Ungamelana kanjani nemibuso enegunya ku-inthanethi
Ingabe siyacisha? Owesifazane e-Beijing Internet cafe, ngoJulayi 2011
Im Chi Yin/The New York Times/Redux
Hmmm, kusafanele ngethule lokhu "ngenothi lomhumushi." Umbhalo otholakele wabonakala uthakazelisa futhi unempikiswano kimi. Okuwukuphela kokuhlelwa embhalweni kugqame kakhulu. Ngizivumele ukuveza isimo sami somuntu siqu kumathegi.
Inkathi ye-Internet yayigcwele amathemba aphakeme. Imibuso enegunya, ebhekene nokukhetha ukuba yingxenye yesistimu entsha yezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke noma ukusala ngemuva, izokhetha ukuyijoyina. Ukuqhubeka nokuphikisana nezibuko ezinemibala egqamile: ukugeleza kolwazi olusha nemibono evela “ezweni langaphandle” kuzophusha ngokungenakuvinjelwa intuthuko ekuvulelekeni komnotho kanye nenkululeko yezombangazwe. Eqinisweni, kwenzeka okuphambene. Esikhundleni sokusabalalisa izimiso zentando yeningi kanye nemibono ekhululekile, i-intanethi ibe yisisekelo sobunhloli bezifunda ezinegunya emhlabeni jikelele. Izimiso eChina, Russia, njll. basebenzise ingqalasizinda ye-inthanethi ukuze bakhe awabo amanethiwekhi kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baye bafaka imigoqo yobuchwepheshe nemithetho ukuze bakwazi ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kwezakhamuzi zabo ezinsizeni ezithile nokwenza kube nzima ngezinkampani zaseNtshonalanga ukufinyelela izimakethe zazo zedijithali.
Kodwa ngenkathi iWashington neBrussels bekhala ngokuhlela ukuhlukanisa i-inthanethi, into yokugcina efunwa yiBeijing neMoscow iwukuba bavaleleke kumanethiwekhi abo futhi banqanyulwe ku-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke. Phela, badinga ukungena ku-inthanethi ukuze bantshontshe impahla yengqondo, basakaze inkulumo-ze, baphazamise ukhetho kwamanye amazwe, futhi bakwazi ukusongela ingqalasizinda ebalulekile emazweni ancintisanayo. I-China ne-Russia bangathanda ngokufanelekile ukudala i-inthanethi kabusha - ngokuya ngamaphethini abo futhi baphoqelele umhlaba ukuthi udlale ngemithetho yabo yengcindezelo. Kodwa behlulekile ukwenza lokho—esikhundleni salokho, baye baqinisa imizamo yabo yokulawula ngokuqinile ukufinyelela kwangaphandle ezimakethe zabo, banciphise ikhono lezakhamuzi zabo lokufinyelela i-inthanethi, futhi basebenzise ubuthakathaka obufika nakanjani nenkululeko yedijithali nokuvuleleka kwaseNtshonalanga.
I-United States kanye nabalingani bayo nabalingani kufanele bayeke ukukhathazeka ngengozi yemibuso enegunya ephula i-inthanethi. Kunalokho kufanele hlukanisa wena, ukudala ibhulokhi yedijithali lapho ulwazi, amasevisi nemikhiqizo ingahamba ngokukhululeka, ngaphandle kwamazwe angayihloniphi inkululeko yokukhuluma noma amalungelo obumfihlo, ahileleke emisebenzini evukelayo, noma ahlinzekele izigebengu ze-inthanethi ngendawo ephephile. Kuhlelo olunjalo, amazwe amukela umqondo we-inthanethi ekhululekile futhi enokwethenjelwa ngempela azogcina futhi andise izinzuzo zokuxhuma, futhi amazwe aphikisana nombono ngeke akwazi ukuwulimaza. Umgomo kufanele ube inguqulo yedijithali yesivumelwano se-Schengen, evikela ukuhamba kwamahhala kwabantu, izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo eYurophu. Amazwe angama-26 e-Schengen abambelela kuleli sethi lemithetho kanye nezindlela zokuphoqelela; amazwe angahlukanisiwe.
