Izwe elisizungezile ligcwele zonke izinhlobo zolwazi ubuchopho bethu obuqhubeka bulucubungula. Uthola lolu lwazi ngezitho zenzwa, ngayinye enesibopho sesabelo sayo sezimpawu: amehlo (umbono), ulimi (ukunambitheka), ikhala (iphunga), isikhumba (ukuthinta), i-vestibular apparatus (ibhalansi, isikhundla emkhathini nomuzwa isisindo) nezindlebe (umsindo). Ngokuhlanganisa izimpawu ezivela kuzo zonke lezi zitho, ubuchopho bethu bungakha isithombe esinembile sendawo esizungezile. Kodwa akuzona zonke izici zokucubungula amasignali angaphandle ezaziwa yithi. Enye yalezi zimfihlo iwumshini wokuthola umthombo wemisindo endaweni.
Ososayensi abavela eLabhorethri ye-Neuroengineering of Speech and Hearing (Isikhungo Sezobuchwepheshe SaseNew Jersey) baphakamise imodeli entsha yenqubo ye-neural yokwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo. Yiziphi izinqubo eziqondile ezenzeka ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokubona umsindo, indlela ubuchopho bethu obuqonda ngayo indawo yomthombo womsindo, nokuthi lolu cwaningo lungasiza kanjani ekulweni nokukhubazeka kokuzwa. Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Ulwazi olutholwa ubuchopho bethu ezinzwa zethu luyehluka kwenye, kokubili ngokomthombo walo nangokucutshungulwa kwalo. Ezinye izimpawu zibonakala ngokushesha ebuchosheni bethu njengolwazi olunembile, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga izinqubo ezengeziwe zokubala. Uma sikhuluma nje, sizwa ukuthintwa ngokushesha, kodwa lapho sizwa umsindo, kusafanele sithole ukuthi uvelaphi.
Isisekelo sendawo yemisindo endizeni enezingqimba siyi interaural* umehluko wesikhathi (ITD kusuka umehluko wesikhathi esiphakathi) imisindo efinyelela ezindlebeni zomlaleli.
Isisekelo sangaphakathi* - ibanga phakathi kwezindlebe.
Kukhona indawo ethile ebuchosheni (umnqumo ophakeme ophakathi nendawo noma i-MSO) enesibopho sale nqubo. Okwamanje isignali yomsindo itholwa ku-MVO, umehluko wesikhathi esiphakathi kuyaguqulwa ube izinga lokusabela kwama-neurons. Umumo wamajika esivinini okukhiphayo we-MBO njengomsebenzi we-ITD ufana nokuma komsebenzi wokuxhumanisa okuphambene kwamasignali okokufaka endlebeni ngayinye.
Ukuthi ulwazi lucutshungulwa futhi luhunyushwe kanjani ku-MBO kuhlala kungacacile ngokuphelele, yingakho kunemibono eminingana ephikisana kakhulu. Ithiyori edume kakhulu futhi empeleni yakudala yokwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo imodeli kaJeffress (Lloyd A. Jeffress). Isekelwe phezu umugqa omakiwe* ama-detector neurons azwelayo ku-binural synchrony ye-neural inputs evela endlebeni ngayinye, ne-neuron ngayinye izwela kakhulu inani elithile le-ITD (I-1A).
Umgomo womugqa omakiwe* inkolelo-mbono echaza ukuthi izinzwa ezihlukene, zonke ezisebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo zomzimba ekudluliseni ama-axon azo, zikwazi kanjani ukukhiqiza imizwa ehlukene. Izinzwa ezifanayo ngokwesakhiwo zingakhiqiza imibono yezinzwa ehlukene uma zixhunywe kuma-neuron ahlukile ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi olukwazi ukuhlukanisa amasignali emizwa efanayo ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Isithombe #1
Le modeli ngokwekhompiyutha ifana nekhodi ye-neural, esekelwe ebudlelwaneni obungaboshiwe bemisindo efinyelela kuzo zombili izindlebe.
Kukhona futhi imodeli ephakamisa ukuthi ukwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo kungenziwa imodeli ngokusekelwe ekuhlukeni kwesivinini sokuphendula sezibalo ezithile ze-neurons ezivela kuma-hemispheres ahlukene obuchopho, i.e. imodeli ye-interhemispheric asymmetry (I-1B).
Kuze kube manje, bekunzima ukusho ngokungananazi ukuthi iyiphi kule mibono emibili (amamodeli) elungile, njengoba ngayinye yazo ibikezela ukuncika okuhlukile kokwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo ekuqineni komsindo.
