Inkumbulo enhle iyinzuzo engenakuphikwa kubafundi nekhono elizoba wusizo ngempela ekuphileni - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziyalo zakho zezemfundo beziyini.
Namuhla sinqume ukuvula uchungechunge lwezinto zokwakha zendlela yokuthuthukisa inkumbulo yakho - sizoqala ngohlelo olufushane lwezemfundo: hlobo luni lwenkumbulo olukhona nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokukhumbula ezisebenza ngokuqinisekile.
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I-Memory 101: Ukusuka kumzuzwana wokuhlukaniswa kuya kokungapheli
Indlela elula yokuchaza inkumbulo yikhono lokuqongelela, ukugcina, nokukhiqiza kabusha ulwazi namakhono isikhathi esithile. “Isikhashana” kungathatha imizuzwana, noma kungahlala impilo yonke. Kuye ngalokhu (futhi nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zobuchopho ezisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa), inkumbulo ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinzwa, zesikhashana kanye nezesikhathi eside.
ukuthinta - lena inkumbulo eyenziwa isebenze ngomzuzwana nje, ingaphandle kokulawula kwethu futhi empeleni iyimpendulo ezenzakalelayo ezinguqukweni zemvelo: sibona/sizwa/sizwa into, siyayibona futhi “siqedele” indawo esizungezile. sicabangela ulwazi olusha. Empeleni, iwuhlelo olusivumela ukuthi siqophe isithombe esibonwa izinzwa zethu. Yiqiniso, isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - ulwazi enkumbulweni yezinzwa lugcinwa ngokoqobo ingxenye yomzuzwana noma ngaphansi.
Isikhathi esifushane inkumbulo “isebenza” kungakapheli amashumi amaningana amasekhondi (amasekhondi angama-20-40). Siyakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ulwazi olutholwe ngalesi sikhathi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthintana nomthombo wangempela. Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke: inani lolwazi inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane engakwazi ukuligcina lilinganiselwe - isikhathi eside kwakukholelwa ukuthi lingakwazi ukuhlalisa "izinto eziyisikhombisa ezihlanganisa noma zisuse ezimbili."
Isizathu sokucabanga kanjalo kwakuyindatshana yesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Harvard uGeorge Armitage Miller, "Inombolo Yomlingo 7±2," eyashicilelwa kumagazini iPsychological Review emuva ngo-1956. Kuyo, wachaza imiphumela yokuhlolwa ngesikhathi esebenza eBell Laboratories: ngokusho kokubona kwakhe, umuntu angagcina izinto ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye ngenkumbulo yesikhashana - kungaba ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu, izinombolo, amagama noma izithombe.
Izifundo zibambe ngekhanda ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ukuze inani lamaqembu nalo libe phakathi kuka-5 kuya ku-9. Nokho, izifundo zesimanje zinikeza imiphumela enesizotha kakhulu - “inombolo yomlingo” ibhekwa njengo-4 ± 1. Ukuhlola okunjalo , ikakhulukazi, uprofesa wezengqondo uNelson Cowan esihlokweni sakhe sango-2001.
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Isikhati eside inkumbulo ihlelwe ngendlela ehlukile - ubude besikhathi sokugcinwa kolwazi kuyo bungenakunqunywa, ivolumu idlula kude inkumbulo yesikhashana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umsebenzi wenkumbulo yesikhashana uhilela ukuxhumana kwe-neural yesikhashana endaweni ye-frontal ne-parietal cortex yobuchopho, khona-ke inkumbulo yesikhathi eside ikhona ngenxa yokuxhumana okuzinzile kwe-neural okusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izingxenye zobuchopho.
Zonke lezi zinhlobo zenkumbulo azikho ngokuhlukana komunye nomunye - enye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zobudlelwane phakathi kwazo yahlongozwa izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uRichard Atkinson noRichard Shiffrin ngo-1968. Ngokokucabanga kwabo, ulwazi kuqala lucutshungulwa yinkumbulo yezinzwa. "Amabhafa" enkumbulo yezinzwa ahlinzeka ngolwazi lwenkumbulo yesikhashana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ulwazi luphindaphindwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, khona-ke luyasuka kumemori yesikhashana “luye kwisitoreji sesikhathi eside.”
