Kunzima ukuphikisana nesitatimende sokuthi imvelo inomcabango ocacile kakhulu. Ngamunye wabameleli bezitshalo nezilwane unezici zayo eziyingqayizivele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezingavamile, ngokuvamile ezingakwazi ukungena emakhanda ethu. Thatha, isibonelo, inkalankala efanayo. Lesi silwane esihlaselayo siyakwazi ukuhlasela isisulu noma isigebengu ngezinzipho zaso ezinamandla ngesivinini esingama-83 km/h, futhi isimiso sabo sokubona singesinye seziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke ezake zafundwa abantu. I-Mantis crayfish, nakuba inolaka, ayinkulu kakhulu - ifinyelela ku-35 cm ubude. Isakhamuzi esikhulu kunazo zonke ezilwandle nezilwandle, kanye neplanethi ngokujwayelekile, i-blue whale. Ubude balesi silwane esincelisayo bungafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-30 nesisindo samathani angu-150. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi abazingeli abesabekayo, ngoba... bakhetha plankton.
I-anatomy ye-blue whale ibilokhu ithakazelisa kososayensi abafuna ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi umzimba omkhulu kangaka nezitho ezikuwo zisebenza kanjani. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi siye sazi mayelana khona imikhomo blue iminyaka engamakhulu amaningana (kusukela 1694, ukunemba kakhudlwana), lezi imidondoshiya akazange embule zonke izimfihlo zabo. Namuhla sizobheka ucwaningo lapho iqembu lososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseStanford lenza umshini owasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe amarekhodi okuqala okushaya kwenhliziyo komkhomo oyiblue. Isebenza kanjani inhliziyo yombusi wezilwandle, yiziphi izinto eziye zatholwa ososayensi, futhi kungani ingekho into ephilayo engaphezu komkhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Ucwaningo Iqhawe
I-blue whale iyisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke, isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezilwandle nezilwandle, isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke, umkhomo omkhulu kunawo wonke. Ngingathini, i-blue whale iyona engcono kakhulu ngokwemibandela yobukhulu - ubude buyi-33 metres nesisindo singamathani angu-150. Izinombolo ziyalinganiselwa, kodwa azinhle kangako.
Ngisho nenhloko yalo mdondoshiya ifanelwe umugqa ohlukile ku-Guinness Book of Records, njengoba ithatha cishe u-27% wobude bomzimba wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo emikhomo aluhlaza mancane kakhulu, awekho makhulu kune-grapefruit. Uma kunzima kuwe ukubona amehlo omkhomo, uzobona umlomo ngokushesha. Umlomo womkhomo oluhlaza ungabamba abantu abangafika ku-100 (isibonelo esisabekayo, kodwa imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayidli abantu, okungenani hhayi ngamabomu). Ubukhulu obukhulu bomlomo ngenxa yezintandokazi ze-gastronomic: imikhomo idla i-plankton, igwinya amanzi amaningi, abese ekhishwa ngomshini wokuhlunga, ehlunga ukudla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, umkhomo udla amathani ayisi-6 e-plankton ngosuku.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sama-blue whale amaphaphu awo. Ziyakwazi ukubamba umoya ihora eli-1 futhi zitshuzele ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayi-100. Kodwa, njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, imikhomo eluhlaza ngezikhathi ezithile ivela phezu kwamanzi ukuze iphefumule. Lapho imikhomo ikhuphukela phezu kwamanzi, isebenzisa imbobo yokuphefumula, imbobo yokuphefumula eyenziwe ngezimbobo ezimbili ezinkulu (amakhala) ngemuva kwamakhanda ayo. Ukukhipha umoya womkhomo ngembobo yawo yokuphefumula kuvame ukuhambisana nomthombo wamanzi omile ofinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-10. Uma ucabangela izici zendawo yokuhlala imikhomo, amaphaphu awo asebenza kahle kakhulu kunawethu - amaphaphu omkhomo amunca u-80-90% wamaphaphu. oksijini, kanti eyethu cishe i-15%. Umthamo wamaphaphu ungaba amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-3, kodwa kubantu lesi sibalo sihluka cishe ngamalitha angu-3-6.