Ocwaningweni esibheke kulo namuhla, abacwaningi banqume ukuhlanganisa womabili amamodeli ukuze baqonde ukuthi umbono wemisindo usekelwe ekubhalweni kwe-neural noma kumehluko ekuphenduleni kwezibalo zemizwa ngayinye. Ukuhlolwa okuningana kwenziwa lapho abantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 kuya kwengama-27 (abesifazane aba-5 namadoda ayi-7) babambe iqhaza. I-audiometry yabahlanganyeli (isilinganiso sokuzwa kahle kokuzwa) sasingu-25 dB noma ngaphezulu phakathi kuka-250 no-8000 Hz. Umhlanganyeli ekuhlolweni wafakwa ekamelweni elingenamsindo, lapho kwafakwa khona imishini ekhethekile, elinganiswe ngokunemba okuphezulu. Abahlanganyeli kwakudingeka, lapho bezwa isignali yomsindo, babonise isiqondiso esivela kuyo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Ukuhlola ukuncika i-lateralization* ukusebenza kobuchopho kusuka ekushubeni komsindo kuphendula ama-neuron anelebuli, idatha yejubane lokusabela lama-neurons ku-nucleus ye-laminar yobuchopho besikhova esibayeni sisetshenzisiwe.
I-lateral* - i-asymmetry yengxenye yesobunxele nesokudla yomzimba.
Ukuhlola ukuncika kwe-lateralization yomsebenzi wobuchopho ngejubane lokuphendula lemiphakathi ethile yama-neurons, idatha evela emsebenzini we-colliculus ephansi yobuchopho benkawu ye-rhesus yasetshenziswa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwabalwa umehluko wejubane lama-neurons avela kuma-hemispheres ahlukene. .
Imodeli yomugqa omakiwe we-detector neurons ibikezela ukuthi njengoba ukuqina komsindo kuncipha, ukuhambisana komthombo ocatshangelwayo kuzohlangana kusho amanani afana nesilinganiso semisindo ethambile ukuya phezulu (I-1Π‘).
Imodeli ye-asymmetry ye-hemispheric, yona, iphakamisa ukuthi njengoba ukuqina komsindo kuncipha ukuya kumazinga aseduze womkhawulo, okucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangothi kuzoshintshela kumugqa omaphakathi (1D).
Ngokushuba komsindo okuphelele, ukuhlelwa kwe-lateral kulindeleke ukuthi kube okuguquguqukayo (ukufakwa ngaphakathi I-1Π‘ ΠΈ 1D).
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukushuba komsindo kuyithinta kanjani indlela okucatshangwayo yomsindo kusivumela ukuthi sinqume ngokunembile imvelo yezinqubo ezenzeka ngaleso sikhathi - ama-neurons asuka endaweni efanayo evamile noma ama-neurons avela kuma-hemispheres ahlukene.
Ngokusobala, ikhono lomuntu lokubandlulula i-ITD lingahluka kuye ngokuqina komsindo. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathi kunzima ukuhumusha okutholwe ngaphambilini okuxhumanisa ukuzwela ku-ITD kanye nokwahlulela kwabalaleli kokuqondiswa komthombo ozwakalayo njengomsebenzi wokushuba komsindo. Olunye ucwaningo luthi lapho ukushuba komsindo kufinyelela emngceleni womngcele, ukuhleleka okucatshangwayo komthombo kuyehla. Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi awukho umthelela wokushuba ekuboneni nhlobo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ososayensi βbabonisa ngobumneneβ ukuthi kunolwazi oluncane ezincwadini mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-ITD, ukushuba komsindo kanye nokunquma isiqondiso somthombo wayo. Kunezinkolelo-mbono ezikhona njengohlobo lwama-axiom, ngokuvamile amukelwa umphakathi wesayensi. Ngakho-ke, kunqunywe ukuhlola ngokuningiliziwe yonke imibono, amamodeli kanye nezindlela ezingenzeka zokuzwa ukuzwa ekusebenzeni.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwakusekelwe ku-paradigm ye-psychophysical evumela ukucwaninga kwe-ITD-based lateralization njengomsebenzi wokushuba komsindo eqenjini labahlanganyeli abayishumi abavamile bezindlebe.
Isithombe #2
Imithombo yomsindo ishunwe ngokuqondile ukumboza iningi lebanga lemvamisa lapho abantu bekwazi ukuthola i-ITD, i.e. kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-1200 Hz (I-2A).
Esivivinyweni ngasinye, umlaleli bekufanele akhombise ukuhleleka okucatshangelwayo, okukalwa njengomsebenzi wezinga lokuzwa, ngaphezu kohlu lwamanani e-ITD ukusuka ku-375 kuya ku-375 ms. Ukuze kunqunywe umthelela wokushuba komsindo, kusetshenziswe imodeli yemiphumela exubile engaqondile (NMLE) ehlanganisa kokubili ukuqina komsindo okungaguquki nokungahleliwe.
Igrafu I-2B ikhombisa i-lateralization elinganiselwe enomsindo ozwakalayo oyisicaba kukuqina komsindo okubili kumlaleli omelele. Neshejuli I-2Π‘ ibonisa idatha eluhlaza (imibuthano) kanye nemodeli ye-NMLE efakiwe (imigqa) yabo bonke abalaleli.