Lezi zinhlobo zezivumelwano zibalulekile ekugcineni i-inthanethi yamahhala nevulekile. I-Washington kufanele yakhe umfelandawonye ohlanganisa abasebenzisi be-inthanethi, amabhizinisi kanye namazwe mayelana namagugu entando yeningi, inhlonipho yomthetho kanye nohwebo lwedijithali olungakhethi: I-inthanethi yamahhala. Esikhundleni sokuvumela izifundazwe ezingabelani ngalawa magugu ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo ku-inthanethi nezimakethe zedijithali nobuchwepheshe baseNtshonalanga, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US kufanele ubeke izimo lapho abangewona amalungu bengahlala bexhumekile futhi babeke imigoqo ekhawulela idatha ebalulekile. bangase bathole, kanye nomonakalo abangawenza. Iligi ngeke iphakamise ikhethini lensimbi yedijithali; okungenani ekuqaleni, ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi eminingi izoqhubeka nokudluliselwa phakathi kwamalungu ayo kanye “nokuphuma”, futhi iligi izobeka eqhulwini izinkampani ezivimbayo nezinhlangano ezivumela futhi ziqhubekisele phambili ubugebengu bamakhompuyutha, kunamazwe wonke. Ohulumeni abamukela kakhulu umbono we-inthanethi yentando yeningi evulekile, ebekezelayo, bazogqugquzelwa ukuthi bathuthukise imizamo yabo yokujoyina le nhlangano futhi banikeze amabhizinisi abo nezakhamuzi ukuxhumana okuthembekile. Yiqiniso, imibuso enegunya eChina, eRussia nakwezinye izindawo cishe izoqhubeka nokuwenqaba lo mbono. Esikhundleni sokuncenga nokunxusa ohulumeni abanjalo ukuba baziphathe, manje sekuyi-United States namadlelandawonye ayo ukubeka umthetho: ukulandela imithetho noma banqanyulwe.
Ukuphela kwamaphupho e-inthanethi ngaphandle kwemingcele
Ngenkathi abaphathi baka-Obama bekhipha i-International Cyberspace Strategy ngo-2011, babone ngeso lengqondo i-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke “ezoba “evulekile, isebenzisane, ivikeleke futhi ithenjwe.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iChina neRussia baphikelela ekuphoqeleleni imithetho yabo ku-inthanethi. I-Beijing, ngokwesibonelo, yayifuna noma yikuphi ukugxekwa kukahulumeni waseShayina okuzobe kungekho emthethweni ngaphakathi kweChina ukuthi kuvinjelwe nakuwebhusayithi yase-US. I-Moscow, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iye yafuna ngobuhlakani okulingana nezivumelwano zokulawula izikhali endaweni ye-inthanethi ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlanganisa owayo ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okuhlaselayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-China ne-Russia basangathanda ukuba nethonya ku-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa babona ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwakheni amanethiwekhi abo avaliwe nokusebenzisa ukuvuleleka kweNtshonalanga ukuze kuzuze bona.
Isu lika-Obama lixwayise ngokuthi "indlela ehlukile yokuvuleleka emhlabeni wonke kanye nokusebenzisana i-inthanethi eyiziqephu, lapho ingxenye enkulu yabantu emhlabeni izokwenqatshelwa ukufinyelela izicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuqukethwe okubalulekile ngenxa yezintshisekelo zezombusazwe zamazwe ambalwa." Naphezu kwemizamo yeWashington yokuvimbela lo mphumela, yilokhu esikufinyelele manje. Futhi abaphathi bakaTrump benze okuncane kakhulu ukushintsha isu lase-US. I-National Cyber Strategy kaMongameli uDonald Trump, ekhishwe ngoSepthemba 2018, idinga "i-inthanethi evulekile, engasebenzisani, ethenjwayo nevikelekile," enanela i-mantra yesu likaMongameli u-Barack Obama, ngezikhathi ezithile eshintshanisa amagama athi "vikelekile" nelithi "othenjwayo."
