isithombe - roboconstructor.ru
Umzekeliso owaziwayo uthi lapho umama osemncane egodle ingane ezandleni zakhe ephendukela ehlakanipheni ebuza ukuthi kufanele aqale ukukhulisa inzalo eneminyaka emingaki, ikhehla laphendula ngokuthi seliphuzile iminyaka njengoba ingane ibisivele. . Isimo sokukhetha ubizo lwesikhathi esizayo siyefana. Kunzima ukufuna ukwazi mayelana nokuthambekela komuntu kanye nezithakazelo zomntwana, kodwa kakade esikoleni esiphakeme zonke izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe ziqala, futhi ngalesi sikhathi kungaba kuhle ukwazi kakade ukuthi iyiphi isiqondiso sokuhambisa umntwana osekhulile. Kodwa into eyodwa esesiyazi cishe ngokuqinisekile ukuthi phakathi namashumi eminyaka ezayo, kusukela ku-30 kuya ku-80% womsebenzi uzosebenza ngokugcwele.
Amarobhothi, i-cybernetics, nokuqonda ama-algorithms kuyisethi yamakhono, okungenzeka ukuthi, umuntu angeke abhekane namathemba anjalo angacacile. Yiqiniso, cishe, ngokuhambisana nokushintshwa kwabasebenzi ngamarobhothi, umqondo wemali engenayo eyisisekelo engenamibandela nawo uzokhula, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi ufuna ikusasa elinjalo lengane yakho.
Manje kunezindlela eziningi zokukhombisa ngokushesha izethameli ezisencane nezinentshisekelo izisekelo zokuhlela namarobhothi. Zonke azibizi, kulula ukuzifunda, futhi emahoreni ambalwa zinikeza ukuqonda kwezisekelo zama-algorithms nemiqondo yamadivayisi we-cybernetic. Kodwa emagumbini okufundela kulula ukubhekana nobubi balezi zinkundla - ukumelana nokugqokwa okulinganiselwe (futhi masibhekane nakho, “ukumelana ne-idiot” nakho) kwamabhodi okudla, i-software interfaces engenabungane kakhulu ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-11-12, kanye nencane uma kuqhathaniswa. ingxenye "yomdlalo".
Umkhiqizi odume kakhulu wamasethi ezemfundo, i-LEGO Education, ubelokhu elwa nakho konke lokhu kushiyeka iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Yebo, sikhuluma ngenkundla ye-MINDSTORMS Education EV3. Kusukela ku-Mindstorms RCX ekhiqizwe ekuqaleni kwawo-90 kuya kuyinkimbinkimbi yesimanje ye-MINDSTORMS Education EV3, umgomo wokwakhiwa kwepulatifomu uhlala unjalo. Isekelwe "kusitini esihlakaniphile", ikhompuyutha encane enesikrini kanye nezimbobo ze-I/O lapho zonke ezinye izingxenye zixhunywe khona. Njengakunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwamarobhothi, amadivaysi e-peripheral ahlukaniswe abe izinzwa kanye nama-effectors. Ngosizo lwezinzwa, irobhothi libona umhlaba olizungezile, futhi ngenxa yabenzi bomphumela, lisabela kulo ngokuvumelana nohlelo oluhleliwe. Izingxenye zesikhulumi zixhunywe kanye nezintambo ezilula ngaphandle kwe-solder, futhi izakhiwo zemishini zilinganiselwe kuphela ngamandla ezingxenye zepulasitiki kanye nomcabango wabaqambi.
Sicabangele amathuba ezixazululo ezinjalo ngokujwayelekile, kodwa manje sifuna ukuhlala ngokuningiliziwe ku-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3.
I-EV3
I-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 yenziwe yahambisana nezingxenye ze-Lego Technic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkundla ingasetshenziselwa ukwakha imiklamo ehlukahlukene futhi emangalisayo, kusukela “ezimotweni” ezilula kanye “nezandla zamarobhothi” kuye kuma-conveyor ayinkimbinkimbi noma ngisho “nezixazululi ze-cube zikaRubik.” Cishe noma iyiphi isethi ye-Lego Technic ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wezingxenye zamaphrojekthi, futhi ngeke kube nenkinga yokushintsha izingxenye eziyisipele ezilimele. Yebo, ababheki njengesihluku njengekhithi yokwakha ye-aluminium yakudala yaseSoviet, kodwa ekusebenzeni baba namandla nakakhulu kunemikhiqizo yensimbi. Okungenani eqoqweni lami, elaqala ngo-1993, akukho neyodwa ingxenye ephukile engakatholwa.