Ithebula No. 1
Ithebula elingenhla libonisa zonke izinhlaka ze-NLME. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuhleleka okubonakalayo kukhuphuke ngokwanda kwe-ITD, njengoba ososayensi bebelindele. Njengoba ukushuba komsindo kuncipha, ukubona kwashintsha ngokuya emgqeni omaphakathi (okufakwe kugrafu 2C).
Lezi zindlela zisekelwe imodeli ye-NLME, eyabonisa imiphumela ebalulekile ye-ITD kanye nokuqina komsindo ngezinga eliphezulu le-lateral, elisekela imodeli yokuhluka kwe-interhemispheric.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo ye-audiometric eqondile yamathoni ahlanzekile ibe nomthelela omncane ekubhekeni okubonakalayo. Kodwa ukushuba komsindo akuzange kuthinte kakhulu izinkomba zemisebenzi ye-psychometric.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokuhlolwa kwesibili kwakuwukunquma ukuthi imiphumela etholwe ekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini izoshintsha kanjani lapho kucatshangelwa izici ze-spectral ze-stimuli (imisindo). Isidingo sokuhlola umsindo oyisicaba ozwakalayo ngomfutho ophansi womsindo ukuthi izingxenye ze-spectrum zingase zingazwakali futhi lokhu kungase kuthinte ukunqunywa kokuqondisa komsindo. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqala ingenziwa iphutha ngephutha njengokuthi ububanzi bengxenye ezwakalayo ye-spectrum bungancipha ngokuncipha kokuqina komsindo.
Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba kwenziwe olunye ucwaningo, kodwa kusetshenziswa okuphambene I-A-weighted* umsindo
Isisindo se-A* isetshenziswa emazingeni omsindo ukuze kucatshangelwe ukuphakama okuhlobene okutholwa indlebe yomuntu, njengoba indlebe ayizweli kakhulu kumaza omsindo ophansi. I-A-weighting isetshenziswa ngokwengeza ngezibalo ithebula lamanani asohlwini lwamabhendi e-octave kumaleveli okucindezela komsindo akaliwe ku-dB.
Eshadini 2D ibonisa idatha eluhlaza (imibuthano) kanye nedatha efakwe imodeli ye-NMLE (imigqa) yabo bonke ababambiqhaza ekuhlolweni.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kubonise ukuthi lapho zonke izingxenye zomsindo zizwakala cishe ngokulinganayo (kokubili ovivinyweni lokuqala nolwesibili), ukuzwakala kwezinhlangothi kanye nomthambeka kugrafu ochaza uguquko lokuhambisana ne-ITD nokuncipha komsindo onciphayo.
Ngakho, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwesibili yaqinisekisa imiphumela yokuqala. Okusho ukuthi, ekusebenzeni kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi imodeli ehlongozwayo emuva ngo-1948 nguJeffress ayilungile.
Kuvele ukuthi ukwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo kuba kubi njengoba ukushuba komsindo kuncipha, futhi uJeffress wayekholelwa ukuthi imisindo ibonwa futhi icutshungulwe abantu ngendlela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inamandla kangakanani.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka .
Epilogue
Ukuqagela kwethiyori nokuhlola okungokoqobo okukuqinisekisayo kubonise ukuthi ama-neuron obuchopho ezilwaneni ezincelisayo acushwa ngamanani ahlukene kuye ngokuthi isignali yomsindo iya ngakuphi. Ubuchopho bese buqhathanisa lezi zivinini phakathi kwawo wonke ama-neurons abandakanyekayo enqubweni yokwakha imephu yendawo yomsindo.
Imodeli kaJeffresson empeleni ayilungile ngo-100%, ngoba ingasetshenziswa ukuchaza kahle ukwenziwa kwasendaweni komthombo womsindo ezikhovaneni. Yebo, ngezikhova zasesibayeni ukushuba komsindo akusho lutho, noma ngabe yikuphi, yizo eziyonquma ukuthi uvelaphi. Kodwa-ke, le modeli ayisebenzi nezinkawu ze-rhesus, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kubonisile. Ngakho-ke, le modeli yeJeffresson ayikwazi ukuchaza ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kwemisindo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhlolwa kwabahlanganyeli abangabantu kuphinde kwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenziwa kwasendaweni komsindo kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene. Abaningi babahlanganyeli abakwazanga ukucacisa kahle indawo yomthombo wezimpawu zomsindo ngenxa yokuqina okuphansi kwemisindo.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ubonisa ukufana okuthile phakathi kwendlela esibona ngayo nendlela esizwa ngayo. Zombili lezi zinqubo zihlotshaniswa nesivinini sama-neurons ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zobuchopho, kanye nokuhlolwa kwalo mehluko ukuze kutholwe kokubili ukuma kwezinto esizibona emkhathini kanye nendawo yomthombo womsindo esiwuzwayo.
Ngokuzayo, abacwaningi bazokwenza uchungechunge lokuhlola ukuhlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuxhumana phakathi kokuzwa komuntu nokubona, okuzosivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukuthi ubuchopho bethu buyakha kanjani imephu yomhlaba osizungezile.
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Source: www.habr.com