Isu likaTrump lisekwe esidingweni sokwandisa inkululeko ye-inthanethi, ayichaza ngokuthi "ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo ku-inthanethi, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzihlanganisa, ukuhlangana ngokuthula, inkolo noma inkolelo, kanye nelungelo lobumfihlo ku-inthanethi." Nakuba lokhu kuwumgomo ofanelekayo, akunaki iqiniso lokuthi emazweni amaningi lapho izakhamuzi zingawajabuleli la malungelo ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ingasaphathwa eye-inthanethi, i-inthanethi ayiseyona indawo ephephile, kodwa kunalokho iyithuluzi lengcindezelo. Imibuso e-China nakwamanye amazwe isebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze ibasize iqaphe kangcono abantu bayo futhi ifunde ukuxhuma amakhamera agadayo, ukuthengiselana ngezezimali nezinhlelo zokuthutha ukuze yenze izingosi ezinkulu zolwazi mayelana nemisebenzi yesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ibutho laseChina elinamandla ayizigidi ezimbili labahloli be-inthanethi liqeqeshelwa ukuqoqa idatha ukuze ifakwe ohlelweni lokubala oluhleliwe. "amakhredithi omphakathi", okuzokuvumela ukuthi uhlole umhlali ngamunye wase-China futhi unikeze imiklomelo nezijeziso ngezenzo ezithathwe ku-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. I-Firewall yaseShayina ebizwa ngokuthi iGreat Firewall, evimbela abantu ezweni ukuthi bangene ku-inthanethi i-Chinese Communist Party eyibona ingafaneleki, isiphenduke imodeli kweminye imibuso enegunya. Ngokusho kweFreedom House, izikhulu zaseShayina zenze ukuqeqeshwa ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokuqapha i-inthanethi nabalingani emazweni angama-36. I-China isize ekwakheni amanethiwekhi anjalo emazweni angu-18.
Ngaphandle kwehhovisi le-Google e-Beijing ngosuku olulandelayo inkampani imemezele izinhlelo zokushiya imakethe yaseShayina, ngoJanuwari 2010
Gilles Sabrie / The New York Times / Redux
Ukusebenzisa izinombolo njengenzuzo
I-United States namadlelandawonye ayo ingawukhawulela kanjani umonakalo ongenziwa imibuso enegunya ku-inthanethi futhi ivimbele leyo mibuso ekusebenziseni amandla e-inthanethi ukucindezela abantu abaphikisayo? Kube neziphakamiso zokuyalela iNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba noma i-UN ukuthi imise imithetho ecacile yokuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwamahhala kolwazi nedatha. Kodwa noma iliphi icebo elinjalo laliyobe selifile, ngoba ukuze ligunyazwe kwakuyodingeka lithole ukusekelwa yiwo kanye amazwe lawo ayehlose ukwenza okubi. Kuphela ngokwakha ibhulokhi yamazwe lapho idatha ingadluliswa khona, futhi ngokunqabela ukufinyelela kwamanye amazwe, amazwe aseNtshonalanga angakwazi ukuba nanoma iyiphi inzuzo yokuguqula ukuziphatha kwabantu ababi be-inthanethi.
Indawo yase-Europe ye-Schengen ihlinzeka ngemodeli engokoqobo lapho abantu nezimpahla zihamba ngokukhululeka, ngaphandle kokudlula emithethweni nasezilawulweni zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Lapho umuntu esengene endaweni esebenzisa umngcele wezwe elithile, angakwazi ukungena kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe ngaphandle kokungena kwamanye amasiko noma amasheke abokufika. (Kukhona okuhlukile, futhi amazwe amaningana ethule ukuhlolwa kwemingcele okulinganiselwe ngemva kwenhlekelele yabafuduki ngo-2015.) Isivumelwano sokusungula indawo saba yingxenye yomthetho we-EU ngo-1999; amazwe angewona ama-EU i-Iceland, i-Liechtenstein, i-Norway ne-Switzerland ekugcineni ajoyina. Isivumelwano asifaki i-Ireland ne-UK ngesicelo sabo.
