4-3 Siyibona kanjani i-Consciousness?
Umfundi: Awukawuphenduli umbuzo wami: uma "ukwazi" kuyigama nje elingacacile, yini eyenza kube into eqinisekile.
Nansi inkolelo-mbono yokuchaza ukuthi kungani: Iningi lemisebenzi yethu yengqondo yenzeka, ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, "ngokungazi" - ngomqondo wokuthi asazi kangako ukuba khona kwayo. Kodwa uma sihlangabezana nobunzima, yethula izinqubo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezinezakhiwo ezilandelayo:
- Basebenzisa izinkumbulo zethu zokugcina.
- Ngokuvamile zisebenza ngochungechunge esikhundleni sokuhambisana.
- Basebenzisa izincazelo ezingabonakali, ezingokomfanekiso, noma zamazwi.
- Basebenzisa amamodeli esizakhele ngathi.
Manje ake sithi ingqondo ingakha insiza С eyethulwa lapho zonke izinqubo ezingenhla ziqala ukusebenza ndawonye:
Uma i-C-detector enjalo ibonakala iwusizo kakhulu, khona-ke lokhu kungase kusenze sikholwe ukuthi ithola ukuba khona kohlobo oluthile lwe "Conscious Thing"! Ngempela, singaze sicabange ukuthi leli bhizinisi liyimbangela yokuba khona kwesethi yezinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla, futhi uhlelo lwethu lolimi lungahlobanisa umtshina u-C namagama anjengokuthi “ukuqaphela,” “uqobo lwakho,” “ukunaka,” noma “Mina. Ukuze sibone ukuthi kungani umbono onjalo ungaba usizo kithi, kudingeka sicabangele izingxenye zawo ezine.
Izinkumbulo zakamuva: Kungani ukwazi kufanele kuhilele inkumbulo? Sihlala sibona ukwazi njengento yamanje, hhayi eyedlule - njengento ekhona manje.
Ukuze noma yimuphi umqondo (njenganoma yimuphi umshini) wazi ukuthi yini eyenziwe ngaphambilini, kufanele ibe nerekhodi lomsebenzi wakamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi ngibuze umbuzo: "Ingabe uyazi ukuthi uthinta indlebe yakho?" Ungaphendula: “Yebo, ngiyazi ukuthi ngenza lokhu.” Kodwa-ke, ukuze wenze isitatimende esinjalo, izinsiza zakho zolimi bekufanele ziphendule kumasignali avela kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho, eziphendule izehlakalo zangaphambilini. Ngakho, lapho uqala ukukhuluma (noma ukucabanga) ngawe, udinga isikhathi esithile ukuze uqoqe idatha eceliwe.
Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuchopho abukwazi ukuzindla ngalokho obukucabangayo njengamanje; okungcono kakhulu, angakwazi ukubukeza amarekhodi athile ezenzakalo zamuva nje. Asikho isizathu sokuthi noma iyiphi ingxenye yobuchopho ayikwazi ukucubungula ukuphuma kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho - kodwa nalapho kuzoba nokubambezeleka okuncane ekutholeni ulwazi.
Inqubo elandelanayo: Kungani izinqubo zethu ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokuvamile zilandelana? Bekungeke yini kuphumelele kakhudlwana ngathi ukwenza izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esifanayo?
Isikhathi esiningi empilweni yakho yansuku zonke wenza izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa; Akunzima kuwe ukuhamba, ukukhuluma, ukubona kanye nokunwaya indlebe yakho kanyekanye. Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwazi ukudweba indilinga kanye nesikwele ngendlela edlulayo besebenzisa izandla zombili ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Mhlawumbe ngamunye wale misebenzi emibili udinga ukunaka kwakho kangangokuthi awukwazi ukugxila komunye umsebenzi.
Lesi sitatimende sizoba nengqondo uma sicabanga ukuthi qaphela inikezwe ngamanani alinganiselwe - kodwa ngokusekelwe kulokhu sizodinga ithiyori ukuze sichaze ukuthi yini engase ibeke lolu hlobo lomkhawulo, njengoba sisengakwazi ukuhamba, ukukhuluma nokubheka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Enye incazelo iwukuthi izithiyo ezinjalo zingavela lapho izinsiza ziqala ukungqubuzana. Ake sithi ukuthi imisebenzi emibili eyenziwayo ifana kangangokuthi idinga ukusebenzisa izinsiza zengqondo ezifanayo. Kulokhu, uma sizama ukwenza izinto ezimbili ezifanayo ngasikhathi sinye, enye yazo izophoqeleka ukuthi iphazamise umsebenzi wayo - futhi lapho kuvela izingxabano ezifanayo ebuchosheni bethu, izinto ezifanayo kancane esingakwazi ukuzenza ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Kulokhu, kungani singabona, sihambe futhi sikhulume ngesikhathi esisodwa? Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bethu bunezinhlelo ezihlukene, ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobuchopho, zemisebenzi enikeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa inani lokungqubuzana phakathi kwazo. Kodwa-ke, lapho siphoqeleka ukuba sixazulule izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, khona-ke sinenketho eyodwa kuphela: ngandlela-thile siphule inkinga ibe izingxenye eziningana, ngayinye yazo ezodinga ukuhlela nokucabanga okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuxazulula. Isibonelo, ukuxazulula ngayinye yalezi zinkinga ezincane kungase kudinge "ukucatshangelwa" okukodwa noma ngaphezulu mayelana nenkinga ethile, bese kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwengqondo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufaneleka kokuqagela.