I-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 Basic Educational Set iza nezingcezu ze-Lego Technic ezingama-541. Ingathengwa njengesisetshenziswa esikhethekile esisethwe njenge (noma i-9648 endala, ekhiqizwe i-NXT), noma umakhi wohlobo olukhulu (2800 izingxenye) noma (cishe izingxenye ezingu-4000), futhi, ngemva kokudlala ngokwanele ngemodeli eyinhloko, isebenzise "njengezitini" zokuhlolwa kwe-cybernetic. Ngokuphathelene nocezu olulodwa, i-Lego iphambili kakhulu kunamanye amasethi lapha - ama-ruble angu-3-5 kuphela ucezu ngalunye.
Yebo, uma othile eneqoqo elidala elihlanganisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezingxenye, ngakho-ke ngeke kudingeke ukhathazeke ngezinsiza nhlobo.
Isithombe-skrini esivela kusevisi ye-Brickset (isizindalwazi esisebenzisanayo sabanikazi bezinto zokwakha ze-Lego esikuvumela ukuthi uqoqe izinhlobonhlobo zezibalo) ngombhali
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusebenza kuphela kuma-elementi "enziwayo" njengemishayo, amasondo noma izikhonkwane zokuxhuma. Izinzwa nama-effectors, yiqiniso, kubiza kakhulu, kodwa kukhona okungaphezu kokwanele kukho kukhithi eyisisekelo. I-Mindstorms EV3 iza iphelele namamotho amathathu (ama-servo amabili amakhulu nanamandla kanye neyodwa ehlangene), izinzwa zokuthinta (uhlobo lwezinkinobho "ezihlakaniphile"), izinzwa ze-ultrasonic, ze-gyroscopic kanye nombala (zingakwazi futhi ukusebenza kumodi yenzwa ekhanyayo) . Futhi, ukuhambisana nezinzwa zesizukulwane sangaphambilini samarobhothi e-Lego Education, Mindstorms NXT, kuyagcinwa (lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, inzwa yezinga lomsindo).
Kodwa ake sibuyele "esitini esihlakaniphile", inhliziyo yesistimu. Lesi "isitini" esinesisindo futhi esinamandla, esifakwe isikrini se-LCD esingu-178x128 monochrome (hhayi imenyu kuphela eboniswa kuso, kodwa futhi nazo zonke izinhlobo zezithombe zangokwezifiso ngesikhathi sokusebenza) ezinombala wokukhanya oguqukayo. Ukusebenzisa izintambo ngesixhumi esijwayelekile se-RJ-12, izinzwa nama-effectors axhunywe kuyo (kufika kumadivayisi amane ohlobo ngalunye), kukhona i-slot ye-microSDHC kanye nembobo ye-USB.
Eyakamuva ingasetshenziswa kokubili ukulanda izinhlelo ngokwazo kanye nokuvuselela i-firmware. Kodwa-ke, isilawuli esincane asincishwa ukuxhumana okungenantambo; uma uthanda, ungalanda izinhlelo nge-Wi-Fi (idinga imojula yangaphandle) noma i-Bluetooth (eyakhelwe ngaphakathi). Futhi, uma sihlanganisa irobhothi elilawulwa kude, “singaliqondisa” sisebenzisa ukuxhumana okungenantambo kusuka ku-smartphone noma ithebhulethi.
Ngaphakathi "kwesitini esihlakaniphile" kuhlala iprosesa ye-ARM engu-300 MHz, amamegabhayithi angu-16 ememori engapheli (yingakho ikhadi liwusizo) kanye namamegabhayithi angu-64 we-RAM. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zinombolo zingabonakala zinesizotha kangakanani, kunamandla angaphezu kwenele okusebenzisa ama-algorithms abanzi kakhulu ongawabhala wena, noma ngisho nangokwengeziwe ingane enqubweni yokufunda. Futhi uma uyiqhathanisa neprosesa ye-48 MHz yesizukulwane esedlule i-NXT, esanda kuba neminyaka eyishumi ubudala, intuthuko iyabonakala. Nokho, ngeke kushiwo ukuthi i-NXT yehlisa ijubane noma ikuphi ngokuphawulekayo ohlelweni lokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuvele ichweba lesine lama-motor, lona ngokwalo ukunwetshwa okubalulekile kokusebenza okufakazela ukuthuthukiswa.
Imbobo ye-USB manje isekela imodi yokusingatha, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ungagcini nje ukuxhuma i-adaptha ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa futhi ukuxhuma amabhulokhi amaningana e-EV3 ku-robot eyodwa eyinkimbinkimbi. Yiqiniso, izinga lemisebenzi liba ngokuphelele "hhayi okomntwana".
