Naphezu kobunzima besihloko, uprofesa weYunivesithi yasePrinceton uStephen Gubser unikeza isingeniso esifushane, esifinyelelekayo, nesijabulisayo kwenye yezindawo okuphikiswana ngazo kakhulu zefiziksi namuhla. Izimbobo ezimnyama ziyizinto zangempela, hhayi nje ukuhlolwa komcabango! Izimbobo ezimnyama zifaneleka ngokwedlulele ngokombono wetiyori, njengoba ngokwezibalo zilula kakhulu kunezinto eziningi ze-astrophysical, njengezinkanyezi. Izinto ziyaxaka uma sekuvela ukuthi ama-black holes awamnyama kangako phela.
Yini ngempela engaphakathi kubo? Ungacabanga kanjani ukuwela emgodini omnyama? Noma mhlawumbe sesivele siwela kukho futhi asazi ngakho okwamanje?
Ku-geometry ye-Kerr, kunemizila ye-geodesic, evalwe ngokuphelele ku-ergosphere, enendawo elandelayo: izinhlayiya ezihamba ngakuzo zinamandla anamandla angemahle angaphezu kwenani eliphelele lawo wonke ama-kinetic energy alezi zinhlayiya ezithathwe ndawonye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingqikithi yamandla alezi zinhlayiya ayinayo. Yilesi simo esisetshenziswa kunqubo yePenrose. Ngenkathi ungaphakathi kwe-ergosphere, umkhumbi okhipha amandla uvutha i-projectile ngendlela yokuthi uhambe kwenye yale mizila ngamandla angemahle. Ngokomthetho wokongiwa kwamandla, umkhumbi uthola amandla e-kinetic anele ukunxephezela isisindo sokuphumula esilahlekile esilingana namandla we-projectile, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ukuzuza okulingana okuhle kwamandla angalungile we-projectile. Njengoba i-projectile kufanele ilahleke emgodini omnyama ngemva kokuxoshwa, kungaba kuhle ukuyenza kusuka kuhlobo oluthile lwemfucuza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgodi omnyama usazodla noma yini, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzobuyela kithi amandla angaphezu kwalokho esikutshalile. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla esiwathengayo azoba "luhlaza"!
Inani eliphezulu lamandla elingakhishwa emgodini omnyama we-Kerr lincike ekutheni imbobo iphenduka ngokushesha kangakanani. Esimeni esibucayi kakhulu (ngesivinini esikhulu esingaba khona sokuzungezisa), amandla ajikelezayo esikhathi sasemkhathini ahlanganisa cishe u-29% wawo wonke amandla omgodi omnyama. Lokhu kungase kungabonakali kukuningi, kodwa khumbula ukuthi kuyingxenye yesamba sokuphumula esiphelele! Ukuze uqhathanise, khumbula ukuthi ama-reactors enuzi anikezwa amandla okubola ngemisebe asebenzisa ngaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yephesenti elilodwa lamandla alingana nesisindo sokuphumula.
Ijiyomethri yesikhathi sasemkhathini ngaphakathi komkhathizwe wembobo emnyama ephendukayo ihluke kakhulu kunesikhathi sasemkhathini sase-Schwarzschild. Asilandele uphenyo lwethu sibone ukuthi kwenzekani. Ekuqaleni, konke kubonakala kufana necala likaSchwarzschild. Njengangaphambili, isikhathi sasemkhathini siqala ukuwohloka, sihudula yonke into kanye naso siye phakathi nendawo yomgodi omnyama, futhi amandla olwandle aqala ukukhula. Kodwa esimweni se-Kerr, ngaphambi kokuba irediyasi iye ku-zero, ukuwa kuncipha futhi kuqala ukuhlehla. Emgodini omnyama ophenduka ngokushesha, lokhu kuzokwenzeka isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba amandla olwandle abe namandla ngokwanele ukuthi asongela ubuqotho bophenyo. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka, masikhumbule ukuthi ku-Newtonian mechanics, ngesikhathi sokujikeleza, kuvela okuthiwa yi-centrifugal force. La mandla awawona amandla ayisisekelo angokwenyama: avela ngenxa yesenzo esihlangene samandla ayisisekelo, okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe isimo sokujikeleza. Umphumela ungabhekwa njengamandla asebenzayo aqondiswe ngaphandle—amandla aphakathi nendawo. Uyizwa ijikajika kakhulu emotweni ehamba ngesivinini. Futhi uma uke wagibela i-carousel, uyazi ukuthi ijubane elijikelezayo, kufanele ubambe izinsimbi ngoba uma uyidedela, uzolahlwa ngaphandle. Lesi sifaniso sesikhathi sesikhala asilungile, kodwa sifinyelela iphuzu ngendlela efanele. Umfutho we-angular ngesikhathi se-space hole ye-Kerr black hole unikeza amandla asebenzayo aphakathi nendawo amelana namandla adonsela phansi. Njengoba ukugoqa ngaphakathi komkhathizwe kudonsela isikhathi se-space ku-radii encane, amandla amaphakathi ayanda futhi ekugcineni akwazi ukumelana nokugoqa kuqala bese akuhlehlisa.