Imodeli yenhliziyo yomkhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emnyuziyamu eNew Bedford (USA).
Isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi somkhomo oluhlaza naso sigcwele amarekhodi. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhumbi yabo mikhulu, ububanzi be-aorta iyodwa bungaba amasentimitha angu-40. Inhliziyo yemikhomo eluhlaza ibhekwa njengenhliziyo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi inesisindo esingaba ithani. Ngenhliziyo enkulu kangaka, umkhomo unegazi eliningi - amalitha angaphezu kuka-8000 kumuntu omdala.
Futhi manje sifika ngokushelela engqikithini yocwaningo ngokwalo. Inhliziyo ye-blue whale inkulu, njengoba sesivele saqonda, kodwa ishaya kancane. Ngaphambilini, kwakukholelwa ukuthi ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwakungama-5-10 beats ngomzuzu, ezimweni ezingavamile kuze kufike ku-20. Kodwa akekho owenze izilinganiso ezinembile kuze kube manje.
Ososayensi baseStanford University bathi isilinganiso sibaluleke kakhulu kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekunqumeni izici zokusebenza kwezitho eziphilayo. Ukucwaninga ngezidalwa ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kumagundane kuye emikhomo, kusivumela ukuba sinqume imingcele yobukhulu into ephilayo engenakuyidlula. Futhi inhliziyo nesimiso senhliziyo ngokuvamile ziyizimfanelo ezibalulekile zezifundo ezinjalo.
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle, i-physiology yazo ivumelane ngokuphelele nendlela yazo yokuphila, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihambisana nokutshuza nokubamba umoya kudlala indima ebalulekile. Kutholakale ukuthi eziningi zalezi zidalwa zinezinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo elehlela emazingeni angaphansi kwesimo sazo sokuphumula ngesikhathi sokutshuza. Futhi njengoba ikhuphukele phezulu, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuba ngokushesha kakhulu.
Izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo eliphansi ngesikhathi sokutshuza liyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokulethwa komoyampilo ezicutshini nasemangqamuzaneni, ngaleyo ndlela kwehliswe inqubo yokuqedwa kwezinto ezigcinwe komoya-mpilo egazini futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa komoyampilo yinhliziyo ngokwayo.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuvivinya umzimba (okungukuthi ukwanda kokuzivocavoca umzimba) kulungisa impendulo ye-dive futhi kwandisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokutshuza. Le nkolelo-mbono ibaluleke kakhulu ekutadisheni imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngoba ngenxa yendlela ekhethekile yokondla (iphaphu elizumayo lokugwinya amanzi), isilinganiso se-metabolic, ngokombono, kufanele sidlule amanani ayisisekelo (isimo sokuphumula) ngo. izikhathi ezingu-50. Kucatshangwa ukuthi amaphaphu anjalo asheshisa ukuncipha komoyampilo, ngakho-ke anciphisa isikhathi sokutshuza.
Ukwenyuka kwesilinganiso senhliziyo nokudluliswa okwandisiwe komoya-mpilo usuka egazini uye emisipheni phakathi nephaphu kungase kudlale indima ebalulekile ngenxa yezindleko ze-metabolic zomsebenzi womzimba onjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuhlushwa okuphansi i-myoglobin* (Mb) emikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (izikhathi ezi-5-10 eziphansi kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle: 0.8 g Mb nge-100 g-1 umsipha emikhomeni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye no-1.8-10 g Mb kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
I-Myoglobin* - Amaprotheni abopha umoya-mpilo wemisipha yamathambo nemisipha yenhliziyo.
Njengesiphetho, umsebenzi womzimba, ukujula kokutshuza kanye nokulawula ngokuzithandela kushintsha izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokutshuza ngohlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele.
Isici esengeziwe sokunciphisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo kungase kube ukucindezelwa/ukunwetshwa kwamaphaphu ngesikhathi sokutshuza/ukwenyuka.
