UJim Clark, umqondisi we-quantum hardware kwa-Intel, ngomunye wama-quantum processors enkampani. Isithombe; Intel
- Amakhompiyutha e-Quantum awubuchwepheshe obujabulisa kakhulu obuphethe isithembiso sokudala amakhono anamandla okwenza ikhompuyutha ukuxazulula izinkinga ebezingaxazululeki phambilini.
- Ochwepheshe bathi i-IBM ihole indlela ku-quantum computing, yingakho i-Google, Intel, Microsoft kanye nenqwaba yama-startups ingaphansi kwethonya layo.
- Abatshalizimali bakhangwa ama-quantum computing startups, okuhlanganisa i-IonQ, i-ColdQuanta, i-D-Wave Systems ne-Rigetti, engaphazamisa imakethe.
- Nokho, kukhona okubambekayo: amakhompuyutha esimanje e-quantum ngokuvamile awanawo amandla noma athembekile njengamakhompiyutha amakhulu anamuhla, futhi adinga izimo ezikhethekile ukuze aqale futhi aqalise.
NgoJanuwari, i-IBM yenza okukhulu ngesikhathi imemezela IBM Q System One, ikhompuyutha yokuqala ye-quantum emhlabeni etholakalela ibhizinisi. Idivayisi ibifakwe kukesi lengilazi eshelelekile enomthamo wama-cubic feet ayi-9.
Lesi yingqopha-mlando ebalulekile yamakhompuyutha e-quantum, asatholakala ezindaweni zokucwaninga. Ngokusho kwe-IBM, abathengi sebevele befuna ukuthola izandla zabo kwezobuchwepheshe, okubonisa isithembiso ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: i-chemistry, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, i-aerospace, ukuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa, ukubikezela kwezimakethe zamasheya ngisho nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
IBM Q System One. Isithombe: IBM
Isizathu sokujabula ukuthi ikhompuyutha ye-quantum inezinto ezibonakala ziyimilingo eziyivumela ukuthi icubungule ulwazi oluthe xaxa kunohlelo olujwayelekile. Ikhompiyutha ye-quantum akuyona nje ikhompuyutha eshesha kakhulu; ngokunembile, iyipharadigm yekhompuyutha ehluke ngokuphelele edinga ukucatshangelwa kabusha okukhulu.
Ozodla umhlanganiso emjahweni wezobuchwepheshe kuzoba yinkampani esebenzisa amathuba atholakala ngalobu buchwepheshe. I-IBM, iMicrosoft, i-Google nezinye izikhondlakhondla zezobuchwepheshe, kanye neziqalo, ziyabheja kulobu buchwepheshe.
IBusiness Insider ibuze i-IBM Q Strategy and Ecosystem Vice President u-Bob Sutor mayelana nendlela yokwenza lezi zinhlelo zifinyeleleke kubantu: Abantu bazozifinyelela kanjani? Abantu abaningi bangafunda kanjani ukusebenzisa amakhompyutha e-quantum ukwenza imisebenzi yabo?
Mancane amathuba okubona amakhompyutha e-quantum ehhovisi noma nini maduze. Ochwepheshe esikhulume nabo bakholelwa ukuthi naphezu kokutholakala ku-IBM, kuzothatha eminye iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ngaphambi kokuthi i-quantum computing ifinyelele kwejwayelekile ngempela. I-IBM Q System One okwamanje itholakala kuphela njengesevisi yekhompuyutha yamafu ukuze ukhethe amakhasimende. Kusazothatha isikhathi ngaphambi kokuthi abantu bathenge into efana nale futhi bayisebenzisele izinhloso zabo.
Ngempela, ochwepheshe bathi amakhompiyutha e-quantum abonisa isithembiso esikhulu, kodwa akude nokukhiqizwa okukhulu. Zintekenteke kakhulu futhi zidinga izimo ezikhethekile ukuze zisebenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhompyutha e-quantum namuhla awathembekile noma anamandla njengamakhompyutha esivele sinawo.