Ukujoyina indawo ye-Schengen kubandakanya izidingo ezintathu ezingasebenza njengemodeli yesivumelwano sedijithali. Okokuqala, amazwe angamalungu kufanele akhiphe ama-visa afanayo futhi aqinisekise ukuvikeleka okuqinile emingceleni yawo yangaphandle. Okwesibili, kumele bakhombise ukuthi bayakwazi ukuxhumanisa izenzo zabo nezikhungo zomthetho kwamanye amazwe angamalungu. Okwesithathu, kufanele basebenzise isistimu evamile ukulandelela okungenayo nokuphuma endaweni. Lesi sivumelwano sibeka imithetho elawula ukubhekwa kwemingcele kanye nezimo lapho iziphathimandla zingalandela khona abasolwa abazama ukunqamula imingcele. Iphinde ivumele ukubuyiselwa kwabasolwa ngobugebengu phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu.
Isivumelwano sidala izisusa ezicacile zokubambisana nokuvuleleka. Noma yiliphi izwe laseYurophu elifuna izakhamuzi zalo zibe nelungelo lokuhamba, ukusebenza noma ukuhlala noma yikuphi e-EU kufanele lethe ukulawulwa kwemingcele yalo kuhambisane nezindinganiso ze-Schengen. Amalungu amane e-EU - Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus kanye neRomania - awazange avunyelwe ukungena endaweni ye-Schengen ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ayengahambisani nalawa mazinga. I-Bulgaria ne-Romania, nokho, basezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwemingcele ukuze bakwazi ukujoyina. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-incentives ayasebenza.
Kodwa lezi zinhlobo zemihlomulo azikho kuyo yonke imizamo yokuhlanganisa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukulwa nobugebengu bamakhompuyutha, ubunhloli bezomnotho kanye nezinye izinkinga zenkathi yedijithali. Okuphumelela kakhulu kule mizamo, i-Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (ephinde yaziwe ngokuthi i-Budapest Convention), ichaza zonke izenzo ezifanele izifundazwe okufanele zizithathe ukuze kuliwe nobugebengu bamakhompuyutha. Ihlinzeka ngemithetho eyimodeli, izindlela zokuxhumanisa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinqubo zokubuyiselwa kwamanye amazwe ezilula. Amazwe angamashumi ayisithupha nanye asemukele lesi sivumelwano. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuthola abavikeli be-Budapest Convention ngoba ayikasebenzi: ayinikezi noma yiziphi izinzuzo zangempela zokujoyina noma yimiphi imiphumela yangempela yokwehluleka ukuhambisana nezibopho ezidalayo.
Ukuze i-Free Internet League isebenze, lo mgodi kufanele ugwenywe. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuletha amazwe ekuhambisaneni neligi uku basabise ngokwenqaba kwemikhiqizo namasevisi izinkampani ezifana ne-Amazon, i-Facebook, i-Google ne-Microsoft, futhi zivimbela ukufinyelela kwezinkampani zabo kuma-wallet amakhulu ezigidi zabathengi e-US naseYurophu. I-League ngeke ivimbe zonke izimoto kubantu abangewona amalungu - njengoba nje nendawo ye-Schengen ingavimbeli zonke izimpahla namasevisi kwabangewona amalungu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhono lokuhlunga ngokunenjongo yonke ithrafikhi enonya ezingeni likazwelonke lingaphezu kokufinyelela kwezobuchwepheshe namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuzodinga ukuthi ohulumeni bakwazi ukususa ukubhala ngethrafikhi, okungalimaza kakhulu ukuphepha kunokukusiza futhi kungaphula ubumfihlo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi. Kodwa lolu phiko luzovimbela imikhiqizo namasevisi ezinkampanini nezinhlangano ezaziwa ngokuqhuba ubugebengu bamakhompuyutha ezifundazweni ezingewona amalungu, futhi luvimbele ukugcwala kwabantu ekucasuleni abahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi ezifundazweni ezingewona amalungu.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake ucabange uma i-Ukraine, indawo ephephile eyaziwayo yezigebengu ze-inthanethi, yasongelwa ngokunqamula ukufinyelela ezinsizeni izakhamuzi zayo, izinkampani kanye nohulumeni esezijwayele kakade, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kobuchwepheshe kungase kuncike kakhulu kuzo. Uhulumeni wase-Ukraine uzobhekana nogqozi oluqinile lokuthi ekugcineni athathe isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nobugebengu bamakhompuyutha osebuthuthuke emingceleni yezwe. Izinyathelo ezinjalo azinamsebenzi ngokumelene neChina neRussia: ngemuva kwakho konke, i-Chinese Communist Party kanye ne-Kremlin sebevele benze konke okusemandleni ukunqamula izakhamuzi zabo ku-Inthanethi yomhlaba wonke. Nokho, umgomo we-Free Internet League awukona ukushintsha ukuziphatha kwabahlaseli “abangokwengqondo” abanjalo, kodwa ukunciphisa umonakalo abawubangelayo futhi ukhuthaze amazwe afana ne-Ukraine, iBrazil, ne-India ukuthi enze inqubekelaphambili ekulweni nobugebengu bamakhompuyutha.
