Emaqenjini amakhulu abantu, umholi uhlala evela, noma ngabe uyazi noma cha. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lephiramidi ye-hierarchical kunezinzuzo eziningi zeqembu lilonke kanye nakumuntu ngamunye. Phela, ukuhleleka kuhlale kungcono kunesiphithiphithi, akunjalo? Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, isintu kuzo zonke izimpucuko sisebenzisa umbhoshongo wamandla ophakeme ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokusekelwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene - kusukela emandleni enyama (ibutho) kuya ekukhanyeni okungokomoya (isonto). Phakathi kwezilwane zomphakathi, ukwakheka kwesigaba sokubusa kujwayelekile, kodwa ngokuvamile kunezinyathelo ezimbili kuphela - umholi kanye nawo wonke umuntu. Endabeni yezinja, kunezinyathelo eziningi, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabameleli bomunye wabo bunamandla okushayela iphakethe lonke.
Namuhla sizojwayelana nocwaningo lwabaphathi phakathi kwephakethe lezinja ezilahlekile, lapho ososayensi base-University of Exeter (eNgilandi) bachitha unyaka wonke. Amalungu ephakethe asatshalaliswa kanjani phakathi kwamazinga ezikhundla, phakathi kwamaleveli lapho ubutha obuvulekile buqhubekayo, futhi uqine kangakanani umthelela ongemuhle wezingxabano zangaphakathi kubuqotho nokuphila kahle kwephakethe? Umbiko weqembu locwaningo uzositshela ngalokhu nokunye. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Isici esiyinhloko salolu cwaningo, njengoba usuvele uqonda, ukuhlelwa kwezikhundla, okungukuthi ukubusa kwe-dominance hierarchy - uhlelo lokubusa-ukubusa emaqenjini ezilwane.
Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha komphakathi aluvamile phakathi kwezilwane zezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene. Njengoba ngike ngasho, uma kuneqembu labantu, kumele kube khona umholi kulo. Lesi sitatimende, yiqiniso, akuyona i-axiom yesayensi, kodwa ekusebenzeni kwenzeka kaningi. Zibiza malini izinkukhu ezifuywayo ezilula? Uma uke wapha izinkukhu, khona-ke ekuboneni kokuqala zicosha okusanhlamvu ngokungahleliwe, ngokusho kwesimiso esithi "ngubani ohamba kuqala, udla kuqala". Okuwukuphela kwento esobala ukuba khona kwe-alpha wesilisa (izinga lokubusa liboniswa yizinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiGreki, kusukela ku-alpha kuya ku-omega). Kodwa-ke, endabeni yezinkukhu, awekho amazinga amabili - iduna le-alpha nabo bonke abanye. Eqinisweni, isigaba sikhulu kakhulu futhi sihlanganisa i-alpha female, beta female, njll. Ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, iduna le-alpha licofa okusanhlamvu kuqala, bese kuba eyesifazane i-alpha, njalo njalo ngokulandelana kwezikhundla.
Ithiyori yendoda ye-alpha neyesifazane ye-alpha kusigaba senhlalo sezilwane inabasekeli nabamelene nayo, abakholelwa ukuthi simane siveze izici zemvelo zomphakathi emaqenjini ezilwane. Kodwa-ke, kukhona i-hierarchy, futhi ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi idideke.
Ukukhomba umholi phakathi kwezinkukhu akunzima ikakhulukazi. Emaqenjini amaningi, abaholi babonisa izinga elithile lolaka kwabangaphansi. Nokho, lokhu akuwona umkhuba ovamile. Kwamanye amaqembu, abaholi abafuni ukusebenzisa isimiso sokulawula okuqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo balondoloze isimo sabo.
Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi imizamo yetiyetha yokuchaza umehluko wamaphethini okuziphatha okuphikisayo (okunolaka) kwenziwa ngokuphakamisa imisebenzi yolaka, ukubusa nokuzithoba.
