Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zesayensi zesikhathi sethu isibe umjaho wokudala ikhompuyutha yokuqala ewusizo ye-quantum. Izinkulungwane zezazi zefiziksi nonjiniyela zibamba iqhaza kuwo. IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft kanye ne-Intel bathuthukisa imiqondo yabo. Umshini onamandla wekhompyutha uzowushintsha kanjani umhlaba wethu, futhi kungani ubaluleke kangaka?
Ake ucabange: Ikhompyutha ye-quantum egcwele ngokugcwele isidaliwe. Sekuyisici esijwayelekile futhi esingokwemvelo ezimpilweni zethu. Izibalo zasendulo manje sekukhulunywa ngazo kuphela esikoleni, ezifundweni zomlando. Endaweni ethile ekujuleni kwamagumbi angaphansi abandayo, imishini enamandla isebenza kuma-qubits ukuze inike amandla amarobhothi ahlakaniphile. Benza yonke imisebenzi eyingozi futhi elula nje. Uma uhamba epaki, uyaqalaza futhi ubone zonke izinhlobo zamarobhothi. Izilwane eziphila nge-humanoid zihamba nezinja, zidayisa u-ayisikhilimu, zilungisa izintambo zikagesi, futhi zishanele indawo. Amanye amamodeli athatha indawo yezilwane ezifuywayo.
Sithole ithuba lokuveza zonke izimfihlo ze-Universe futhi sibheke ngaphakathi kwethu. Imithi isifinyelele ezingeni elisha - imithi emisha yenziwa isonto ngalinye. Singabikezela futhi sinqume ukuthi izinsiza eziyivelakancane njengegesi namafutha zitholakala kuphi. Inkinga yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke isixazululiwe, izindlela zokonga amandla sezithuthukisiwe, futhi azisekho isiminyaminya emadolobheni. Ikhompyutha ye-quantum ayilawuli kuphela zonke izimoto zamarobhothi, kodwa futhi iqinisekisa ukunyakaza kwamahhala: iqapha isimo emigwaqweni, ilungise imizila futhi ithathe ukulawula kubashayeli uma kunesidingo. Yile ndlela iminyaka ye-quantum engase ibukeke ngayo.
I-Quantum Gold Rush
Amathemba okufaka isicelo ayamangalisa, yingakho ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kwe-quantum kukhula minyaka yonke. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-quantum computing yalinganiselwa ku-$81,6 million ngo-2018. Ochwepheshe be-Market.us balinganisela ukuthi ngo-2026 izofinyelela ku-$381,6 million. Okusho ukuthi, izokhuphuka ngesilinganiso sama-21,26% ngonyaka ukusuka ku-2019 kuya ku-2026.
Lokhu kukhula kugqugquzelwa ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kwe-quantum cryptography ezinhlelweni zokuphepha futhi kuqhutshwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuvela kubabambiqhaza bemakethe ye-quantum computing. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, abatshalizimali abazimele base bexhase okungenani izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ze-quantum ezingama-52 emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwephephabhuku lesayensi i-Nature. Abadlali abakhulu abafana ne-IBM, i-Google, i-Alibaba, iMicrosoft, i-Intel, ne-D-Wave Systems badonsa kanzima ukudala ikhompuyutha ye-quantum esebenzayo.
Yebo, inqobo nje uma imali egeleza kule ndawo unyaka ngamunye imele imali encane (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-$ 2018 billion ekutshalweni kwe-AI ngo-9,3). Kodwa lezi zinombolo zibalulekile embonini engavuthiwe engakaziqhayisi ngezinkomba zokusebenza.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-quantum
Kufanele uqonde ukuthi namuhla ubuchwepheshe busebuncane. Kwakungenzeka ukudala ama-prototypes kuphela emishini ye-quantum kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezilodwa. Bayakwazi ukwenza ama-algorithms angaguquki obunzima obuphansi. Ikhompiyutha yokuqala ye-2-qubit yadalwa ngo-1998, futhi kwathatha isintu iminyaka engu-21 ukuletha amadivaysi ezingeni elifanele, okuthiwa "i-quantum supremacy". Leli gama laqanjwa uprofesa waseCaltech uJohn Preskill. Futhi kusho ikhono lamadivayisi we-quantum ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha kunamakhompiyutha we-classical anamandla kakhulu.
Impumelelo kule ndawo yenziwe inkampani yaseCalifornian Google. NgoSepthemba 2019, le nhlangano yamemezela ukuthi idivayisi yayo ye-Sycamore engu-53-qubit iqede ukubala ngemizuzwana engama-200 okuzothatha i-supercomputer esezingeni eliphezulu iminyaka eyi-10 ukuqeda. Lesi sitatimende sadala izinkulumo eziningi. I-IBM ayivumelananga ngokuphelele nezibalo ezinjalo. Kubhulogi yayo, inkampani ibhale ukuthi i-summit supercomputer yayo izobhekana nalo msebenzi ezinsukwini ezingu-000. Futhi okudingekayo nje ukwandisa umthamo wokugcina idiski. Nakuba empeleni umehluko ubungemkhulu kangako, i-Google ibingowokuqala ukuzuza “ukuphakama kwe-quantum.” Futhi lokhu kuyingqopha-mlando ocwaningweni lwekhompyutha. Kodwa akukho okunye. I-Sycamore's feat ingeyezinjongo zokubonisa kuphela. Ayinamsebenzi ongokoqobo futhi ayisizi ekuxazululeni izinkinga zangempela.