Ukukhumbula (okuhlosiwe noma okuzenzakalelayo) kule modeli ukuguqulwa okuhlanekezela kolwazi ukusuka kumemori yesikhathi eside ukuya kweyesikhashana.
Enye imodeli yahlongozwa eminyakeni emi-4 kamuva izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uFergus Craik noRobert S. Lockhart. Kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi ulwazi olugcinwe isikhathi eside kangakanani nokuthi luhlala kuphela enkumbulweni yezinzwa noma lungena enkumbulweni yesikhathi eside kuncike “ekujuleni” kokucubungula. Indlela yokucubungula eyinkimbinkimbi futhi isikhathi esiningi esichithwa kuyo, ayanda amathuba okuthi ulwazi luzokhunjulwa isikhathi eside.
Okucacile, okucacile, okusebenzayo - konke lokhu kumayelana nenkumbulo
Ucwaningo ngobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo zenkumbulo luholele ekuveleni kwezigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi namamodeli. Isibonelo, inkumbulo yesikhathi eside yaqala ukuhlukaniswa ibe sobala (ebizwa nangokuthi i-conscious) kanye ne-implicity (equlekile noma efihliwe).
Inkumbulo esobala - esivame ukukusho lapho sikhuluma ngekhanda. Yona-ke ihlukaniswe yaba yi-episodic (inkumbulo yempilo yomuntu siqu) kanye ne-semantic (inkumbulo yamaqiniso, imiqondo kanye nezimo) - lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwahlongozwa okokuqala ngo-1972 yisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseCanada semvelaphi yase-Estonia u-Endel Tulving.
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Okusobala inkumbulo ngokuvamile ku-priming kanye nenkumbulo yenqubo. I-priming, noma ukulungisa isimo sengqondo, kwenzeka lapho isivuseleli esithile sithonya indlela esibona ngayo isisusa esisilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo Ukwenzeka kwamagama angezwakali kahle kungase kubonakale kuhlekisa kakhulu (uma izingoma ) - ngemva kokufunda okuthile okusha, okuhlukile komugqa osuka engomeni, nathi siqala ukukuzwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho - okurekhodiwe ngaphambilini obekungafundeki kuyacaca uma ubona okulotshiweyo kombhalo.
Ngokuqondene nenkumbulo yenqubo, isibonelo sayo esiyinhloko inkumbulo yemoto. Umzimba wakho “uyakwazi” ukugibela ibhayisikili, ukushayela imoto, noma ukudlala ithenisi, njengoba nje nomculi edlala ingoma ayijwayele ngaphandle kokubheka amanothi noma ukucabanga ngokuthi ibha elandelayo kufanele ibe yini. Lezi zikude namamodeli enkumbulo kuphela.
Izinketho zangempela zahlongozwa kokubili abantu besikhathi sikaMiller, u-Atkinson noShiffrin, kanye nezizukulwane ezalandela zabacwaningi. Kukhona futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuningi kwezinhlobo zenkumbulo: isibonelo, inkumbulo ye-autobiographical (into ephakathi kwe-episodic ne-semantic) ihlukaniswa ekilasini elihlukile, futhi ngaphezu kwenkumbulo yesikhashana, ngezinye izikhathi ikhuluma ngenkumbulo yokusebenza (nakuba abanye ososayensi, isibonelo uCowan ofanayo, ukuthi inkumbulo esebenzayo iyingxenye encane yenkumbulo yesikhathi eside umuntu ayisebenzisayo ngaleso sikhathi).
I-Trite, kodwa ithembekile: amasu okuqeqesha inkumbulo ayisisekelo
Izinzuzo zenkumbulo enhle, yiqiniso, zisobala. Hhayi kuphela kubafundi ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuhlolwa - ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva lwaseShayina, ukuqeqeshwa kwenkumbulo, ngaphezu komsebenzi wawo oyinhloko, futhi. lawula imizwa. Ukugcina kangcono izinto kumemori yesikhashana, isetshenziswa kaningi indlela yokuqoqa (isiNgisi chunking) - lapho izinto ngokulandelana kwazo ziqoqwa ngokwencazelo. Lena yiyona ndlela engaphansi "kwezinombolo zomlingo" (kucatshangelwa ukuhlolwa kwesimanje, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi inani lezinto zokugcina lingeqi ku-4-5). Isibonelo, inombolo yocingo ethi 9899802801 kulula ukuyikhumbula uma uyihlephula ibe ngamabhulokhi 98-99-802-801.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkumbulo yesikhashana akumele ibe bukhali ngokwedlulele, ithumele ngokoqobo lonke ulwazi olutholiwe “enqolobaneni.” Lezi zinkumbulo ezesikhashana ngoba iningi lezigigaba ezisizungezile aziphethe lutho olubalulekile: imenyu yendawo yokudlela, uhlu lokuthenga kanye nalokho obukugqokile namuhla ngokusobala akulona uhlobo lwedatha olubaluleke ngempela ukugcina inkumbulo iminyaka.