Ngakho-ke, ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokutshuza futhi ngenkathi kungaphezulu kuhlobene ngokuqondile namaphethini we-arterial hemodynamic.
I-Fin whale
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwezakhiwo ze-biomechanical kanye nobukhulu bezindonga ze-aortic emikhomo emincane (I-Balaenoptera physalus) ibonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sokutshuza ngesilinganiso senhliziyo β€10 beats/min, i-aorta arch isebenzisa umphumela we-reservoir (Umphumela we-Windkessel), okugcina ukugeleza kwegazi isikhathi eside Izikhathi ze-diastolic * phakathi kokushaya kwenhliziyo futhi kunciphisa ukushayeka kokugeleza kwegazi ku-aorta eqinile ye-distal.
I-Diastole* (inkathi ye-diastolic) - isikhathi sokuphumula kwenhliziyo phakathi kokufinyela.
Yonke imibono, imibono kanye neziphetho ezichazwe ngenhla kufanele zibe nobufakazi obuphathekayo, okungukuthi, buqinisekiswe noma buphikiswe ekusebenzeni. Kodwa ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukwenza i-electrocardiogram kumkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohamba ngokukhululekile. Izindlela ezilula ngeke zisebenze lapha, ngakho ososayensi baye badala idivayisi yabo ye-electrocardiography.
Ividiyo lapho abacwaningi bekhuluma kafushane ngomsebenzi wabo.
I-ECG yomkhomo yaqoshwa kusetshenziswa irekhoda ye-ECG eyenziwe ngokwezifiso eyakhelwe ku-capsule ekhethekile enezinkomishi ezi-4 zokumunca. Ama-electrode e-ECG angaphezulu akhelwe ezinkomishi ezimbili zokumunca. Abacwaningi bathathe isikebhe baya eMonterey Bay (Pacific Ocean, eduze naseCalifornia). Lapho ososayensi ekugcineni behlangana nomkhomo oluhlaza owavela, banamathisela i-ECG rekhoda emzimbeni wawo (eduze kwephiko laso lesokunxele). Ngokusho kwedatha eqoqwe ngaphambilini, lo mkhomo ungowesilisa eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le divayisi ayiyona into engavamile, okungukuthi, ayidingi ukwethulwa kwanoma yiziphi izinzwa noma ama-electrode esikhumbeni sesilwane. Okusho ukuthi, kumkhomo le nqubo ayinabuhlungu ngokuphelele futhi inengcindezi encane yokuxhumana nabantu, nayo ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kuthathwa ukufundwa kokushaya kwenhliziyo, okungahle kuhlanekezelwe ngenxa yengcindezi. Umphumela waba ukuqoshwa kwe-ECG yamahora angu-8.5 lapho ososayensi bakwazi khona ukwakha iphrofayili yenhliziyo (isithombe esingezansi).
Isithombe #1: Iphrofayili yokushaya kwenhliziyo yomkhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-waveform ye-ECG yayifana naleyo eqoshwe emikhomeni emincane eboshiwe esebenzisa idivayisi efanayo. Ukuziphatha komkhomo ngokudla kwakujwayelekile ezinhlotsheni zawo: ukutshuza imizuzu eyi-16.5 ukuya ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-184 kanye nezikhawu zangaphezulu imizuzu engu-1 kuye kweyi-4.
Iphrofayili yokushaya kwenhliziyo, ehambisana nokusabela kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ku-dive, ibonise ukuthi izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo phakathi kuka-4 no-8 ngomzuzu livame kakhulu phakathi nesigaba esiphansi sokutshuza, kungakhathaliseki ubude besikhathi sokutshuza noma ukujula okukhulu. Izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo etshuzayo (elibalwe phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokutshuza) kanye nesilinganiso esincane senhliziyo sokutshuza esisheshayo sehle ngobude besikhathi sokutshuza, kuyilapho izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo elingaphezulu kwe-postdive likhuphuka ngobude besikhathi sokutshuza. Okusho ukuthi, lapho umkhomo uba ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside, inhliziyo ishaya kancane ngesikhathi sokutshuza futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokukhuphuka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilinganiso ze-allometric zezilwane ezincelisayo zithi umkhomo onesisindo esingama-70000 kg unenhliziyo enesisindo esingama-319 kg, futhi umthamo wawo wokushaya isifo sohlangothi (umthamo wegazi okhishwa ngokushaywa ngakunye) ucishe ube ngama-80 l, ngakho-ke, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo eliphumule kufanele libe yi-15 beats / imiz.