Uma ulaka lusetshenziselwa ukulimaza umuntu oqhudelana naye ngokuqondile nokumnqoba, futhi ukuhambisa kusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuntuleka kwesisusa sokuncintisana, khona-ke kungacatshangwa ukuthi kumodeli onjalo kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwabancintisana nabo (ababusayo nabangaphansi).
Amamodeli amaningi olaka olunamandla akhelwe phezu kokuthi isigaba seqembu asishintshile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphethini okuhambisa ulaka angase abonise ukungazinzi noma izinguquko ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi ngaphakathi kweqembu, okungaholela ekushintsheni kwezikhundla.
Ubudlelwano bezikhundla ngaphakathi kweqembu bungahlukaniswa ngamamodeli amabili amakhulu, lapho kunamaqembu amathathu asebenzayo (A, B kanye no-C):
- A ngenhla B, B ngenhla C, A ngenhla C - imodeli eguqukayo;
- U-A uphakeme kuno-B, u-B ungaphezu kuka-C, u-C ungaphezu kuka-A - imodeli yomjikelezo.
Izinguquko esakhiweni sokubusa ngaphakathi kweqembu elithile zingase zihlotshaniswe nesimo esiguquguqukayo senhlalo nemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinguquko ezinjalo cishe azinakugwenywa, futhi izinga lomthelela wazo ezingqimbeni ezithile ngaphakathi kweqembu lingahluka.
Ososayensi bathi ukucwaninga kwemisebenzi yokuziphatha kwe-agonistic kanye namaphethini okugcina ukuzinza kwe-hierarchy kungenziwa ngokuhlaziya idatha yokusabalalisa ukubusa, ukuzithoba nokuziphatha kobudlova phakathi kweqembu labantu ngabanye nangaphakathi kwesendlalelo ngasinye seqembu elifanayo.
Ukwenza lokhu, abacwaningi basebenzise idatha ephaketheni lezinja ezilahlekile, njengoba amaqembu anjalo ayahlukahluka ngokobulili, ubudala kanye nobudlelwano bomndeni babantu ngabanye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambili kwakukholelwa ukuthi izinja ezilahlekile zinesistimu ye-hierarchical efana neyezimpisi, i.e. umugqa. Nokho, izimpisi zihlala ngamaqembu ahlobene eduze ngezibopho zomkhaya, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, futhi emaqenjini ezinja ezilahlekile kungaba kokubili abantu abahlobene nabantu abangabazi abaseduze.
Emsebenzini wabo, ososayensi bahlaziye izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze benze le misebenzi elandelayo:
- ukwakha inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu esekelwe ekulawuleni okunamandla, okungokwesiko (ngaphandle kobudlova) nokuziphatha okuzithobayo;
- ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kokuziphatha okubusayo nokunolaka kuye ngesikhundla somphakathi;
- ukukhomba izindawo zokungazinzi kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu;
- ukunquma izinga lomthelela wokungazinzi kubantu ngabanye.
Ukulungiselela ucwaningo
Izihloko eziyinhloko kulolu cwaningo kwakuyiqoqo lezinja ezilahlekile ezihlala eRoma (Italy). Abantu kulo mhlambi babengebona abantu futhi bengakhulumisani nabo, okungukuthi, babenenkululeko ephelele yokunyakaza nokuzala. Nokho, ukuncika kubantu kwakukhona ngendlela yokuthola ukudla kubantu abadlula ngendlela namavolontiya anakekelayo. Phakathi nenkathi yokubuka, ubukhulu bomhlambi bezimvu babuhluka kusuka kubantu abangu-25 kuye kwabangu-40, kodwa okugxilwe kakhulu kocwaningo kwakugxile kubantu abangu-27 abahlala emhlambini isikhathi eside kunabanye.
Ukubhekwa kwenziwa ezimweni ezintathu ezihlukene zomphakathi: ukuba khona kokudla, ukuba khona kwabesifazane abamukelayo (abalungele ukushada), kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwemithombo yokuncintisana.