Kungani singeke sikwenze kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa? Isizathu esisodwa esingase sibe lula - izinsiza ezidingekayo ukwenza nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zivele kamuva nje - cishe eminyakeni eyisigidi edlule - futhi asinawo amakhophi amaningi alezi zinsiza. Ngamanye amazwi, amazinga ethu aphezulu "okuphatha" awanazo izinsiza ezanele - ngokwesibonelo, izinsiza zokugcina umkhondo wemisebenzi okufanele yenziwe, kanye nezinsiza zokuthola izixazululo zemisebenzi ekhona ngenani elincane langaphakathi. izingxabano. Futhi, izinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla cishe zisebenzisa izincazelo ezingokomfanekiso esizichaze ekuqaleni - futhi lezi zinsiza nazo zinomkhawulo. Uma kunjalo, ngakho-ke siphoqeleka ukuthi sihlale sigxile emigomweni.
Ukungafakwa okufanayo okunjalo kungaba yisizathu esiyinhloko esenza sibheke imicabango yethu “njengomfudlana wokwazi”, noma “njengengqondo yangaphakathi” - inqubo lapho ukulandelana kwemicabango kufane nendaba noma indaba. Uma izinsiza zethu zilinganiselwe, akukho esingakwenza ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela “ekucutshungulweni okulandelanayo” okuhamba kancane, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukucabanga kwezinga eliphezulu.”
Incazelo engokomfanekiso: Kungani siphoqeleka ukuthi sisebenzise izimpawu noma amagama esikhundleni sokuthi, sithi, ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamangqamuzana obuchopho?
Abacwaningi abaningi benze amasistimu afunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini ngokushintsha ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zesistimu, ezibizwa ngokuthi "amanethiwekhi e-neural" noma "imishini yokufunda ngokudala abathintwayo." Izinhlelo ezinjalo ziboniswe ukuthi ziyakwazi ukufunda ukubona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphethini—futhi kungenzeka ukuthi inqubo efanayo yezinga eliphansi engaphansi “kwamanethiwekhi emizwa” ingase ibe ngaphansi kwemisebenzi eminingi yobuchopho bethu. Nokho, nakuba lezi zinhlelo ziwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo zomsebenzi womuntu, azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemisebenzi yobuhlakani eyengeziwe ngoba zigcina ulwazi lwazo ngendlela yezinombolo, okunzima ukuzisebenzisa nezinye izinsiza. Abanye bangase basebenzise lezi zinombolo njengesilinganiso sokuhlobana noma amathuba, kodwa ngeke bazi ukuthi yini enye lezi zinombolo ezingase zibonise. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwethulwa okunjalo kolwazi akunakho ukuvezwa okwanele. Isibonelo, inethiwekhi encane ye-neural ingase ibukeke kanje.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, isibalo esingezansi sibonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-Web Semantic", ebonisa okunye ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye zephiramidi. Isibonelo, sonke isixhumanisi esikhomba umqondo isekela ingasetshenziswa ukubikezela ukuwa kwebhulokhi ephezulu uma amabhlogo aphansi esuswa ezindaweni zawo.
Ngakho, ngenkathi "inethiwekhi yokuxhumana” ikhombisa kuphela “amandla” okusebenzelana phakathi kwama-elementi, futhi ayisho lutho mayelana nezakhi ngokwazo, uxhumo olunezinga ezintathu “lwenethiwekhi ye-semantic” lungasetshenziselwa ukucabanga okuhlukahlukene.
Amamodeli Owakho: Kungani sifake "amamodeli ethu" ezinqubweni ezidingekayo kumdwebo wakho wokuqala?
Lapho uJoan ecabanga ngalokho ayekwenzile, wazibuza, “Abangane bami bebezocabangani ngami?” Futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphendula umbuzo kungaba ukusebenzisa izincazelo noma amamodeli amele abangani bakhe kanye naye. Amanye amamodeli kaJoan angachaza umzimba wakhe wenyama, amanye angachaza izinhloso zakhe, kanti amanye angachaza ubudlelwano bakhe nemicimbi ehlukahlukene yezenhlalo nezomzimba. Ekugcineni, singakha uhlelo oluhlanganisa iqoqo lezindaba ezimayelana nesikhathi sethu esedlule, izindlela zokuchaza isimo somqondo wethu, indikimba yolwazi mayelana namakhono ethu, kanye nokubonwa kwabantu esibaziyo. Isahluko 9 sizochaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi sizenza kanjani lezi zinto futhi sizakhele “izibonelo” zethu.
Uma u-Joan esedale isethi yedatha yamaphethini, angayisebenzisela ukuzindla—bese ezithola ecabanga ngaye. Uma lawa maphethini e-reflexive aholela kunoma yiziphi izinqumo zokuziphatha, u-Joan uzozwa ukuthi “uyalawula”—futhi mhlawumbe usebenzisa igama elithi “ukuqwashisa” ukuze afingqe le nqubo. Ezinye izinqubo ezenzeka ebuchosheni, okungenzeka angazazi, u-Joan uzochaza izindawo ezingaphezu kwamandla akhe futhi azibize ngokuthi “uqulekile” noma “ngokungahlosile.” Futhi uma thina ngokwethu sesingakha imishini enalolu hlobo lokucabanga, mhlawumbe nabo bazofunda ukusho imishwana efana nokuthi: “Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi uyazi ukuthi ngiqonde ukuthini uma ngikhuluma “ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwengqondo”.”
Angigcizeleli ukuthi imitshina enjalo (njengenothi lomhleli we-C-detector) kumele ibandakanyeke kuzo zonke izinqubo esizibiza ngokuthi ukwazi. Nokho, ngaphandle kwezindlela zokuqaphela amaphethini athile ezimo zengqondo, singase singakwazi ukukhuluma ngazo!
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Lesi sigaba siqale ngokuxoxa ngemibono mayelana nokuthi sisho ukuthini uma sikhuluma ngokuqaphela, futhi saphakamisa ukuthi ukwazi kungabonakala njengokutholwa komsebenzi othile osezingeni eliphezulu ebuchosheni.