Okokugcina, i-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 manje isinosekelo lwebhethri. Esikhundleni samabhethri e-AA ayisithupha, ungafaka ibhethri ye-lithium-ion efakiwe amahora amabili nesigamu ampere. Yebo, akekho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-eneloop-hlobo AA, kodwa isidingo sokuwasusa ukuze ashajwe senza ukusebenziseka kube ngaphansi kwesilinganiso. Futhi intengo yamakhithi e-eneloop aneshaja iqathaniswa nebhethri elinophawu.
Oh yebo, kunesipikha esikhulu, esinomsindo manje esingagcini nje ngokukhala izingoma ze-retro kusukela esikhathini se-8-bit, kodwa futhi sidlale imisindo emnandi kakhulu.
Manje ake sibheke ama-effectors kusuka kusethi eyisisekelo. Ezimbili zazo zingamamotho anamandla afana nalawo asevele asetshenziswa ku-NXT, amadivaysi e-oblong athuthukisa i-torque enkulu ngenxa yegiya lokunciphisa langaphakathi.
Uma kwenzeka i-motor ivinjiwe, i-clutch yomshini inikezwa, eqala ukushelela uma ukungqubuzana kukhulu kunaleyo ebaliwe, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukushisa injini.
Kukhona inzwa ye-engeli ejikelezayo enesinqumo sedigri eyodwa (injini itshela isilawuli ukuthi i-axis yayo izungeziswe ngayiphi i-engeli njengamanje) kanye nekhono lokuvumelanisa ngokunembile ukujikeleza kwawo wonke amamotho axhunyiwe.
Eyesithathu, okuthiwa i-M-servo drive (injini ephakathi nendawo) ikhiqiza i-torque ephindwe kathathu, kodwa isivinini sayo sokujikeleza sicishe siphindwe kabili.
Mayelana nezinzwa, asikho isidingo sokuthi uzibeke umkhawulo kulezo ezihlinzekwa yi-LEGO Education (yize ziphezu kophahla lwanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yezemfundo), izinkampani eziningi zezinkampani zangaphandle zikhiqiza izinzwa ezihambisanayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingavamile. Ikhodi yomthombo we-Firmware kanye nokucaciswa kwehadiwe ngokugcwele .
Isofthiwe
Sikhulume kakhulu nge-hardware, kodwa empeleni, akuyona into kuphela enquma ukusebenza kwamakilasi e-robotics. Ukuba khona kwesoftware enembile kumapulatifomu amaningi (Mac, PC, amadivaysi eselula) kanye yenza i-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 inkundla yokufunda, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwesikole samabanga aphansi nesesekondari, ezinganeni ezineminyaka eyishumi.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lokwamukela isikrini ku-iPad
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ama-algorithms kusoftware ye-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 isezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu - ngemizuzu embalwa nje kwanele ukwazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisana kwamabhulokhi anengqondo (izimo zoguquko, iluphu, njll.) bese ukwandisa kancane kancane ubunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo. Vele, kukhona amaphrojekthi ezemfundo enziwe ngomumo wenqwaba yamamodeli ahlukene amarobhothi, futhi uma ufisa, ungathola izinkulungwane zezinhlelo ezithakazelisayo emiphakathini eku-inthanethi.
Isibonelo sohlelo kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iPad
Abasebenzisi abathuthukile bangafaka i-LabVIEW noma i-RobotC - “ubuchopho” be-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 buhambisana ngokugcwele nalawa maphakheji. Ngeshwa, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthekelisa amaphrojekthi amadala we-NXT ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okwengeziwe.
Ngokombono wezemfundo, inesithakazelo esikhulu kakhulu . Ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine izincwadi zokubhalela ze-elektroniki zabafundi, ngenxa yokuthi uthisha angahlola impumelelo yomfundi othile enguqulweni yakhe yesicelo futhi aqaphe ukuqhubeka kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awukwazi ukusebenzisa kuphela izinto zemfundo ezitholakala ebhodini lesofthiwe (eziningi zazo), kodwa futhi uzenzele eyakho usebenzisa umhleli wokuqukethwe owakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Amavidiyo wokufundisa we-EV3 Content Editor
Inguqulo yedeskithophu futhi inensiza yokurekhoda idatha enekhono lokuhlela izindawo zegrafu kuye ngamavelu e-threshold. Okusho ukuthi, manje uthisha angabonisa kalula ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe besimanje ngaphakathi kwekhaya elihlakaniphile, isibonelo.