"Sikholelwa ukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyishumi, ikhompyutha ye-quantum izoshintsha impilo yakho noma yami," uJim Clark, umqondisi we-quantum hardware kwa-Intel, etshela iBusiness Insider. - Eqinisweni, manje sisebangeni lokuqala kuphela lomjaho. Lokho akusho ukuthi asizihluphi ngakho."
Iyini ikhompuyutha ye-quantum?
UBill Gates wake wathi izibalo ezingemuva kwe-quantum zazingaphezu kokuqonda kwakhe, kodwa akubona bonke abavumayo.
"Kungumbono oyiphutha wokuthi i-quantum physics iyi-physics futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu," uChris Monroe, oyi-CEO kanye nomsunguli we-IonQ, utshela iBusiness Insider. “Okwenza ukuthi kungaqondakali kubantu abaningi ukuthi akuqondakali, kodwa kimina akuqondakali njengoba kwenzeka nakuwe.” Uma into ingaba ku-superposition, kusho ukuthi ingaba ezifundeni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kuyaxaka ngoba asikutholi lokhu emhlabeni wangempela."
Amakhompyutha esiwasebenzisile abonisa idatha njengochungechunge luka-1 noma u-0 olubizwa ngokuthi ikhodi kanambambili. Nokho, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ingamela idatha njengo-1, 0, noma, okubaluleke kakhulu, izinombolo zombili ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Uma isistimu ingaba sezimo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ibizwa ngokuthi "i-superposition," enye yezinto ezibonakala ziwumlingo ze-quantum computing. Omunye umgomo oyinhloko lapha "ukungena", okuyindawo ye-quantum evumela izinhlayiya ezimbili ukuhamba ngokuvumelanisa okuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziqhelelene kangakanani ngokomzimba.
Njengoba kuchaza ku-Scientific American, lezi zimfanelo ezimbili zihlangana ukuze zenze ikhompuyutha engacubungula idatha eningi kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa kunanoma iyiphi isistimu emakethe namuhla.
Amandla ekhompuyutha ye-quantum akalwa ngama-qubits, iyunithi eyisisekelo yokulinganisa kukhompuyutha ye-quantum. Njengoba nje amakhompyutha esimanje anama-32-bit noma ama-64-bit processors (isilinganiso sokuthi ingakanani idatha angakwazi ukuyicubungula ngesikhathi esisodwa), ikhompuyutha ye-quantum enama-qubits amaningi inamandla okucubungula amaningi kakhulu.
Ngaphakathi kukhompuyutha ye-quantum. Isithombe: IBM
Isibhakabhaka siwumkhawulo
Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ingaxazulula izinkinga ebezinqunyelwe ngaphambilini ngamandla ekhompyutha.
Isibonelo, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ingaxazulula inkinga yomthengisi ohambahambayo odumile, inkinga yekhompyutha eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukuthola umzila omfushane phakathi kwamadolobha amaningi ngaphambi kokubuyela ekhaya. Kuzwakala kulula, kodwa uma ukubheka ngezibalo, ukuthola indlela eyodwa elungile kuba nzima kakhulu njengoba wengeza amadolobha emzileni wawo.
Ngokufanayo, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ingangena ezinkingeni eziwubuqili kakhulu, ezidla isikhathi esiningi, ihlunge amanani amakhulu edatha yezezimali, yezemithi, noma yesimo sezulu ukuze ithole izisombululo ezifanele. Ngempela, i-quantum startup D-Wave isivele isebenzisana neVolkswagen ukuze ihlaziye amaphethini okushayela futhi ihlunge phakathi kwenani elikhulu lomsindo ukuze ifinyelele ekugcineni kwezinto.
Ukusebenziseka kwayo emkhakheni we-cryptography kuxoxwa ngakho. Ikhompuyutha ye-quantum iyakwazi ukwenza kahle indlela yokubethela ehlukile ku-cipher eyaziwa ngaphambilini, eyivumela ukuthi icacise kalula ngisho nezimfihlo zezwe. Kunentshisekelo enkulu evela kohulumeni bomhlaba kulesi sici esiwusizo, kuyilapho izishoshovu zesaba ukuthi ukuvela kwe-quantum computing kungase kucekele phansi ubumfihlo.