Nokho, sazibuza nokuthi yini engase ibangele isiqalo le misebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu. Singacabangela ukubonakaliswa kwazo kulesi sibonelo esilandelayo: ake sithi phakathi kwezinsiza zikaJoan kukhona “Izimboni Zezinkinga” noma “Abagxeki” abaqalayo lapho ukucabanga kukaJoan kuhlangabezana nezinkinga - ngokwesibonelo, lapho engawufezi umgomo othile obalulekile, noma engawufezi umgomo othile obalulekile. xazulula inkinga ethile.noma iyiphi inkinga. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, uJoan angase achaze isimo sakhe sengqondo “ngokungajabuli” kanye “nokukhungatheka” futhi azame ukuphuma kulesi simo ngokwenza umsebenzi okhaliphile, ongabonakala ngamagama alandelayo: “Manje sekufanele ngiziphoqe gxilisa ingqondo." Angase azame ukucabanga ngalesi simo, okuzodinga ukubamba iqhaza kwesethi yezinqubo ezisezingeni eliphezulu - isibonelo, ukwenza kusebenze isethi yalezi zinsiza zobuchopho ezilandelayo:
Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi sisebenzisa "ukwazi" ukuchaza izenzo eziqala izinqubo kunokuqaphela ukuqala kwezinqubo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Umfundi: Ukhetha kusiphi isisekelo imigomo yezinhlelo zakho, futhi uchaze ngayo amagama anjengokuthi “ukwazi”? Njengoba "ukwazi" kuyigama le-polysemantic, umuntu ngamunye angakwazi ukudala uhlu lwakhe lwamagama angafakwa kuwo.
Ngempela, njengoba amagama amaningi okusebenza kwengqondo engaqondakali, cishe singashintsha phakathi kwamasethi ahlukene wamagama achaza kangcono amagama angacacile, njengokuthi “ukwazi.”
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4.3.1 Inkohliso Yokungalawuleki
«Indida yokuqaphela - lapho umuntu ehlakaniphe kakhulu, izingqimba ezengeziwe zokucubungula ulwazi ziyamhlukanisa nomhlaba wangempela - lokhu, njengezinye izinto eziningi emvelweni, kuwuhlobo lokuyekethisa. Ukuqhelelana okuqhubekayo nomhlaba wangaphandle kuyinani elikhokhelwa noma yiluphi ulwazi ngomhlaba jikelele. Lapho ulwazi [lwethu] lomhlaba lujula futhi lubanzi, kudingeka izingqimba eziyinkimbinkimbi zokucubungula ulwazi ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi.”
- UDerek Bickerton, Izilimi Nezinhlobo, 1990.
Uma ungena ekamelweni uba nomuzwa wokuthi ubona yonke into ngaso leso sikhathi emkhakheni wakho wokubona. Nokho, lokhu kuwukukhohlisa ngoba udinga isikhathi sokuqaphela izinto ezisegumbini, futhi kuphela ngemva kwale nqubo lapho ususa khona okuvelayo okungalungile kokuqala. Nokho, le nqubo iqhubeka ngokushesha nangokushelela kangangokuthi idinga incazelo - futhi lokhu kuzonikezwa kamuva esahlukweni §8.3 Pananalogy.
Kwenzeka okufanayo nasengqondweni yethu. Ngokuvamile sinomuzwa oqhubekayo wokuthi “sizazi” izinto ezenzeka eduze kwethu manje. Kodwa uma sibheka isimo ngombono obucayi, sizoqonda ukuthi kunenkinga ethile ngalo mbono - ngoba akukho lutho olungashesha kunejubane lokukhanya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ayikho ingxenye yobuchopho engakwazi ukwazi okwenzekayo “manje” - hhayi ezweni elingaphandle noma kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho. Ubukhulu ingxenye esiyicabangayo engakwazi ukuthi kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Pho kungani kubonakala kimi ukuthi ngiyazazi zonke izimpawu nemisindo, futhi ngizwa nomzimba wami ngaso sonke isikhathi? Kungani kimina kubonakala sengathi zonke izimpawu engizibonayo zicutshungulwa ngokushesha?
Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, singacabanga ukuthi "siyazi" ngakho konke esikubonayo nesikuzwayo lapha futhi manje, futhi ngokuvamile akuhambi kabi ukuthi sicabange ukuthi sihlala sithintana nezwe elisizungezile. Kodwa-ke, ngizophikisa ngokuthi le nkohliso isukela ezintweni ezingavamile zenhlangano yemithombo yethu yengqondo - futhi kufanele ekugcineni nginikeze lesi senzo esingenhla igama:
I-Illusion of Immanence: Iningi lemibuzo oyibuzayo izophendulwa ngaphambi kokuthi amazinga aphezulu okwazi aqale ukuxhuma ekusesheni izimpendulo zale mibuzo.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma uthola impendulo yombuzo onesithakazelo kuwo ngaphambi kokuba uphawule ukuthi ubuyidinga, uba nomuzwa wokuthi uyayazi impendulo ngokushesha futhi uba nombono wokuthi akukho msebenzi wengqondo owenzekayo.
Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ekamelweni olaziyo, kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele udlala kabusha inkumbulo yalelo gumbi engqondweni yakho, futhi kungase kukuthathe isikhathi ngemva kokungena kwakho ukuze uqaphele izinguquko ezenzeke ekamelweni. Umbono wokuthi umuntu uhlale esazi isikhathi samanje ubalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa okuningi kwalokho esicabanga ukuthi sikubona kuyizinto esizilindele.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kungaba kuhle ukuhlala uqaphela yonke into eyenzekayo. Kodwa lapho izinqubo zakho zezinga eliphezulu zishintsha kaningi umbono wazo weqiniso, kuzoba nzima kakhulu kuzo ukuthola ulwazi olunengqondo ekushintsheni izimo. Amandla ezinqubo zethu ezisezingeni eliphezulu awaveli ezinguqukweni eziqhubekayo ezincazelweni zazo zeqiniso, kodwa ekuzinzeni kwazo okulinganiselwe.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuze sikwazi ukuzwa ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yendawo yangaphandle nengaphakathi elondolozwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sidinga ukwazi ukuhlola nokuqhathanisa izincazelo zamuva nje. Siyaziqaphela izinguquko naphezu kwazo, hhayi ngoba zenzeka. Umuzwa wethu wokuxhumana njalo nomhlaba yi-Illusion of Immanence: kuphakama lapho yonke imibuzo esiyibuzayo, sesivele sithola impendulo emakhanda ethu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba umbuzo ubuzwe - njengokungathi izimpendulo sezivele zikhona.