Izinga lenhlalo, okungukuthi, isikhundla esilinganisweni, sanqunywa ngokubheka ukuziphatha okuzithobayo, okunikeza ukuqonda okucacile βkowinileβ kanye βnohlulwayo.β Idatha etholiwe yasetshenziselwa ukudala amanethiwekhi omphakathi, emphakathini okwakhiwe ngawo amamodeli ezithombe ezichasisayo.
Lawa mamodeli akhombisa amathuba okuthi kube nokusebenzelana (amanethiwekhi anambambili) noma imvamisa yokusebenzisana (amanethiwekhi anesisindo) njengomsebenzi wezakhiwo zesakhiwo senethiwekhi, izici zabantu (ama-node kumagrafu), kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabo. (imiphetho emagrafu).
Amamodeli amabili afakelwe isigaba ngasinye kwezintathu zokuziphatha (ukutholakala kokudla, ukuba khona kwabesifazane, akukho mithombo yokuncintisana):
- (I) imodeli yenethiwekhi egxile kanambambili esebenzisa izibaluli ezingazodwana (ubulili nobudala) ukuze ichaze ukusebenzisana okukhiqizwa ngumuntu;
- (ii) imodeli yenethiwekhi eqondisiwe enesisindo esebenzisa izibaluli ezingazodwana (ubulili nobudala) ukuchaza ukusebenzisana okwenziwa umuntu.
Okulandelayo, amamodeli amabili engeziwe adalelwe amanethiwekhi okubusa okungokwesiko nokusebenzisana okunolaka:
- (iii) imodeli yenethiwekhi eqondisiwe enesisindo esebenzisa izinga ukuchaza ukusebenzisana okwenziwa umuntu;
- (IV) imodeli yenethiwekhi engaqondisiwe enesisindo esebenzisa izinga ukuchaza imvamisa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamadyadi (amapheya abantu ngabanye).
Imodeli (III) yabe ise isetshenziselwe ukuhlola ukuthi izinguquko ezenzakalweni zokuziphatha okunamandla noma okunolaka zithonya kanjani izinguquko esakhiweni sesigaba phakathi kwephakethe lezinja. Amanethiwekhi angama-1000 alingisa ukusebenzisana okunolaka nokungokwesiko.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Futhi manje, ngemva kokubhekana nomsebenzi wokulungiselela, ungaqhubekela engxenyeni ethakazelisa kakhulu - imiphumela.
Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi bakwazile ukuqinisekisa ubukhona kuleli phakethe lezinja zomugqa wokubusa ngobulili nobudala obusuka kumanethiwekhi aqondiwe okusebenzelana okungaphansi (isithombe esingezansi).
Isithombe #1. Amanethiwekhi aqondiswe ekuziphatheni kwe-agonistic ephaketheni lezinja ukusebenzisana okuphansi (Π°), ukusebenzelana okunamandla okungokwesiko (b) kanye nokusebenzisana okunolaka (c). Amanodi akugrafu ahambisana nobulili bomuntu (abesilisa - obomvu / ophuzi nabesifazane - oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / oluhlaza) kanye neminyaka (isikwele - abantu abavuthiwe, imibuthano - intsha, abonxantathu - izilwane ezincane).
Kuwo womathathu amanethiwekhi okusebenzisana, bekuwukuxhumana okushintshayo obekungenzeka kakhulu kunama-cyclic, okunomthelela omkhulu ukwenzeka kokusebenzisana okuthile kanye nemvamisa yakho (ithebula elingezansi).
Ithebula No. 1: izinkomba ezinhle - le phethini yokusebenzisana yenzeka kaningi kunalokho obekulindelwe, izinkomba ezingezinhle - le phethini yokusebenzelana yenzeka kancane kunalokho obekulindelwe.