I-microcomputer EV3 izoqoqa idatha kusuka kuzinzwa ngesikhathi sangempela futhi, kuye ngesizinda sezinga lokushisa, iqalise uhlelo olulodwa noma olunye lwemodeli. Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu, ifeni iyavula, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi, i-heater iyavula. Futhi abafundi bazokwazi ukurekhoda futhi bahlaziye idatha, baphothule imodeli.
Ukungena Kwedatha
Ukuvuleka kwe-firmware "yezitini ezihlakaniphile" sekuvele kuyidlalile indima yayo: kunezinye izinketho ezisekela izilimi zokuhlela ezidume kakhulu (inqwaba yazo). Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-EV3 "kunganamathiselwa" kunoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yezemfundo ehlobene nezinhlelo, njengoba zimbalwa izinto ezijabulisa njengethuba lokubona umsebenzi we-algorithms yomuntu siqu "ku-hardware."
Abaningi balindele ukuthi isikhubekiso kule ndaba singase sibe intengo. Ngempela, kusethi Eyisisekelo kuzodingeka ukhokhe ama-ruble angu-29, kanye namanye angu-900 wokushaja. Kodwa-ke, lesi samba sihlanganisa izingxenye kanye ne-electronics yomsebenzi okhululekile wabafundi ababili, kanye nesofthiwe eyisisekelo egcwele enezifundo ezingu-2 ezenziwe ngomumo (okuthi kusukela ngoJanuwari 500 zikhululekile ngokuphelele kokubili abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano). Kunjalo, imishini eyengeziwe kanye nemishini yemishini ingase inyuse izindleko, kodwa ngaphakathi kwesizathu. Ngakho-ke ikhithi yabafundi abayisi-48, okuhlanganisa okuyisisekelo nesisetshenziswa setha i-LME EV2016, amashaja, isofthiwe kanye , izobiza u-174 900. Kwamukeleka impela ukuhlomisa, isibonelo, umbuthano esikoleni.
Yebo, kubiza kakhulu kunezinkundla ezilula ezifana ne-Arduino. Kodwa amathuba, kanye nezinga lokubandakanyeka, liphezulu kakhulu. Ikharikhulamu esekelwe ku-EV3 ingahlelwa ngokuphepha kuso sonke isikole samabanga aphezulu nangale kwalokho. Ukwengeza, ngokusetshenziswa okwanele kwe-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 izovele “iphile” amakhithi ambalwa alula ngenxa yezimfanelo zemishini, ukushintshwa kalula kanye nokutholakala kwezingxenye (emsebenzini wami, intambo eyodwa kuphela ye-RJ-12 edinga ukushintshwa eminyakeni eyi-10- I-NXT endala).
Ngenxa yalokho, sibona iphrojekthi ecishe ibe umthombo ovulekile esekelwa inkampani enkulu enawo wonke amabhonasi adingekayo esimweni esinjalo - umjikelezo wempilo ende, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele nezandiso, iziqondiso ezisemthethweni nezimfundamakhwela, umphakathi othuthukile. Izivunguvungu seziphenduke indinganiso emakilasini emfundo yamarobhothi aseNtshonalanga yezingane, futhi kungaba kuhle ngempela ukuyibona yamukelwa kabanzi eRussia.
Ukukhetha indlela
Futhi manje into esemqoka. Ngokungafani namasethi we-WeDo 2.0, i-EV3 ihloselwe esikoleni esiphakeme, ngakho-ke ezinganeni ezindala, lapho indaba yokukhetha umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngokusebenzisa i-EV3, umfundi ngamunye uzokwazi ukwembula ngenkuthalo amakhono ayekhona kuye ngokwemvelo, ukukhuliswa kanye nenqubo yemfundo.
Isazi sezibalo esizelwe sizoqapha ngokucophelela i-telemetry yezinzwa, ukuthi ibanga elihanjwe irobhothi lirekhodwa kanjani, ukuthi i-engeli elichezuka lirekhodwa kanjani, njalo njalo.
Uchwepheshe we-IT wesikhathi esizayo, vele, uzogxila ekuhleleni irobhothi, ehlaziya ama-algorithms elihamba ngawo. Futhi ngokuqinisekile uyodala eyakhe, engahlinzekwa ngeziyalezo ezijwayelekile.
Ingane enentshisekelo nge-physics izokwazi ukwenza izivivinyo ezibukwayo ngosizo lwerobhothi; ngenhlanhla, amasethi awanazo izinkinga ngezinzwa, njengoba nje nengane ingenazo izinkinga ngemicabango.
Sekukonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izithakazelo zengane yakho nezifundo eziyintandokazi esikoleni, ukufunda ngamasethi we-MINDSTORMS EV3 kuzoyivumela ukuthi igqanyiswe ngokucace kakhudlwana futhi igxile ekukhuleni kwayo esikhathini esizayo.
Empilweni
Okwamanje, izixazululo zenkampani sezivele zisetshenziswa abafundi ukudala amaphrojekthi athakazelisayo, kokubili njengengxenye yemincintiswano ehlukahlukene kanye nentuthuko evamile. Abezindaba babhale ngedlanzana labo kulo nyaka.
Izingane zesikole zase-Astrakhan uRuslan Kazimov noMikhail Gladyshev, ezinze epaki lobuchwepheshe lesifunda, bakha umshini wokulingisa irobhothi wokuvuselela amalunga ezandla.
isithombe - rg.ru
Abafundi bebanga lesishiyagalombili bachithe isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili bethuthukisa isifanisi. Banikeza iphrojekthi yabo esigabeni sesifunda somncintiswano we-IX All-Russian wephrojekthi yesayensi nentsha e-Southern Federal District, lapho bathatha indawo yesibili. Ngokuzayo, bahlela ukudala i-prototype yezimboni - okwamanje, abathuthukisi banikeza kuphela i-prototype eyenziwe ngesethi ye-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 yerobhothi yezemfundo.
Idivayisi iphinda ukunyakaza okwenziwa udokotela - amalunga aqala ukusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela abuyisele ukuhamba kwawo kuphela, kodwa namaqembu emisipha. Ngenkathi amadivayisi axhumeke nge-Bluetooth, ngokuzayo azoxhumana esebenzisa i-inthanethi noma i-Wi-Fi.
Kukhona ama-analogue wedivayisi enjalo emakethe, kodwa idivayisi ye-Astrakhan ingasebenza kanyekanye nehlombe, isihlakala kanye namajoyinti endololwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyaphatheka futhi isetshenziswa nebhethri. Kukhona nethuba lokulawula kude, okungukuthi, isiguli singaziqeqesha ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya.
Ku-World Robotics Olympiad 2015 (WRO 2015), ithimba laseRussia i-DRL lase-St.
Ithimba lase-Russian DRL lethule iphrojekthi ye-CaveBot. Abafana base-St. Petersburg, ngaphansi kokuqondisa komqeqeshi u-Sergei Filippov, badale umhloli wamarobhothi oyingqayizivele ukuze athole izindawo ezingakahlolwa emigedeni. Intuthuko ihlanganisa imikhakha yesayensi eyahlukene, njengoba irobhothi eliyingqayizivele lenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ehlukahlukene.
Ithimba lakha irobhothi elikhuphukayo elinezinzwa ezihlukahlukene ukuze libone izinto ezizohlolwa ngokulandelayo. Idatha ewumphumela ingashintshwa ibe amamodeli e-3D kukhompuyutha.
Futhi uShubham Banerjee oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala udale I-Braille eyenziwe ngezingcezu ze-LEGO yephrojekthi yesayensi yesikole. Kamuva, ngokubamba iqhaza komndeni wakhe, kwasungulwa isiqalo sokuqalisa ukusungulwa, okwathola ukusekelwa kwezezimali ku-Intel corporation.
(Isithombe: UMarcio Jose Sanchez, AP)
Umqondo wokudala iphrinta wafika kuShubham ngemva kokucwaninga i-Braille ku-inthanethi. Ngokubona ukuthi amaphrinta okuthayipha ngokuthinta abiza u-$2,000 nangaphezulu, umfundi unqume ukwenza inguqulo eshibhile.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokusungulwa, izingane eziyizimpumputhe nabazali bazo baqala ukuxhumana noShubham ngesicelo esisodwa - ukwenza iphrinta ye-Braille engabizi, bethembisa "ukuyithenga eshalofini."
Njengoba ubona, ukusetshenziswa kwe-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 enqubweni yokufunda kuvumela abafundi ukuthi basebenzise umcabango wabo phezulu, badale izindlela ezintsha ezingasizi nje ukubona imibono noma ukwenza ngokubonakalayo noma yiziphi izivivinyo, kodwa futhi baqale ukunquma umsebenzi wabo wesikhathi esizayo.
Uma unemibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zixazululo ohlelweni lwezemfundo (noma mayelana nemikhiqizo ngokwayo), yibhale kumazwana.
Source: www.habr.com