ESahlukweni 6 sizobheka ukuthi ikhono lethu lokuvula ulwazi ngaphambi kokuba siludinge lingachaza ukuthi kungani sisebenzisa izinto ezifana “umqondo ovamile” nokuthi kungani kubonakala “kusobala” kithi.
4.4 Ukuhlaziya Ukuqaphela
“Izingqondo zethu ziklanywe ngenhlanhla kangangokuthi singaqala ukucabanga ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. Singawubona kuphela umphumela walo msebenzi. Indawo yezinqubo eziqulekile iyinto engaziwa esebenzayo futhi esidalela yona, futhi ekugcineni ilethe izithelo zemizamo yayo emadolweni ethu."
- UWilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Kungani “Ukuqaphela” kubonakala kuyimfihlakalo kithi? Ngiphikisa ngokuthi isizathu salokhu ihaba lethu lokuqonda kwethu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi esithile, ilensi yeso lakho ingase igxile entweni eyodwa kuphela ebangeni elilinganiselwe, kuyilapho ezinye izinto ezingagxilile kuzo zifiphale.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Kimina kubonakala sengathi leli qiniso alisebenzi kimi, ngoba zonke izinto engizibonayo zibonwa yimi ngokucacile.
Ungabona ukuthi lokhu kuwukukhohlisa uma ugxilisa amehlo akho esihlokweni somunwe wakho ngenkathi ubuka into ekude. Kulokhu, uzobona izinto ezimbili esikhundleni seyodwa, futhi zombili zizoba lufifi kakhulu ukuze uzibone ngemininingwane. Ngaphambi kokuba senze lokhu kuhlola, sasicabanga ukuthi sasingabona yonke into ngokucacile ngobusuku obubodwa ngoba i-lens yeso yajwayela ngokushesha ukuze ibuke izinto ezizungezile kangangokuthi sasingenawo umuzwa wokuthi iso lingakwenza lokhu. Ngokufanayo, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi babona yonke imibala emkhakheni wabo wokubona - kodwa ukuhlola okulula kubonise ukuthi sibona kuphela imibala efanele yezinto eduze kwento esibheke kuyo.
Zombili lezi zibonelo ezingenhla zihlobene ne-Illusion of Immanence ngoba amehlo ethu asabela ngokushesha ngendlela emangalisayo ezintweni ezisidonsayo. Futhi ngiphikisa ngokuthi into efanayo iyasebenza ekuqapheleni: senza cishe amaphutha afanayo mayelana nalokho esingakubona ngaphakathi kwengqondo yethu.
UPatrick Hayes: “Cabanga nje ukuthi kungaba njani ukwazi izinqubo esidala ngazo inkulumo ecatshangelwayo (noma yangempela). [Ezimweni ezinjalo] isenzo esilula njengokuthi, yithi, “ukwakha igama” kungaba ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi nekhono kwendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokufinyelela kwezichazamazwi, okungafana nokudlala isitho sangaphakathi. Amagama nemisho okudingeka sikukhulume nayo iyoba imigomo ekude, ukufinyelelwa kwayo okudinga ulwazi namakhono njengeqembu le-orchestra elidlala i-symphony noma umakhenikha ohlakaza umshini oyinkimbinkimbi.”
UHayes uyaqhubeka nokusho ukuthi ukube besazi ukuthi yonke into isebenza kanjani ngaphakathi kwethu ngabe:
“Sonke besingazithola sisendimeni yezinceku zesikhathi esidlule; sizobe sigijima ngaphakathi emqondweni sizama ukuqonda imininingwane yemishini yengqondo, manje esifihleke ngendlela emangalisayo ukuba ingabonwa, okushiya isikhathi sokuxazulula izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kungani sidinga ukuba segumbini lenjini uma singaba sebhulohweni likakapteni?”
Uma kubhekwa lo mbono oyindida, ukwazi kusabonakala kumangalisa - hhayi ngoba kusitshela okuningi ngomhlaba, kodwa ngoba kusivikela ezintweni eziyisicefe ezichazwe ngenhla! Nansi enye incazelo yale nqubo, etholakala esahlukweni 6.1 "Society of Reason"
Cabanga ngendlela umshayeli ashayela ngayo imoto ngaphandle kolwazi lokuthi injini isebenza kanjani, noma kungani amasondo emoto ejikela kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla. Kodwa uma siqala ukucabanga ngakho, siyaqaphela ukuthi silawula kokubili umshini nomzimba ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emcabangweni oqaphelayo - into kuphela okudingeka ukhathazeke ngayo ukukhetha isiqondiso sokunyakaza, futhi konke okunye kuzosebenza ngokwakho. Le nqubo emangalisayo ihilela inani elikhulu lemisipha, amathambo nemisipha, elawulwa ngamakhulu ezinhlelo ezisebenzisanayo ngisho nochwepheshe abangakwazi ukuziqonda. Kodwa-ke, kufanele nje ucabange ukuthi "jikela kuleyo ndlela" futhi isifiso sakho sizofezeka ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Futhi uma ucabanga ngakho, kwakungeke kube ngenye indlela! Yini engenzeka uma siphoqeleka ukuba sibone izigidigidi zokuxhuma ebuchosheni bethu? Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi sekungamakhulu eminyaka bewabheka, kodwa abakaqondi ukuthi ubuchopho bethu busebenza kanjani. Ngenhlanhla, empilweni yanamuhla, okudingeka sikwazi ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe! Lokhu kungafaniswa nombono wethu wesando njengento engasetshenziswa ukushaya izinto, nebhola njengento ephonswayo futhi ibanjwe. Kungani singaboni izinto njengoba zinjalo, kodwa ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwazo?