Inkinga ye-Physics
"Ngenxa yokuthi i-quantum computing isesezingeni layo lokuqala, luningi ulwazi olungakaqinisekiswa," kusho uMatthew Briss, iphini likamongameli we-R&D eGartner. "Kodwa abathengi sebevele bafuna izicelo zokunquma izinzuzo zokuncintisana ze-quantum computing ebhizinisini labo," usho kanje.
Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum asekude kakhulu nokuhola njengoba ama-PC ayenjalo ngeminyaka yawo-1950. Yiqiniso, bazuza umfutho, kodwa kancane kancane.
"I-Quantum computing ingafaniswa nesitimela esihamba kancane," kusho uBrian Hopkins, iphini likamengameli nomhlaziyi omkhulu kwaForrester, etshela iBusiness Insider. “Uma enyakaza iyintshi eyodwa ngomzuzwana, ngenyanga uzobe esevele edlulile amayintshi amabili ngomzuzwana.” Maduze nje uzoqala ukuhamba ngokushesha."
Inkinga enkulu manje ukuthi ikhompyutha ye-quantum ayikwazi ukwenza noma yini ikhompyutha yakudala engakwazi ukuyenza. Imboni ibheke ngabomvu isikhashana esibizwa ngokuthi yi-quantum supremacy, lapho amakhompyutha we-quantum ezodlula imikhawulo yamanje.
“Uma amakhasimende eza kithi, into enkulu asitshela yona ukuthi awakhathali ukuthi imodeli injani inqobo nje uma iwusizo ebhizinisini lawo,” kusho umhlaziyi uBriss. - Ayikho imodeli engadlula i-algorithms yakudala. Sidinga ngempela ukulinda kuze kube yilapho i-quantum computer hardware iqala ukuba ngcono. "
Uzakwethu we-IBM Research u-Katie Pooley uhlola i-cryostat esiza amakhompyutha we-quantum ukuthi agcine amazinga okushisa ephansi. Isithombe: Andy Aaron, IBM
Inkinga enkulu isalokhu ukushoda kwamandla ekhompyutha. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuphakama kwe-quantum kuzodinga ikhompuyutha enamandla angu-50 qubits. Nakuba lesi sigameko esiyingqopha-mlando sifinyelelwe elabhorethri, asiyona unomphela futhi ngeke siqhubeke. Ngempela, ama-qubits angaba ngaphansi kwamaphutha futhi angazinzi, okuholela ezinkingeni ngesizukulwane sawo futhi kunciphise amandla awo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukwaziswa okwengeziwe. Amakhompyutha e-Quantum kumele ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele nendawo yawo ukuze asebenze futhi adinga amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ngisho nokudlidliza okuncane kakhulu kungabangela ukuba ama-qubits awe, kuwakhiphe endaweni ephakeme, njengoba nje ingane engqongqoza etafuleni kubangela izinhlamvu zemali eziphothayo ukuba ziwe etafuleni.
Amakhompyutha we-quantum wangaphambilini, njenge-IBM Q System One, makhulu kangangokuthi izimo ezidingekayo zokuhlukaniswa nokupholisa ziba inselele yangempela. Ukwandisa le nkinga ukushoda kwezingxenye ezidingekayo: izintambo ze-superconducting kanye namafriji aphansi okushisa. Bantula kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba ulwazi luyathuthuka futhi nobuchwepheshe buthuthuka, i-quantum computing namanje ayenzeki.
"Enye yezinselelo eqenjini lami lokusebenza ukukhohlisa izinto zokwakha, i-silicon, izinsimbi, ukuze sikwazi ukudala indawo efanayo," kusho u-Intel's Clark. - Lona ngokuyisisekelo ubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor obuhle kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe esibudingayo ukuze senze ikhompuyutha ye-quantum esikalini abukho okwamanje. ”
Enye inkinga ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum anamandla angenakuphikwa okunikeza amandla ekhompyutha angalindelekile. Kodwa-ke, abekho abantu abaningi kulo mhlaba abanesipiliyoni sokuhlela noma ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo, futhi abangaba abathengi bayakuthakasela ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi bangayisebenzisa kanjani ngempela.
