukutshala imali ku-cryptocurrency
Ummangali utshale imali ku-MMM Bitcoin ukuze athole inzuzo engu-10% nyanga zonke. Walahlekelwa yimali ayeyitshalile waya enkantolo. Nokho, inkantolo isinxephezelo, ethi: “Umsebenzi wokuhweba nge-cryptocurrency uyingozi, asikho isivikelo esingokomthetho salolu hlobo lwempahla, isimo salo esingokomthetho asichazwanga, futhi umnikazi walolu hlobo lwemali ebonakalayo usengozini yokulahlekelwa yimali etshalwe kuyo. impahla engekho ngaphansi kwesinxephezelo.”
Kwelinye icala, ummangali unxuse umthetho othi “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” ukuze abuyisele izimali ezitshalwe ku-cryptocurrency. Inkantolo ukuthi ukutshala imali ekuhwebeni kwe-crypto akulawulwa ngumthetho "Ekuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Abathengi", futhi ummangali akanalo ilungelo lokuletha leli cala enkantolo endaweni yakhe yokuhlala. Umthetho We-Russian Federation "Okuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Omthengi" awusebenzi ekuthengiseni nge-cryptocurrencies, njengoba inhloso yokuthenga umkhiqizo wedijithali ukwenza inzuzo. E-Russia, awukwazi ukuya enkantolo ngesimangalo sokubuyisela imali yokuthengwa kwamathokheni lapho ubamba iqhaza ku-ICO, uthembele kulo mthetho.
Ngokuvamile, amabhange asola ukuthengiselana nge-cryptocurrencies. Bangakwazi ukuvimba ama-akhawunti uma ukuthengiselana okunjalo kwenziwa. Yilokhu okwenziwa yiSberbank, futhi inkantolo yavumelana nayo. Isivumelwano somsebenzisi we-Sberbank sithi singavimba ikhadi uma ibhange lisola ukuthi ukuthengiselana kwenziwa ngenhloso yokugunyazwa ngokusemthethweni imali evela ebugebengwini noma ngezimali zobuphekula. Kulokhu, ibhange alizange livimbe ikhadi kuphela, kodwa futhi lokunothisa ngokungafanele.
Kepha ukutshala imali ye-cryptocurrency enhlokodolobha egunyaziwe yenhlangano kungenzeka. NgoNovemba 2019, i-Federal Tax Service ukwethula i-cryptocurrency enhlokodolobha egunyaziwe. Abasunguli benkampani ye-Artel bahlanganisa umtshali-zimali onikele nge-0,1 bitcoin enhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe ngokushintshanisa i-5% kuphrojekthi. Ukwengeza i-cryptocurrency enhlokodolobha egunyaziwe, isikhwama se-elekthronikhi sahlolwa futhi isenzo sokwamukela nokudluliswa kokungena nephasiwedi yaso sadwetshwa.
Ukumayini
Ummangali anqamule inkontileka yakhe yokuthengwa kwemishini yezimayini, njengoba izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-Bitcoin lase liwile futhi wacabanga ukuthi izimayini zizodla amandla kakhulu futhi zingenakufinyeleleka ngokwezomnotho. Inkantolo ibheke ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezinga le-cryptocurrency akulona ushintsho olubalulekile ezimweni, okungase kube izizathu zokunqamula isivumelwano sokuthenga nokudayiswa. Isikhalazo sinqatshiwe.
Impahla yezimayini ibhekwa yinkantolo njengezimpahla ezihloselwe imisebenzi yebhizinisi, hhayi ezomuntu siqu noma zasendlini. I-Cryptocurrency inkantolo yakubiza ngokuthi “uhlobo lwezindlela zemali.” Inkantolo yanquma ukubuyisela imali yezimpahla esezithengiwe, kodwa yenqaba isinxephezelo sokulimala kokuziphatha, ngoba ummangalelwa akazange abangele ukulimala kokuziphatha nangokomzimba esakhamuzini esithile. Ummangali uthenge amayunithi angu-17 ezimpahla, futhi inkantolo yabonisa ukuthi ngisho neyunithi eyodwa yempahla yezimayini iwubufakazi bomsebenzi webhizinisi.
Kolunye udaba icala lapho u-Ershov eyala ukuthengwa kwemishini yezimayini e-Khromov kanye nezimayini ezengeziwe, ama-bitcoins ambiwa ngawo athunyelwa ku-akhawunti ka-Ershov. Ama-bitcoins angu-9 ambiwa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho u-Ershov wathi wayengeke akhokhele izindleko zemishini nezimayini, ngoba ukusebenza kahle kwezimayini ze-cryptocurrency kwancipha. Imishini yezimayini yathengwa egameni lika-Ershov. Inkantolo yanelisa izimfuno zikaKhromov zokuqoqwa kwezimali ngaphansi kwesivumelwano semalimboleko, inzalo nezindleko zomthetho.