Ukugcina I-inthanethi Imahhala
Umgomo wokusungulwa kwalolu phiko kuzoba ukweseka inkululeko yokukhuluma ku-inthanethi. Amalungu, nokho, azovunyelwa ukwenza okuhlukile ngakunye. Isibonelo, nakuba i-US ingeke iphoqelelwe ukwamukela imikhawulo ye-EU ekukhulumeni kwamahhala, izinkampani zase-US kuzodingeka zenze imizamo ephusile yokungathengisi noma ukubonisa okuqukethwe okunqatshelwe kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi e-Europe. Le ndlela izoqhubekisela phambili isimo esikhona. Kepha kuzophinde kuphoqe amazwe aseNtshonalanga ukuthi enze ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi wokuvimbela amazwe afana neChina ekulandeleni umbono we-Orwellian “wokuphepha kolwazi” ngokugcizelela ukuthi izindlela ezithile zokukhuluma ziyingozi kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke kuzo. Isibonelo, i-Beijing ihlale icela abanye ohulumeni ukuthi basuse okuqukethwe okusingathwe kumaseva endaweni yabo okugxeka umbuso wase-China noma okudingida amaqembu avinjelwe umbuso e-China, njenge-Falun Gong. I-United States izenqabile izicelo ezinjalo, kodwa abanye bangase balingeke ukuba bavume, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba i-China iziphindiselele ngokwenqaba kwe-U.S. ngokuqalisa ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi emithonjeni yezinto ezibonakalayo. I-Internet Freedom League izonika amanye amazwe isisusa sokuphika izimfuno ezinjalo zamaShayina: kungaba kuphambene nemithetho, futhi amanye amazwe angamalungu azosiza ukuwavikela kunoma yikuphi ukuziphindiselela.
Lolu phiko luzodinga indlela yokuqapha ukuthi amalungu alo ayayithobela yini imithetho yalo. Ithuluzi elisebenzayo lalokhu kungaba ukugcina nokushicilela izinkomba zokusebenza komhlanganyeli ngamunye. Kodwa imodeli yendlela yokuhlola eqinile ingatholakala ku-Financial Action Task Force, inhlangano emelene nokushushumbiswa kwemali eyakhiwe yi-G-7 kanye neKhomishini YaseYurophu ngo-1989 futhi ixhaswe amalungu ayo. Amazwe angama-37 angamalungu e-FATF enza imisebenzi eminingi yezezimali emhlabeni. Amalungu ayavuma ukwamukela inqwaba yezinqubomgomo, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezenza kube ubugebengu ukushushumbiswa kwemali kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali amaphekula, futhi adinga ukuthi amabhange enze ngokucophelela kumakhasimende awo. Esikhundleni sokuqapha okugxile endaweni eyodwa, i-FATF isebenzisa uhlelo lapho ilungu ngalinye lishintshana ngokubuyekeza imizamo yelinye nokwenza izincomo. Amazwe angahambisani nezinqubomgomo ezidingekayo abekwe ohlwini lwe-FATF olubizwa ngokuthi olumpunga, oludinga ukubhekisiswa kahle. Izigebengu zingase zikhishwe ohlwini lwabangavunyelwe, okuphoqa amabhange ukuthi ethule amasheke anemininingwane engase yehlise ijubane noma amise ngisho nokuthengiselana okuningi.