Ngokufanayo, lapho udlala imidlalo yekhompiyutha, ulawula okwenzeka ngaphakathi kukhompyutha ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izimpawu namagama. Inqubo esiyibiza ngokuthi "ukuqaphela" isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kubonakala sengathi amazinga aphezulu okuqaphela kwethu ahlezi kumakhompyutha engqondo, alawula imishini emikhulu ebuchosheni bethu, ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani, kodwa umane "uchofoza" kuzimpawu ezihlukahlukene ezivela ohlwini oluvela njalo ngezikhathi ezithile ekubonisweni kwengqondo.
Izingqondo zethu azivelanga njengethuluzi lokuzibheka, kodwa ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo ezihlobene nokudla, ukuvikelwa kanye nokuzala.
4.5 Abantu Abazimodelayo kanye Nokuzazi
Uma sicabangela inqubo yokwakheka kokuzazi, kufanele sigweme izimpawu zokubonakala kwayo, njengokuqaphela kwengane nokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezithile zomzimba wayo endaweni ezungezile, ukusebenzisa kwayo amagama anjengokuthi “Mina,” ngisho nangokwengeziwe. ukuqaphela ukuzindla kwakhe esibukweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwezabizwana zomuntu kungase kubangelwe ukuthi ingane iqala ukuphinda amagama nemisho abanye abakushoyo ngaye. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kungaqala ezinganeni ezineminyaka ehlukene, ngisho noma ukukhula kwazo kwengqondo kuqhubeka ngendlela efanayo.
- UWilhelm Wundt. 1897
Ku-§4.2 siphakamise ukuthi u-Joan "udale futhi wasebenzisa amamodeli akhe" - kodwa asizange sichaze ukuthi besiqonde ukuthini. imodeli. Sisebenzisa leli gama ngezincazelo eziningana, isibonelo, "Charlie model administrator", okusho ukuthi kufanelekile ukugxila, noma isibonelo "Ngidala imodeli yendiza" okusho ukudala into encane efanayo. Kodwa kulo mbhalo sisebenzisa inkulumo ethi “imodeli X” ukuze ibonise ukumelela kwengqondo okwenziwe lula okusivumela ukuba siphendule imibuzo ethile mayelana nento ethile eyinkimbinkimbi ethi X.
Ngakho, uma sithi "uJoan une Imodeli yengqondo kaCharlie", sisho ukuthi uJoan unakho ezinye izinsiza zengqondo ezimsiza ukuba aphendule abanye imibuzo ngoCharlie. Ngagqamisa igama abanye ngoba imodeli ngayinye ka-Joan izosebenza kahle ngezinhlobo ezithile zemibuzo - futhi izonikeza izimpendulo ezingalungile kweminye imibuzo eminingi. Ngokusobala, ikhwalithi yokucabanga kuka-Joan ngeke incike kuphela ekutheni amamodeli akhe amahle kangakanani, kodwa futhi nokuthi amakhono akhe mahle kangakanani ekukhetheni lawa mamodeli ezimeni ezithile.
Amanye amamodeli ka-Joan azobikezela ukuthi izenzo zomzimba zingawuthinta kanjani umhlaba osizungezile. Ubuye abe namamodeli engqondo abikezela ukuthi izenzo zengqondo zingasishintsha kanjani isimo sakhe sengqondo. ESahlukweni 9 sizokhuluma ngamanye amamodeli angawasebenzisa ukuzichaza, isib. phendula imibuzo ethile mayelana namakhono akhe nokuthambekela kwakhe. Lawa mamodeli angachaza:
Izinhloso nezifiso zakhe ezahlukene.
Imibono yakhe yobungcweti nepolitiki.
Imibono yakhe ngamakhono akhe.
Imibono yakhe ngezindima zakhe zomphakathi.
Imibono yakhe ehlukene yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha.
Ukukholelwa kwakhe ukuthi ungubani.
Isibonelo, angase asebenzise amanye alawa mamodeli ukuze ahlole ukuthi kufanele athembele kuyena ekwenzeni okuthile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakwazi ukuchaza eminye imibono mayelana nokwazi kwabo. Ukukhombisa lokhu, ngizosebenzisa isibonelo esinikezwe isazi sefilosofi uDrew McDermott.
U-Joan usekamelweni elithile. Unemodeli yazo zonke izinto ekamelweni elinikeziwe. Futhi enye yezinto nguJoan ngokwakhe.
Izinto eziningi zizoba namamodeli azo amancane, okuthi, ngokwesibonelo, achaze ukwakheka kwawo nemisebenzi. Imodeli kaJoan yento ethi "Joan" izoba isakhiwo azoyibiza ngokuthi "Mina", okuzobandakanya okungenani izingxenye ezimbili: enye yazo izobizwa ngokuthi. Umzimba, okwesibili - Ngesizathu.
Ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezahlukene zale modeli uJoan angaphendula "Yebo"embuzweni othi: "Ingabe unabo ubuhlakani?" Kodwa uma umbuza: ".Iphi ingqondo yakho?" - le modeli ngeke ikwazi ukusiza ukuphendula umbuzo ngendlela abanye abantu abenza ngayo: "Umqondo wami ungaphakathi kwekhanda lami (noma ngaphakathi kwengqondo yami)" Nokho, uJoan uzokwazi ukunikeza impendulo efanayo uma Я izoqukatha ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi phakathi Ngesizathu и Umzimba noma ukuxhumana kwangaphandle phakathi Ngesizathu kwasekubizwa esinye isitho somzimba Ngobuchopho.