Abamangali baye enkantolo ngoba bengayitholanga inzuzo ebilindelekile ngezimayini. Inkantolo yasichitha isimangalo ngesizathu sokuthi i-Bitcoin ayingeni phakathi kwencazelo yemali ye-elekthronikhi noma uhlelo lokukhokha, akuyona imali yangaphandle, ayiweli ngaphansi kwezinhloso zamalungelo omphakathi, futhi "konke ukuthengiselana ngokudluliswa kwe-Bitcoins kuyenziwa. ngaphandle kwabanikazi bawo ngengozi yabo nangengozi yabo.” Ngokusho kwenkantolo, uBaryshnikov A.V. kanye no-Batura V.N., ngemva kokuvumelana nemibandela yokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zezimayini, bathatha ingozi yokuthola noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kanye/noma ukulimala (ukulahlekelwa) okungabangelwa kubo ngenxa yokubambezeleka noma ukungenzeki kokudluliselwa kwezimali ngogesi.” Inkantolo iphinde yabonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwakungeke kube ngenxa yokuhlinzeka kwabo kwezinsizakalo zekhwalithi enganele, kodwa ngenxa yokuwa kwemakethe ye-Bitcoin.
Ukuvimbela amasayithi ngolwazi mayelana cryptocurrency
Ngonyaka odlule thina mayelana namacala ahlobene nokuvinjwa kwamasayithi ngolwazi mayelana ne-cryptocurrency. Nakuba lezi zinqumo azizange zishukunyiswe ngokwanele futhi zingathethelelwanga ngumthetho, futhi sesivele sisungule umkhuba wokuchitha izinqumo ezinjalo ezingekho emthethweni ekudluliseni isikhalazo, amajaji aseRussia ayaqhubeka nokwenza izinqumo zokuvimba ama-portal ngolwazi mayelana ne-cryptocurrency. Ngakho-ke, kakade ngo-Ephreli 2019, iNkantolo Yesifunda saseKhabarovsk ivimbele iwebhusayithi enolwazi mayelana nama-bitcoins, inquma: "Yazi ulwazi mayelana" ne-electronic currency Bitcoin (bitcoin)" equkethwe ku-inthanethi yolwazi kanye nenethiwekhi yokuxhumana ekhasini elinekheli imininingwane, ukusatshalaliswa okungavunyelwe e-Russian Federation.
Lapho zenza izinqumo ezinjalo, izinkantolo zibhekisela ezincazelweni zeBhange LaseRussia zango-January 27.01.2014, XNUMX, njengoba ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yesifunda saseKhabarovsk yenza ngo-January XNUMX, XNUMX. Empeleni. Izincazelo zeBhange Elikhulu zisho ukuthi ukuthengiselana ngemali ebonakalayo kuwukuqagela ngokwemvelo futhi kungase kuhilele ukwenziwa semthethweni (ukukhishwa kwemali) kwenzuzo evela ebugebengwini kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kobuphekula. Futhi, amajaji ezinqumweni zawo asho i-115-FZ "Ekulweni nokugunyazwa (ukukhwabanisa) kwenzuzo evela ebugebengwini kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kobuphekula." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulwazi mayelana ne-cryptocurrencies alusebenzi ngezizathu zokuvinjelwa ngokungekho emthethweni kwesayithi, okungenziwa yi-Roskomnadzor, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi kanye neminye iminyango. Amasayithi anolwazi olunjalo avinjelwe kuphela yisinqumo senkantolo ngemuva kwesitatimende esivela kumshushisi onquma ukuthi ulwazi mayelana ne-cryptocurrencies lusongela izisekelo zomphakathi.
Izidakamizwa
Ngo-2019, inkantolo yesifunda sasePenza ngokuthengisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. Endabeni yezinto zokwakha, i-cryptocurrency ibizwa ngokuthi yimali yokukhokha. Inkantolo yagxila eqinisweni lokuthi abamangalelwa basebenzisa ama-bitcoins ukwamukela izinkokhelo, njengoba ama-akhawunti abo e-elekthronikhi ayengaziwa. Ngokwehlukana, kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kobufakazi obuhloliwe, inkantolo iphinde yathola ubukhona ezenzweni zika-V.A. Vyatkina, D. G. Samoilov. kanye no-Supnikova A.P. inhloso eqondile yokwenza ukuthengiselana kwezezimali nge-cryptocurrency bitcoin, njengoba abamangalelwa bebazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lokukhokha, njenge-cryptocurrency bitcoin uqobo, alusetshenziswa ekuhwebeni okusemthethweni kokukhokha endaweni yeRussian Federation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngale ndlela, abamangalelwa bagunyaza izimali ngokusobala ababezithola ngezindlela zobugebengu, futhi ngendlela ngokwayo eyenza kube nzima ngezikhungo zokugcinwa komthetho ukuhlonza la maqiniso.”
inkantolo yalichitha inguqulo yommangalelwa yokuthi wayekholelwa ukuthi wayedayisa ama-steroid kunezidakamizwa. Phakathi kwezizathu ezenza aqashelwe njengolwazi ngobugebengu "inhloso yokuthola umvuzo walezi zenzo nge-cryptocurrency."**" Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama le-cryptocurrency lifihliwe esinqumweni senkantolo esishicilelwe.
Source: www.habr.com