I-Free Internet League ingavimbela kanjani izenzo ezinonya emazweni angamalungu ayo? Futhi, kukhona imodeli yesistimu yezempilo yomphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe. I-League izosungula futhi ixhase ngezimali i-ejensi efana ne-World Health Organization ezohlonza izinhlelo ze-inthanethi ezisengozini, yazise abanikazi balezo zinhlelo, futhi isebenzele ukuziqinisa (okufana nemikhankaso yokugoma yomhlaba wonke ye-WHO); thola futhi uphendule kuhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha nama-botnets olusafufusa ngaphambi kokuthi ludale umonakalo osabalele (okulingana nokuqapha ukuqubuka kwezifo); futhi uthathe umthwalo wemfanelo wempendulo uma ukuvimbela kwehluleka (okulingana nokusabela kwe-WHO kubhubhane). Amalungu enhlangano nawo azovuma ukuyeka ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okucasulayo komunye nomunye ngesikhathi sokuthula. Isethembiso esinjalo ngeke neze sivimbele i-United States noma ababambisene nayo ekuqaliseni ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi ngokumelene nezimbangi cishe ezizohlala ngaphandle kweligi, njenge-Iran.
Ukumisa imigoqo
Ukudala Iligi Ye-inthanethi Yamahhala kuzodinga ushintsho oluyisisekelo ekucabangeni. Umbono wokuthi ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi kuzogcina kuguqule imibuso enegunya kuwukufisa. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke. Ukungabaza ukwamukela leli qiniso kuyisithiyo esikhulu senye indlela. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzocaca ukuthi i-utopianism yezobuchwepheshe yenkathi ye-Intanethi ayifanelekile ezweni lanamuhla.
Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseNtshonalanga kungenzeka ziphikisane nokwakhiwa kwe-Free Internet League njengoba zisebenzela ukushweleza i-China futhi zithole ukufinyelela emakethe yaseShayina ngenxa yokuthi amaketanga azo okuhlinzeka ancike kakhulu kubakhiqizi baseShayina. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zamafemu anjalo zizoxazululwa ngokwengxenye yiqiniso lokuthi, ngokunqamula iChina, iligi izobavikela ngempumelelo ekuqhudelaneni kuyo.
Iligi yamahhala yesitayela se-Schengen iyona ndlela kuphela yokuvikela i-inthanethi ezinsongweni ezilethwa izifunda zombuso kanye nabanye abantu ababi. Uhlelo olunjalo ngokusobala ngeke lube lomhlaba wonke kune-inthanethi yesimanje esabalaliswa ngokukhululekile. Kodwa kuphela ngokunyusa izindleko zokuziphatha okunonya lapho i-United States nabangane bayo benethemba lokunciphisa usongo lobugebengu bamakhompuyutha futhi banciphise umonakalo imibuso efana naleyo yaseBeijing naseMoscow engawenza kuyi-Internet.
Ababhali:
U-RICHARD A. CLARKE unguSihlalo kanye neSikhulu Esiphezulu Sokulawulwa Kwengozi Yezokuphepha Echwebeni. Usebenze kuHulumeni wase-US njengoMeluleki Okhethekile kaMongameli Wezokuphepha Kwe-Cyberspace, Umsizi Okhethekile KuMongameli Wezindaba Zomhlaba, kanye Nomxhumanisi Kazwelonke Wezokuphepha Nokulwa Nobuphekula.
U-ROB KNAKE uyisikhulu eMkhandlwini Wezobudlelwano Bangaphandle kanye nozakwethu omkhulu e-Institute for Global Sustainability at Northeastern University. Wayengumqondisi wenqubomgomo ye-cyber kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015.
Source: www.habr.com