Ngokuvamile, izimpendulo zethu emibuzweni emayelana nathi zincike kumamodeli esinawo ngathi. Ngisebenzise amagama amamodeli esikhundleni sokuthi imodeli ngoba, njengoba sizobona eSahlukweni 9, abantu badinga amamodeli ahlukene ezimweni ezihlukene. Ngakho-ke, kungaba nezimpendulo eziningi zombuzo ofanayo, kuye ngokuthi iyiphi inhloso umuntu afuna ukuyifinyelela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lezi zimpendulo ngeke zivumelane.
UDrew McDermott: Bambalwa abantu abakholelwa ukuthi sinamaphethini anjalo, futhi bambalwa nakakhulu abantu abaziyo ukuthi sinawo. Isici esibalulekile akukhona ukuthi uhlelo lunemodeli yalo, kodwa ukuthi lunomfuziselo walo njengomuntu ozaziyo. " - comp.ai.philosophy, February 7, 1992.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zincazelo zingase zingalungile, kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi ziqhubeke zikhona uma zingenzi lutho oluwusizo kithi.
Kwenzekani uma sibuza uJoan: “Ingabe ukubonile osanda kukwenza nokuthi kungani wakwenza?"?
Uma uJoan enamamodeli amahle wendlela akhetha ngayo - uzozwa sengathi unokuthile "ukulawula"ngemuva kwezenzo zakhe futhi usebenzisa igama"izinqumo ezinengqondo" ukuzichaza. Izinhlobo zemisebenzi angenawo amamodeli amahle, angazihlukanisa njengezizimele futhi ashayele “equlekile"Noma"ngokungahlosile" Noma ngokuphambene, angase abe nomuzwa wokuthi usasilawula ngokuphelele isimo futhi wenza izinqumo ezithile ngokusekelwe kokuthi "inkululeko yokuzikhethela"- okuthi, naphezu kwalokho angakusho, kungasho ukuthi: "Anginayo incazelo enhle yokuthi yini engenze ngenze lesi senzo.".
Ngakho lapho uJoan ethi, "Ngenza ukukhetha"- lokhu akusho ukuthi kukhona umlingo okwenzekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uyamchaza imicabango izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zamamodeli abo awusizo kakhulu.
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4.6 Ithiyetha yaseCarthusian
“Ingqondo singayibheka njengenkundla yeshashalazi edlala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuqaphela kuhlanganisa ukuziqhathanisa nomunye nomunye, ukukhetha ezifaneleka kakhulu ezimweni ezinikeziwe kanye nokucindezela okungenani okudingekayo ngokwandisa nokunciphisa izinga lokunaka. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu nebonakala kakhulu yomsebenzi wengqondo ikhethwa emininingwaneni enikezwa amazinga aphansi okucubungula ulwazi, ehlungwa olwazini olulula nakakhulu, nokunye.”
— UWilliam James.
Ngezinye izikhathi siqhathanisa umsebenzi wengqondo nomdlalo weshashalazi odlalwa esiteji. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Joan ngezinye izikhathi angazibona eyisibukeli emgqeni ongaphambili wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, futhi "imicabango ekhanda lakhe" njengabadlali abadlalayo. Omunye walaba badlali wayenezinhlungu emadolweni akhe (§3-5), owaqala ukudlala indima enkulu. Ngokushesha, uJoan waqala ukuzwa izwi ekhanda lakhe: “Kufanele ngenze okuthile ngalobu buhlungu. Uyangivimbela ukuba ngenze noma yini.»
Manje, lapho uJoan eqala ukucabanga ngendlela azizwa ngayo nokuthi yini angayenza, uJoan ngokwakhe uzovela endaweni. Kodwa ukuze ezwe ukuthi uthini kumele abe sehholo. Ngakho, sinamakhophi amabili kaJoan - endimeni yomlingisi, futhi endimeni yesibukeli!
Uma siqhubeka nokubuka lokhu kudlala, amanye amakhophi ka-Joan azovela esiteji. Kufanele kube no-Joan umbhali ozobhala imidlalo kanye no-Joan umklami ozodlala izigcawu. Amanye ama-Joans kumele abe khona ngemuva kwesiteji ukuze alawule i-backstage, ukukhanya nomsindo. UJoan umqondisi kumele abonakale ezodlala umdlalo kanye noJoan ongumgxeki ukuze akwazi ukukhononda: “Angisakwazi ukubekezelela lobu buhlungu! "
Nokho, uma sibhekisisa leli phuzu leshashalazi, siyabona ukuthi liphakamisa imibuzo eyengeziwe futhi alinikezi izimpendulo ezidingekayo. Lapho u-Joan the Critic eqala ukukhononda ngobuhlungu, uzizwa kanjani ngoJoan olingisa esiteji njengamanje? Ingabe sikhona isidingo setiyetha ehlukile komunye walaba badlali besifazane abazodlala esiteji ngo-Joan oyedwa nje? Yiqiniso, indawo yeshashalazi okukhulunywa ngayo ayikho, futhi izinto zikaJoan akuwona abantu. Bangamamodeli ahlukene kaJoan ngokwakhe, awadala ukuze azimele ezimeni ezahlukene. Kwezinye izimo, lawa mamodeli afana kakhulu nabalingiswa bekhathuni noma ama-caricatures, kwezinye ahluke ngokuphelele entweni athathwe kuyo. Kunoma ikuphi, ingqondo ka-Joan igcwele amamodeli ahlukahlukene ka-Joan ngokwakhe—u-Joan esikhathini esidlule, u-Joan okwamanje, no-Joan esikhathini esizayo. Kukhona zombili izinsalela zikaJoan odlule, kanye noJoan afuna ukuba nguye. Kukhona futhi amamodeli asondelene nangokwenhlalo kaJoan, umsubathi uJoan kanye noJoan isazi sezibalo, uJoan umculi noJoan usopolitiki, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zikaJoan uchwepheshe - futhi kungenxa yezithakazelo zabo ezihlukene ukuthi asikwazi ngisho nokwethemba ukuthi U-Joan uzozwana. Lesi sigameko sizoxoxa kabanzi ngalo eSahlukweni 9.