Ngokuqondene nenkumbulo yesikhathi eside, izimiso eziyisisekelo nezindlela zokuqeqeshwa kwayo ngesikhathi esifanayo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zidla isikhathi. Futhi ezisobala kakhulu.
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Ukukhumbula okuphindaphindiwe. Iseluleko si-banal, kodwa nokho sithembekile: kuyimizamo ephindaphindiwe yokukhumbula into eyenza kube nokwenzeka "ukubeka" into endaweni yokugcina isikhathi eside ngamathuba aphezulu. Kunama-nuances ambalwa lapha. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhetha isikhathi esifanele emva kwalokho uzozama ukukhumbula ulwazi (hhayi isikhathi eside, hhayi esifushane kakhulu - kuncike ekutheni inkumbulo yakho isivele ithuthukiswe kahle).
Ake sithi uthathe ithikithi lokuhlolwa bese uzama ukulibamba ngekhanda. Zama ukuphinda ithikithi emizuzwini embalwa, engxenyeni yehora, ehoreni, amabili, ngosuku olulandelayo. Lokhu kuzodinga isikhathi esengeziwe ngethikithi ngalinye, kodwa ukuphindaphinda okuvamile ngezikhathi ezingekude kakhulu kuzosiza ukuhlanganisa kangcono okokusebenza.
Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukuzama ukukhumbula yonke indaba, ngaphandle kokubheka izimpendulo ebunzimeni bokuqala - ngisho noma kubonakala sengathi awukhumbuli lutho. Uma ukwazi “ukukhipha” okwengeziwe enkumbulweni yakho emzameni wokuqala, okulandelayo kuzosebenza kangcono.
Ukulingisa ezimeni eziseduze nezangempela. Ekuboneni kokuqala, lokhu kusiza kuphela ukubhekana nokucindezeleka okungenzeka (ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa noma ngesikhathi lapho, ngokombono, ulwazi kufanele lube usizo kuwe). Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ungagcini nje ukubhekana nezinzwa zakho, kodwa futhi ukhumbule okuthile okungcono - lokhu, ngendlela, akusebenzi nje kuphela kwinkumbulo ye-semantic, kodwa futhi kumemori yemoto.
Ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho , ikhono lokushaya amabhola lathuthukiswa kangcono kulabo badlali be-baseball okwakudingeka bathathe izinkundla ezahlukene ngendlela engalindelekile (njengasemdlalweni wangempela), ngokuphambene nalabo ababeziqeqeshele njalo ukusebenza ngohlobo oluthile lwe-pitch.
Ukulandisa kabusha/ukubhala ngamagama akho. Le ndlela ihlinzeka ngokujula okukhulu kokucubungula ulwazi (uma sigxila kumodeli ye-Craik ne-Lockhart). Empeleni, kuyakuphoqa ukuthi ucubungule ulwazi hhayi ngokwemantiki kuphela (uhlola ukuncika phakathi kwezigigaba nobudlelwano bazo), kodwa futhi “ngokubhekisa kuwena” (ungasibiza ngani lesi simo? Ungazichaza kanjani wena ngokwakho - ngaphandle kokuphinda ukhulume Igama lokuqukethwe lendatshana yegama noma ithikithi?). Kokubili, ngokombono walo mbono, kungamazinga okucubungula ulwazi olujulile olunikeza ukukhumbula okuphumelelayo.
Zonke lezi zingamasu adinga abasebenzi abaningi, nakuba zisebenza kahle. Esihlokweni esilandelayo ochungechungeni, sizobheka ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo, nokuthi ingabe kukhona ama-hacks empilo phakathi kwawo azokusiza ukuthi wonge isikhathi futhi usebenzise umzamo omncane wokubamba ngekhanda.
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Source: www.habr.com