Inkinga enkulu yi-hardware. Ngenkathi izingcezu zekhompyutha zendabuko zinenani elingu-0 noma 1, emhlabeni we-quantum ongaziwa, ama-qubits angaba kuzo zombili izifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi i-superposition. Ama-Qubits afana neziqongo zokuphotha: azungeza kokubili ngokwewashi nangokuphikisana newashi, aye phezulu naphansi. Uma uthola lokhu kudida, kusho ukuthi usenkampanini enkulu. URichard Feynman wake wathi, “Uma ucabanga ukuthi uyawaqonda ama-quantum mechanics, awuqondi.” Amazwi anesibindi avela endodeni eyawina uMklomelo KaNobel we... quantum mechanics.
Ngakho-ke, ama-qubits azinzile ngokwedlulele futhi angaphansi kwamathonya angaphandle. Imoto edlula ngaphansi kwamafasitela aselabhorethri, umsindo wangaphakathi wesistimu yokupholisa, inhlayiya endizayo ye-cosmic - noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okungahleliwe, noma yikuphi ukusebenzisana kuphazamisa ukuvumelanisa kwazo futhi zihlukanisa. Lokhu kuyingozi kukhompyutha.
Umbuzo obalulekile wokuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing ukuthi yisiphi isisombululo se-hardware esivela kwabaningi abahloliwe sizoqinisekisa ukuzinza kwama-qubits. Noma ubani oxazulula inkinga yokuhambisana futhi enze amakhompyutha e-quantum ajwayeleke njengama-GPU uzowina uMklomelo KaNobel futhi abe umuntu ocebe kakhulu emhlabeni.
Indlela eya ekuhwebeni
Ngo-2011, inkampani yaseCanada i-D-Wave Systems Inc. waba ngowokuqala ukuthengisa amakhompyutha e-quantum, nakuba usizo lwawo lulinganiselwe ezinkingeni ezithile zezibalo. Futhi ezinyangeni ezizayo, izigidi zabathuthukisi zizokwazi ukuqala ukusebenzisa ama-quantum processors ngokusebenzisa ifu - I-IBM ithembisa ukunikeza ukufinyelela kudivayisi yayo ye-53-qubit. Kuze kube manje, izinkampani ezingama-20 zithole leli lungelo ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa nge-Q Network. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abakhi bemishini abakwaSamsung Electronics, abakhi bezimoto iHonda Motor neDaimler, izinkampani zamakhemikhali i-JSR neNagase, amabhange iJPMorgan Chase & Co. kanye neBarclays.
Izinkampani eziningi ezihlola i-quantum computing namuhla ziyibona njengengxenye ebalulekile yekusasa. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko manje ukuthola ukuthi yini esebenzayo ku-quantum computing nokuthi yini engasebenzi. Futhi ulungele ukuba ngowokuqala ukwethula ubuchwepheshe ebhizinisini uma sebulungile.
Izinhlangano zezokuthutha. AbakwaVolkswagen, kanye ne-D-Wave, bathuthukisa uhlelo lwe-quantum - uhlelo lokulawula umgwaqo. Lolu hlelo olusha luzokwenza ukuthi izinhlangano zezithuthi zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani zamatekisi emadolobheni amakhulu zikwazi ukusebenzisa imikhumbi yazo ngendlela efanele futhi kuncishiswe isikhathi sokulinda abagibeli.
Umkhakha wezamandla. I-ExxonMobil ne-IBM bakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-quantum computing emkhakheni wamandla. Bagxile ekuthuthukiseni uxhaxha lobuchwepheshe obusha bamandla, ukuthuthukisa ukonga kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Izinga nobunkimbinkimbi bezinselele umkhakha wezamandla obhekene nazo zingaphezu kobubanzi bamakhompuyutha endabuko anamuhla futhi afaneleka kahle ukuhlolwa kuma-quantum.
Izinkampani zemithi. I-Accenture Labs ibambisana ne-1QBit, inkampani ye-quantum software. Ezinyangeni ezi-2 nje kuphela, basuka ocwaningweni baya kubufakazi bomqondo-besebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza ukumodela ukusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana okuyinkimbinkimbi kumazinga e-athomu. Ngenxa yamandla e-quantum computing, manje sekungenzeka ukuhlaziya ama-molecule amakhulu. Lokhu kuzonikani umphakathi? Izidakamizwa ezintsha ezinemiphumela engemihle emincane.
Umkhakha wezezimali. Ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe ezimisweni zethiyori ye-quantum buya ngokuya buheha inzalo yamabhange. Banentshisekelo yokucubungula ukuthengiselana, ukuhweba nezinye izinhlobo zedatha ngokushesha okukhulu. I-Barclays kanye no-JP Morgan Chase (one-IBM), kanye ne-NatWest (ne-Fujitsu) sebevele benza ucwaningo lwabo ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe ekhethekile.
Ukwamukelwa yizinkampani ezinkulu kangaka kanye nokuvela kwamaphayona e-quantum amatasa kukhuluma kakhulu ngokusebenza kwe-quantum kwezohwebo. Sesivele sibona i-quantum computing isetshenziswa ezinkingeni zomhlaba wangempela, kusukela ekuthuthukiseni ukonga kwamandla kuya ekuthuthukiseni imizila yezimoto. Futhi okubalulekile, inani lobuchwepheshe lizokhula njengoba likhula.
Source: www.habr.com