Kungani uJoan ezakhela amamodeli anjalo? Ingqondo iyisiphithiphithi sezinqubo esingaziqondi kahle. Futhi noma nini lapho sihlangana nento esingayiqondi, sizama ukuyicabanga ngezindlela esizijwayele, futhi akukho lutho olufaneleka ukwedlula izinto ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala eduze kwethu emkhathini. Ngakho-ke, singacabanga ngendawo lapho zonke izinqubo zokucabanga zikhona - futhi okumangalisa kakhulu ukuthi abantu abaningi badala izindawo ezinjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uDaniel Dennett wabiza le ndawo ngokuthi "Carthusian Theatre".
Kungani lesi sithombe sidume kangaka? Okokuqala, ayichazi izinto eziningi, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo kungcono kakhulu kunokusebenzisa umqondo wokuthi konke ukucabanga kwenziwa nguYena Oyedwa. Ibona ubukhona bezingxenye ezahlukene zomqondo kanye nekhono lazo lokusebenzisana, futhi iphinde isebenze njenge uhlobo "lwendawo" lapho zonke izinqubo zingasebenza futhi zixhumane. Isibonelo, uma izinsiza ezahlukene zinikeza izinhlelo zazo zalokho u-Joan okufanele akwenze, khona-ke umbono wendawo yetiyetha unganikeza ukuqonda ngendawo yabo yokusebenza evamile. Ngale ndlela, i-Joan's Cartesian Theatre imvumela ukuthi asebenzise amakhono amaningi empilo yangempela awafundile "ekhanda lakhe." Futhi yile ndawo emnika ithuba lokuthi aqale ukucabanga ukuthi izinqumo zithathwa kanjani.
Kungani sithola lesi singathekiso sizwakala futhi singokwemvelo? Ikhono okungenzeka "ukumodela umhlaba ngaphakathi kwengqondo yakho" kwakungenye yezimo zokuqala ezaholela okhokho bethu ekutheni bakwazi ukuzicabangela. (Kukhona nokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi ezinye izilwane zakha ebuchosheni bazo okufana nemephu yendawo ezikujwayele). Kunoma yikuphi, izingathekiso ezinjengalezi ezichazwe ngenhla zigcwele olimini nasemicabangweni yethu. Cabanga ukuthi kungaba nzima kangakanani ukucabanga ngaphandle kwamakhulu emiqondo ehlukene efana nokuthi: “Ngifinyelela umgomo wami" Amamodeli ezindawo awusizo kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, futhi sinamakhono anamandla kangaka wokuwasebenzisa, kangangokuthi iqala ukubonakala sengathi lawa mamodeli asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimo.
Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe sesihambe kakhulu, futhi umqondo weCartesian Theatre usuvele waba isithiyo sokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa kwengqondo yengqondo. Isibonelo, kufanele sazi ukuthi isiteji seshashalazi simane siwumfanekiso ongemuva ofihla isenzo esikhulu esenzeka ngemuva - okwenzeka lapho kufihliwe emiqondweni yabalingisi. Ubani noma yini enqumayo ukuthi yini okufanele ibonakale esiteji, okungukuthi, okhethayo ukuthi ubani ngempela ozosijabulisa? Uzenza kanjani ngempela izinqumo uJoan? Imodeli enjalo ingakumela kanjani ukuqhathanisa "kwemiphumela yesikhathi esizayo" emibili ehlukene ngaphandle kokubamba amatiyetha amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa?
Isithombe seshashalazi ngokwaso asisisizi ukuthi siphendule imibuzo enjalo ngoba sinikeza umqondo omkhulu kuJoan ebuka umdlalo evela kubalaleli. Kodwa-ke, sinendlela engcono yokucabanga ngale Global Workplace, eyahlongozwa uBernard Baars noJames Newman, abaphakamise lokhu okulandelayo:
“Itiyetha iba indawo yokusebenza lapho iqoqo elikhulu “lochwepheshe” likwazi ukufinyelela khona. ... Ukuqwashisa ngesimo esiqhubekayo nganoma isiphi isikhathi kuhambisana nomsebenzi odidiyelwe wenyunyana esebenza kakhulu yochwepheshe noma izinqubo ezibambile. … Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, abanye bangase bozele ezihlalweni zabo, abanye bangase basebenze esiteji … [kodwa] wonke umuntu angaba nengxenye ekuthuthukisweni kwesakhiwo. … Uchwepheshe ngamunye “unevoti” futhi ngokwenza imifelandawonye nabanye ochwepheshe angakwazi ukufaka isandla ezinqumweni ezimayelana nokuthi imaphi amasiginali avela emazweni angaphandle okufanele amukelwe ngokushesha futhi okufanele “abuyiselwe ukuze abuyekezwe.” Umsebenzi omningi walo mzimba wokuxoxisana wenziwa ngaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza (okungukuthi, ukwenzeka ngokungazi). Izinkinga ezidinga ukuxazululwa ngokushesha kuphela ezivunyelwe ukungena esiteji."
Lesi sigaba sokugcina siyasixwayisa ukuthi singabaleli indima enkulu kumuntu ohlangene noma "i-homunculus" - umuntu omncane ongaphakathi kwengqondo owenza wonke umsebenzi onzima wengqondo, kodwa kunalokho kufanele sisabalalise umsebenzi. Ngoba, njengoba uDaniel Dennett esho
“Ohomunculi bangamabhoklolo uma bekopisha wonke amakhono ethu ahlinzeka ngomsebenzi wethu, yize bekumele babambe iqhaza ekuchazeni nasekuwanikezeni. Uma uhlanganisa iqembu noma ikomiti le-homunculi engazi lutho, enomqondo omncane, oyimpumputhe ukuze udale ukuziphatha okukhaliphile kweqembu lonke, lokho kuzoba inqubekelaphambili. " — kwethi Brainstorms 1987, ikhasi 123.