Amanethiwekhi okuziphatha okuthunyelwayo abonise ubudlelwano bomugqa, okungukuthi, abukho ubudlelwano bomjikelezo (A ngenhla B, B ngaphezu kuka-C, C ngaphezu kuka-A). Njengoba bekulindelekile, amanethiwekhi okusebenzelana okunolaka abengawona mugqa omncane kakhulu, obonisa ubudlelwano bomjikelezo obuningi.
Abantu abadala bathathe amazinga aphezulu ezikhundla ngenxa yobudlelwano bokuzithoba, okubonisa ulaka nokubusa okwengeziwe. Abantu abanjalo babengavamile ukubonisa ukulalela, futhi lokhu bakwenza ngokuqondene nabantu beminyaka efanayo.
Izilwane ezisencane zazithathe izinga eliphansi kakhulu kusigaba sobukhosi, zikhombisa ubuncane bokuhlukumeza kanye nokubusa kubantu abadala. Abantu abasha bangavumela kuphela ukuziphatha okunjalo ngokuphathelene nabanye abameleli bezinga labo, okungukuthi, ezilwaneni ezincane.
Eqenjini ngalinye lobudala, abesilisa babethatha isikhundla esiphezulu, ngokuvamile ebonisa ukubusa okungokwesiko. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha akuzange kuqondiswe kwabesifazane, kodwa kwabanye abesilisa.
Ukufingqa, ephaketheni lezinja ezinhlanhlathayo, kwavezwa umugqa wokulandelana kwesakhiwo (A ungaphezulu kuka-B, u-B ungaphezu kuka-C, u-A ungaphezu kuka-C). Abantu abaningi abavuthiwe bathatha izinga eliphezulu, umthetho ofanayo uyasebenza kwabesilisa maqondana nabesifazane. Ukubonakaliswa kolaka nokubusa kubonwe kubantu abathile bezinga eliphezulu ngokuhlobene nabantu bezinga eliphansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubonakaliswa okufanayo nakho kwenzeka ngaphakathi kweqembu elincane ngalinye ephaketheni.
Isithombe No. 2: ukufana ngezilinganiso (Π°) ukubusa ngokwesiko kanye (b) ukusebenzisana okunolaka phakathi kokubhekwa nemiphumela eyimodeli.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuhlanganiswe nokumodela kubonise ukuthi abantu abavela kuzinga eliphezulu lesigaba bangase baqalise ukuziphatha okungokosiko kokubusa ngaphandle kokuboniswa kolaka oluvulekile. Kodwa abantu abavela ezikhundleni ezimaphakathi, ngokuphambene nalokho, bavame ukubonisa ukuziphatha okunolaka, ikakhulukazi maqondana nabantu abasondelene kakhulu nesigaba sephakethe.
Okunye okuqaphelekayo okuthakazelisayo ukuthi abesifazane babevame ukuziphatha ngobudlova kunabesilisa uma besezingeni eliphezulu.
Isithombe #3: Amanethiwekhi angaqondisiwe abonisa imvamisa yokusebenzisana kokuziphatha kuphakethe lezinja kwabangaphansi (Π°), umkhuba obusayo (b) kanye nokusebenzisana okunolaka (c).
Isithombe #4: Umthelela wezinga, ibanga lezinga ukusuka enkabeni yesigaba, kanye nomehluko wezinga phakathi kwabantu ababili emvamisa yokubamba iqhaza ekubuseni okungokwesiko nokusebenzisana okunolaka ephaketheni.
Njengoba kungabonwa kugrafu engenhla, ukubonakaliswa kolaka kwakungenzeka kakhulu ohlangothini lwabantu abathile abasesikhundleni esiseduze maphakathi nesitebhisi se-hierarchical.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka ΠΈ kuyena.