Ngaleso sikhathi lapho ukugoqa kuma, uphenyo lufinyelela ezingeni elibizwa ngokuthi i-horizon yangaphakathi yembobo emnyama. Kuleli qophelo, amandla olwandle mancane, futhi uphenyo, uma seluwele umkhathizwe womcimbi, luthatha isikhathi esilinganiselwe kuphela ukuze lufinyelele kuso. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi sasemkhathini siyekile ukuwa akusho ukuthi izinkinga zethu seziphelile nokuthi ukuzungezisa ngandlela thize kususe ububodwa ngaphakathi kwembobo emnyama ye-Schwarzschild. Lokhu kusekude kakhulu! Phela, emuva maphakathi nawo-1960, uRoger Penrose noStephen Hawking bafakazela uhlelo lwethiyori yobunye, okwalandela lapho ukuthi uma kuba nokuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ngisho nokufushane, khona-ke uhlobo oluthile lobubodwa kufanele bakheke ngenxa yalokho. Odabeni lwe-Schwarzschild, lokhu wubunye obuhlanganisa konke futhi obuchoboza konke obulawula yonke indawo emkhathizwe. Esixazululweni sikaKerr, ubunye buziphatha ngendlela ehlukile futhi, kufanele ngisho, ngokungalindelekile. Lapho uphenyo lufika emkhathizwe ongaphakathi, ubunye be-Kerr buveza ubukhona bayo—kodwa kuvele ukuthi sekuyimbangela yesikhathi esedlule somkhakha womhlaba wophenyo. Kwaba sengathi ububodwa bebulokhu bukhona, kodwa manje kuphela lapho uphenyo bezwa ithonya lalo lifinyelela khona. Uzothi lokhu kuzwakala kumnandi, futhi kuyiqiniso. Futhi kukhona ukungahambisani okuningana esithombeni sesikhathi sesikhala, okuvela kuso futhi ukuthi le mpendulo ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengokugcina.
Inkinga yokuqala ngobubodwa obuvela esikhathini esidlule sombukeli ofinyelela emkhathizwe ongaphakathi ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi izibalo zika-Einstein azikwazi ukubikezela ngokuhlukile ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngesikhathi sasemkhathini ngaphandle kwalowo mkhathi. Okusho ukuthi, ngomqondo othile, ukuba khona kobunye kungaholela kunoma yini. Mhlawumbe lokho okuzokwenzeka ngempela kungachazwa kithi ngenkolelo-mbono ye-quantum gravity, kodwa izibalo zika-Einstein azisiniki ithuba lokwazi. Ngenxa nje yentshisekelo, sichaza ngezansi ukuthi yini ebingenzeka uma besidinga ukuthi ukuphambana komkhathizwe kube bushelelezi ngendlela engenzeka ngokwezibalo (uma imisebenzi yemethrikhi bekunjalo, njengoba izazi zezibalo zisho, "i-analytic"), kodwa asikho isisekelo esicacile somzimba. ngomcabango onjalo No. Empeleni, inkinga yesibili yomkhathizwe ongaphakathi iphakamisa okuphambene ncamashi: Emkhathini wangempela, lapho izinto namandla zikhona ngaphandle kwezimbobo ezimnyama, isikhathi somkhathi emkhathizwe ongaphakathi siba sibi kakhulu, futhi ububodwa obufana neluphu bukhula lapho. Ayicekeli phansi njengamandla angapheli onyaka owodwa kusixazululo se-Schwarzschild, kodwa kunoma yikuphi ukuba khona kwayo kubangela ukungabaza ngemiphumela elandela umqondo wemisebenzi yokuhlaziya ebushelelezi. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuyinto enhle - umcabango wokwanda kohlaziyo uhlanganisa izinto eziyinqaba kakhulu.
Empeleni, umshini wesikhathi usebenza endaweni yamajika afana nesikhathi avaliwe. Kude nobunye, awekho amajika afana nesikhathi avaliwe, futhi ngaphandle kwamandla anyanyekayo endaweni yobubodwa, isikhathi sasemkhathini sibukeka sijwayelekile ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ama-trajectories (awawona ama-geodesic, ngakho-ke udinga injini yerokhethi) ezokuyisa endaweni yamajika afana nesikhathi avaliwe. Uma usulapho, ungakwazi ukuya kunoma iyiphi indlela eduze kwe-t coordinate, okuyisikhathi sombukeli okude, kodwa ngesikhathi sakho usazoqhubeka njalo uya phambili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaya kunoma yisiphi isikhathi osifunayo, bese ubuyela endaweni ekude yesikhathi - futhi uze ufike lapho ngaphambi kokuthi uhambe. Vele, manje zonke izindida ezihlobene nomqondo wokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyaphila: ngokwesibonelo, kuthiwani uma, ngokuthatha isikhathi sokuhamba, uqinisekisa ukuthi impilo yakho yangaphambilini uyiyeke? Kodwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezinjalo zesikhathi sendawo zingaba khona yini nokuthi izindida ezihambisana naso zingaxazululwa kanjani kuyimibuzo engaphezu kobubanzi bale ncwadi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje kunenkinga "yobunye obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" emkhathizwe ongaphakathi, ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuqukethe izinkomba zokuthi izifunda zesikhathi esinamajika afana nesikhathi avaliwe azinzinzi: ngokushesha nje lapho uzama ukuhlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lwenani lesisindo noma amandla. , lezi zifunda zingaba munye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emigodini emnyama ezungezayo eyakha endaweni yonke yethu, “ubunye obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ngokwayo obungavimbela ukwakheka kwesifunda soquqaba olubi (kanye nawo wonke amanye ama-universe ka-Kerr okuholela kuwo izimbobo ezimhlophe). Noma kunjalo, iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuvumela izixazululo ezinjalo eziyinqaba liyathakazelisa. Yiqiniso, kulula ukuwamemezela nge-pathology, kodwa singakhohlwa ukuthi u-Einstein ngokwakhe kanye nabaningi besikhathi sakhe basho into efanayo mayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama.
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Source: www.habr.com