Umjaho Omkhulu We-Quantum
Abahlaziyi bathi i-IBM njengamanje ihamba phambili emjahweni we-quantum computing ngenxa yokutholakala okulinganiselwe kwezentengiselwano kwe-IBM Q System One. Ngenxa yokuthi ifinyelelwa ngamafu, i-IBM ingakwazi ukugcina lezi zimo ezikhethekile ukuze igcine le khompyutha ye-quantum isebenza kuyilapho ivumela amakhasimende athile ukuthi ayisebenzise.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi [ikhompyutha ye-IBM ye-quantum] iyanyakaza," kusho umhlaziyi uBriss. "Ngicabanga ukuthi i-quantum computing njengemodeli yesevisi iyimodeli efanele." Ngokuyifaka esitsheni futhi bayiphathe ngokuqondile, bazama ngempela ukuthuthukisa izinga layo.”
USarah Sheldon we-IBM noPat Gumann basebenzela isiqandisi esincibilikayo esipholisa amakhompyutha e-quantum. Isithombe: IBM
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahlaziyi bayaqaphela ukuthi noma yimuphi wabadlali kule makethe bangaba nentuthuko nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esizoyivumela ukuthi iqhubekele phambili, nokuthi lokhu kusengumbango odingekayo.
Iziqhwaga ezihlukene ze-IT zibheka le nkinga ngendlela ehlukile. I-Intel, i-IBM, i-Google kanye nesiqalo se-quantum computing i-Rigetti ukwakha amasistimu asekelwe kumasekhethi e-superconducting, anikwa amandla ama-supercomputers asezingeni eliphezulu.
ithatha indlela ehluke ngokuphelele futhi mhlawumbe eyingozi kakhulu ekuzameni ukudala i-qubit engcono. I-Topological qubit iMicrosoft izama ukwenza izingcezwana zama-electron ukugcina ulwazi ezindaweni eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okulenza lizinze futhi lingabi sengozini yokubhujiswa. Ayiqinile kunalokho izimbangi zayo ezizama ukuzakha, kodwa umphumela uzoba yisinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili kuwo wonke umkhakha we-quantum computing, kusho umhlaziyi uHopkins.
"Basemgqeni wokugembula futhi abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ngeke baphumelele," kusho uHopkins.
Ngasohlangothini olunzima kakhulu, iziqalo ezifana ne-IonQ ne-D-Wave zibheja kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obufana nokucupha i-ion kanye ne-quantum annealing. Kalula nje, bazama ngezindlela ezahlukene ukufeza ukusebenza okukhulu nokuzinza kusuka ku-qubit ngayinye, besebenzisa izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele.
"Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sakhe ikhompuyutha ye-quantum exazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi iqhubeke njalo ekwenzeni lokho," uMark Johnson, iphini likamongameli we-processor kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo we-quantum nokuthuthukiswa kwa-D-Wave, etshela iBusiness Insider.
Usosayensi we-IBM we-quantum uhamba nge-IBM Q Computing Centre e-Thomas J. Watson Research Center e-Yorktown Heights, eNew York. Isithombe: U-Connie Zhou we-IBM
I-Quantum Startups
Ukwanda kwe-quantum computing kuvuse igagasi lentshisekelo yabatshalizimali ekuqaliseni okuhlobene. URobert Sutor we-IBM ulinganisela ukuthi kune-software ye-quantum eyi-100, ihadiwe kanye neziqalo zokubonisana emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nemakethe enkulu yokuqalisa, kodwa kukhulu kakhulu kunangaphambili.
"Ngibe kule ndawo isikhathi eside, kusukela ekuqaleni," kusho uMonroe ka-IonQ. - Sekuyisikhathi eside isencane, kuze kube yiminyaka engu-5-8 edlule yakhanga futhi yakhanga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Kwacaca ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile.”