Epilogue
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo, kuba sobala ukuthi amazinga anyukile okuziphatha okunolaka akhona phakathi kwamazinga aphakeme, kuyilapho ukubusa kuvame kakhulu kumazinga aphezulu, futhi ukuhambisa kuvame kakhulu emazingeni aphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yesifiso sokukhuphukela phezulu kubaphathi, kodwa akufanele futhi anciphise iqiniso lokuthi isikhundla sezinga eliphakathi esakhiweni sephakethe asicacile. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-alpha azohlala ebusa, ama-omega azohlala elalela, kodwa ama-gamma awanayo isixhumanisi esicacile sephethini ethile yokuziphatha, ngakho ukuziphatha kwawo okunolaka kungase kuhlotshaniswe nobunkimbinkimbi benethiwekhi yobudlelwano phakathi kwamazinga aphakathi.
Esinye isizathu sokwanda kolaka phakathi kwabantu abasezikhundleni ezimaphakathi kungase kube ukuntula ulwazi mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu abathile eqenjini lonke, okungukuthi, ukuntula ukuqonda imikhuba eyamukelekayo yokuziphatha. Lesi siphetho sivela ekutheni iningi labantu abasezikhundleni ezimaphakathi yintsha, abaseyona imidlwane, kodwa abangakabi abantu abadala. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yabo yokuxhumana nabantu ihilela imizamo yokuziphakamisa ezikhundleni ngendlela elula - ukuhlukunyezwa.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi inani labantu abasezingeni eliphakathi likhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa namazinga aphezulu naphansi. Lokhu kusho ukukhula kobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kuleli zinga, kanye nezinombolo zabo ezinkulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukubusa okungokwesiko ukuze kuboniswe indawo yomuntu ezikhundleni eziphezulu akunawo umphumela ohlala isikhathi eside njengokucwiywa kwe-banal komphikisi.
Uma uthi nhlΓ‘, kubonakala sengathi i-hierarchy emaphaketheni ezinja ezilahlekile ifana nezigebengu ezivela ezindabeni ze-adventure. Kukhona ukaputeni (alpha), amatilosi (omega) nabo bonke abanye abahlale bexokozela. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwesigaba sezinja ezilahlekile kulula kakhulu futhi kuyavumelana, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kungaphansi kwethonya elibi lezinto zenhlalo (inani elikhulu labantu eqenjini kanye nokuntuleka njalo kobudlelwane bomndeni) kanye nezici zemvelo (ukuntuleka ukudla, izingozi zangaphandle kanye nezitha).
Kunoma yikuphi, indlela eqinisekile yokugwema ukudideka kubaphathi bezinja ezilahlekile ukungabikho kwezinja ezilahlekile. Izinja akuzona izimpisi; azisezona izilwane zasendle, njengoba kufakazelwa izinguquko zazo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ku-physiology nokuziphatha. Bayasidinga, njengoba nathi sibadinga. Inja ingumngane womuntu, futhi ubungane abulokothi bube uhlangothi olulodwa, ngaphandle kwalokho akubona nhlobo ubungane. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu ngokuzumayo efuna ukuthola isilwane esifuywayo, udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi lokhu akuyona nje ibhola loboya elinama-paws nobuso obuhlekisayo, kodwa isidalwa esiphilayo esidinga uthando, ukunakekelwa nenhlonipho, njenganoma yimuphi umuntu.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Takula imidlwane ezama ukuthola ukudla ezikhwameni zikadoti.
Ingabe ufuna ukuthola inja? Ngaphambi kokuthenga, cabanga ukuthatha inja endaweni yokukhosela. Uyobonga kakhulu kuwe.
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlala unelukuluku lokwazi, thanda izilwane, futhi ube nempelasonto enhle bafana! π
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, Isaphulelo sika-30% sabasebenzisi be-Habr ku-analogue ehlukile yamaseva eleveli yokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
I-Dell R730xd ishibhile izikhathi ezi-2? Lapha kuphela eNetherlands! I-Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - isuka ku-$99! Funda mayelana
Source: www.habr.com