Phakathi nezigaba eziphansi ze-dives, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo kwakuphakathi kwe-1/3 ne-1/2 yezinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo elibikezelwe. Nokho, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo liyenyuka ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka. Ezinkathini ezingaphezulu, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo lalicishe liphindwe kabili izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo ephumulayo elibikezelwe futhi lalihluka kakhulu ukusuka ku-30 ββkuye ku-37 bpm ngemva kokujula okujulile (>125 m ukujula) futhi ukusuka ku-20 kuya ku-30 ββbpm ngemva kokutshuza okungajulile.
Lokhu kubheka kungase kubonise ukuthi ukusheshisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukushintshaniswa kwegesi yokuphefumula okufunayo kanye nokubuyisela kabusha (ukubuyiselwa kokugeleza kwegazi) kwezicubu phakathi kokujula okujulile.
Ukuntywila ebusuku okungajulile, okwesikhathi esifushane kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuphumula ngakho-ke kwakuvame kakhulu ezimeni ezingasebenzi kakhulu. Izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo elijwayelekile elibonwa ngesikhathi sokutshuza ebusuku okuyimizuzu emi-5 (amabhithi angu-8 ngomzuzu) kanye nesikhawu esiphezulu esihambisana nemizuzu emi-2 (amabhithi angu-25 ngomzuzu) kungahlangana ukuze kuphumele ekushayeni kwenhliziyo okungaba ngu-13 ukushaya ngomzuzu. Lesi sibalo, njengoba sibona, sisondele ngokuphawulekayo ekubikezelweni okulinganiselwe kwamamodeli we-alometric.
Ososayensi babe sebeveza izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukujula, kanye nevolumu yamaphaphu ehlobene ukusuka kuma-4 ahlukene ukuze bahlole imiphumela engaba khona yomsebenzi womzimba nokujula ekulawuleni izinga lenhliziyo.
Isithombe #2: Izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukujula kanye namaphrofayili evolumu yamaphaphu ahlobene nama-diving angu-4.
Lapho udla ukudla ekujuleni okukhulu, umkhomo wenza indlela ethile yokwenza amaphaphu - uvula umlomo wawo ngokuqinile ukuze ugwinye amanzi nge-plankton, bese ukuhlunga ukudla. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokugwinya kwamanzi kuphakeme izikhathi ezingu-2.5 kunangesikhathi sokuhlunga. Lokhu kukhuluma ngokuqondile nokuncika kokushaya kwenhliziyo emsebenzini womzimba.
Ngokuqondene namaphaphu, umthelela wawo ekushayeni kwenhliziyo mancane kakhulu, njengoba kungekho zinguquko eziphawulekayo kumthamo wamaphaphu ohlobene abonwa ngesikhathi sokutshuza okukhulunywa ngakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezigabeni eziphansi zokutshuza okungajulile, ukwanda kwesikhashana kwesilinganiso senhliziyo kwahlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nezinguquko kumthamo ohlobene wamaphaphu futhi kungase kubangelwe ukusebenza kwesamukeli esinwebeka samaphaphu.