UChris Monroe, i-CEO kanye nomsunguli we-quantum computing startup IonQ. Isithombe: IonQ
Abanye, njengo-Rigetti, sebelungele ukuya ezinzwaneni nge-tech titans ngama-chips wabo we-quantum kanye nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-quantum computing.
"Kuwumgogodla webhizinisi lethu," kusho uBetsy Masiello, iphini likamongameli wemikhiqizo eRigetti, etshela iBusiness Insider. - Kunezinkampani eziningi ezisesikhaleni se-quantum ezisebenza ngezinhlelo zesoftware emkhakheni we-quantum computing. Sikhiqiza ama-microchips futhi sakhe amasistimu ekhompyutha.”
UMatthew Kinsella, umqondisi ophethe weMaverick Ventures, uthi unamandla emkhakheni we-quantum computing. Inkampani yakhe isize yatshala imali eColdQuanta, okuyinkampani eyenza imishini esetshenziswa kuma-quantum systems. Ulindele ukuthi amakhompuyutha e-quantum asebenze kangcono kunezinhlelo zanamuhla phakathi neminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyi-10. I-Maverick Ventures iyabheja esikhathini eside.
"Ngikholelwa ngempela ku-quantum computing, nakuba kungase kuthathe isikhathi eside kunokulindelekile ngaphambi kokuba ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ibe ngcono kunekhompyutha evamile yokuxazulula izinkinga zansuku zonke. Cishe sizobona izinzuzo zamakhompyutha e-quantum ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezincane eminyakeni embalwa ezayo,” kusho uKinsella.
Ilabhorethri ye-D-Wave's 2000Q Systems. Isithombe: D-Wave
U-Kinsella, njengabahlaziyi esikhulume nabo, ulindele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ubusika be-quantum.” Kungase kube ne-hype ezungeze amakhompyutha we-quantum, kodwa abantu bayakhuphuka amathemba abo, ochwepheshe bayaxwayisa. Imishini ayikaphelele, futhi kuzothatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi abatshalizimali babone imiphumela.
Ngombono
Ngisho nangale kobukhulu be-quantum, ochwepheshe bayasiqinisekisa ukuthi isekhona indawo yamakhompiyutha endabuko nama-supercomputers. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kusekhona izindleko, usayizi, ukwethembeka, nokucubungula izindaba zamandla okumele zilungiswe ngaphambi kokuthi sikuxoxe.
"Kumele siphefumule," kusho umhlaziyi uBriss. “Ziningi izinto ezithokozisayo ezenzekayo kule ndawo ezithatha isikhathi.” Kuyinhlanganisela yefiziksi, isayensi yekhompiyutha futhi, ngokungananazi, ukuhlaziya kwesayensi. Bekungeke kudingeke ukuthi sikufunde lokhu ukube besazi zonke izimpendulo, kodwa muningi umsebenzi wocwaningo osazowenza."
Ikhompyutha ye-Rigetti quantum. Isithombe: Rigetti
Nokho, kwabaningi kusobala ukuthi leli yikusasa. Njengabakhi bekhompuyutha yokuqala ye-mainframe abazange baqaphele ukuthi lokhu kuzogcina kuholele kuma-smartphones alingana nesundu. Ikhompyutha ye-quantum ingaba isinyathelo sokuqala endleleni entsha ngokuphelele.
Bambalwa, njengo-Microsoft VP Wokubusa Ngebhizinisi u-Todd Holmdahl, abanethemba ngokwanele ukusho ukuthi kungase kubaluleke kakhulu kunobuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda komshini namuhla. Wayevame ukutshela izingane zakhe ukuthi kufanele zenze lokho ezikuthandayo nokuthi zingahlala zithola umsebenzi wobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Manje uzosho okufanayo nge-quantum computing.
“Lena yindawo ezothuthuka. Sidinga abantu abazoyigcwalisa futhi bangabuni,” kusho uHolmdahl. "Kudlala indima ebalulekile esizukulwaneni sethu, kusinika ithuba lokudala izinto ezimangalisayo esikhathini esizayo."
Source: www.habr.com