Ukufingqa okuphawuliwe okuchazwe ngenhla, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ngesikhathi sokudla ekujuleni okukhulu kukhona ukwanda kwesikhashana kwenhliziyo izikhathi ezingu-2.5. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso esiphezulu sokushaya kwenhliziyo phakathi nokuncelisa amaphaphu sasisewuhhafu kuphela yenani lokuphumula elibikezelwe. Le datha ihambisana nenkolelo-mbono yokuthi amakhothamo e-aorta aguquguqukayo emikhomo emikhulu enza umphumela we-reservoir ngesikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane kokutshuza. Ukwengeza, ububanzi bezinga eliphezulu lokushaya kwenhliziyo phakathi nenkathi ye-post-dive lusekela i-hypothesis yokuthi i-aortic impedance kanye nomthwalo wokusebenza kwenhliziyo kuyancishiswa ngesikhathi sokuphumula okungaphezulu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okulimazayo kwamagagasi okucindezela aphumayo futhi abonakalisiwe ku-aorta.
I-bradycardia eqinile ebonwe abacwaningi ingabizwa ngokuthi umphumela ongalindelekile walolu cwaningo, uma kubhekwa izindleko ezinkulu zamandla okwenziwa umkhomo ekuhambeni kwe-lunge ngenkathi ugwinya amanzi nge-plankton. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ze-metabolic zalokhu kuqondisa zingase zingafani nokushaya kwenhliziyo noma ukuthuthwa komoya-mpilo okuphefumulayo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokudla kanye nokuqashwa okungenzeka kwe-glycolytic, imicu yemisipha enyakaziswa ngokushesha.
Phakathi nephaphu, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ishesha ukuya esivinini futhi imunca umthamo wamanzi angaba mkhulu kunomzimba wayo. Ososayensi bacatshangelwa ukuthi ukumelana okuphezulu namandla adingekayo ekusebenzeni ngokushesha kuqeda ingqikithi yokugcinwa komoyampilo emzimbeni, ngaleyo ndlela kunqande isikhathi sokutshuza. Amandla emishini adingekayo ukuze amunce amanzi amaningi kungenzeka adlule kude amandla e-aerobic metabolic. Yingakho, ngesikhathi sokuqondisa okunjalo, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwanda, kodwa isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka .
Epilogue
Okunye okutholwe okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka idinga ukulinganisa okuphezulu kwenhliziyo ngokushintshaniswa kwegesi nokuphindaphindeka phakathi nezikhawu ezimfushane zendawo, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwegazi kanye nokuncipha komoyampilo wemisipha ngesikhathi sokutshuza. Uma sicabanga ukuthi imikhomo emikhulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kufanele itshale imali eyengeziwe ngesikhathi esifushane ukuze ithole ukudla (ngokuhambisana nemibono ye-allometric), khona-ke nakanjani ibhekana nezingqinamba eziningana zokuphila kokubili ngesikhathi sokutshuza nangesikhathi sokuphumula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ubukhulu bomzimba wabo bulinganiselwe, njengoba ukube ubumkhulu, inqubo yokuthola ukudla ibiyobiza kakhulu futhi bekungeke kunxeshezelwe ngokudla okutholiwe. Abacwaningi ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuthi inhliziyo ye-blue whale isebenza emkhawulweni wamakhono ayo.
Esikhathini esizayo, ososayensi bahlela ukwandisa amakhono edivayisi yabo, okuhlanganisa nokwengeza i-accelerometer ukuze baqonde kangcono umphumela wemisebenzi ehlukene yomzimba ekushayeni kwenhliziyo. Bahlela nokusebenzisa inzwa yabo ye-ECG kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
Njengoba lolu cwaningo lubonisa, ukuba yisidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esinenhliziyo enkulu akulula. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukhulu bezakhamuzi zasolwandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi ukudla abanamathela kukho, kudingeka siqonde ukuthi ikholomu yamanzi, esetshenziswa abantu ukudoba, ukukhipha kanye nokuthutha, ihlala iyikhaya labo. Siyizivakashi kuphela, ngakho-ke kufanele siziphathe ngendlela efanele.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Izithombe ezingavamile zomkhomo oluhlaza obonisa umthamo womlomo wawo.
Esinye esikhulukazi sasolwandle i-sperm whale. Kule vidiyo, ososayensi abasebenzisa i-ROV Hercules elawulwa kude bathwebule i-sperm whale enelukuluku ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-598.
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Source: www.habr.com