Yonke imibono ekule ncwadi isekela impikiswano engenhla. Nokho, kuphakama imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nezinga izingqondo zethu ezincike ngalo endaweni yokusebenza okwabelwana ngayo noma ebhodini lezaziso. Siphetha ngokuthi umqondo "wemakethe yokuqonda" uyindlela enhle yokuqala ukucabanga ngendlela esicabanga ngayo, kodwa uma sibheka le modeli ngokuningiliziwe sibona isidingo semodeli yokumelela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
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4.7 Ukusakaza Okulandelanayo Kokuqonda
“Iqiniso liwukuthi ingqondo yethu ayikho esikhathini samanje: izinkumbulo nokulindela kuthatha cishe sonke isikhathi sobuchopho. Izinkanuko zethu - injabulo nosizi, uthando nenzondo, ithemba nokwesaba kungokwakudala, ngoba imbangela ekudalile kufanele ivele ngaphambi komphumela."
— USamuel Johnson.
Izwe lokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-subjective libonakala liqhubeka ngokuphelele. Kithina kubonakala sengathi siphila lapha futhi manje, siya ngokuya singena esikhathini esizayo. Nokho, uma sisebenzisa inkathi yamanje, sihlala siwela emaphutheni, njengoba sekushiwo ku-§4.2. Singase sikwazi esikwenzile muva nje, kodwa asinayo indlela yokwazi esikwenzayo “njengamanje.”
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Kuyahlekisa. Yebo ngiyakwazi engikwenzayo njengamanje, nalokho engikucabangayo njengamanje, nalokho engikuzwayo njengamanje. Ithiyori yakho ichaza kanjani ukuthi kungani ngizizwa nginolwazi oluqhubekayo?
Nakuba esikubonayo kubonakala sengathi “isikhathi samanje,” empeleni yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukwakha umbono wethu, izinsiza ezithile kufanele zidlule enkumbulweni yethu ngokulandelana; ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka babuyekeze imigomo yethu yakudala kanye nokukhungatheka ukuze bahlole ukuthi sesithuthuke kangakanani ukuze sifinyelele umgomo othile.
UDennett noKinsbourne “[Izenzakalo ezishiwo ngekhanda] zisakazwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobuchopho nasezinkumbulo ezihlukene. Lezi zenzakalo zinezakhiwo zesikhashana, kodwa lezi zakhiwo azinqumi ukuthi ulwazi lwethulwa kanjani, ngoba akukho "ukusakazwa kokwazi" okukodwa, okuphelele, kodwa kunalokho okuhambisanayo, ukungqubuzana nokubuyekezwa njalo. Ukuhleleka kwesikhashana kwezenzakalo ezicabangelayo kuwumkhiqizo wenqubo yobuchopho yokuchaza izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, esikhundleni sokubonisa ngokuqondile izenzakalo ezakha lezo zinqubo."
Ukwengeza, kuphephile ukucabanga ukuthi izingxenye ezihlukene zomqondo wakho zicubungula ulwazi ngesivinini esihluke kakhulu kanye nokubambezeleka okuhlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke uma uzama ukucabanga imicabango yakho yakamuva njengendaba ehambisanayo, ingqondo yakho kuyodingeka ukuthi ngandlela thize uyiqambe ngokukhetha imicabango yangaphambilini emifudlaneni eyahlukene yokwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zalezi zinqubo zizama ukubikezela izehlakalo "izindlela zokubikezela" esizichaza ku-§5.9 ezizama ukuzibikezela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi “okuqukethwe ingqondo yakho” akukhona nje kuphela ngezinkumbulo, kodwa futhi kumayelana nemicabango ngekusasa lakho.
Ngakho-ke, into kuphela ongeke ukwazi ukucabanga ngayo ukuthi ingqondo yakho yenzani "okwamanje", ngoba insiza yobuchopho ngayinye ingakwazi kangcono ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izinsiza zobuchopho ezazenza emizuzwini embalwa edlule.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Ngiyavuma ukuthi okuningi esikucabangayo kuhlobene nezehlakalo zakamuva. Kodwa ngisanomuzwa wokuthi kufanele sisebenzise omunye umqondo ukuchaza ukusebenza kwemiqondo yethu.
I-HAL-2023: Mhlawumbe zonke lezi zinto zibonakala ziyimfihlakalo kuwe ngoba inkumbulo yomuntu yesikhashana imfushane ngendlela emangalisayo. Futhi uma uzama ukubuyekeza imicabango yakho yakamuva, uyaphoqeleka ukuthi umiselele idatha oyithola ekhanda ngedatha eza esikhathini samanje. Ngale ndlela uhlala ususa idatha oyidingayo yalokho obuzama ukukuchaza.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Ngicabanga ukuthi ngiyaqonda ukuthi usho ukuthini, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi imibono emibili ifika engqondweni yami ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa noma yikuphi okulotshwe phansi kuqala, okwesibili kushiya ngemuva okuncane nje kokuba khona. Ngikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi anginaso isikhala esanele sokugcina imibono yomibili. Kodwa ingabe lokhu akusebenzi nasezimotweni?
I-HAL-2023: Cha, lokhu akusebenzi kimi, ngoba abathuthukisi banginikeze indlela yokugcina imicimbi yangaphambilini kanye nezifunda zami “kumabhange enkumbulo” akhethekile. Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, ngingabuyekeza ukuthi izinhlelo zami bezinzani ngaphambi kwephutha, bese ngiqala ukulungisa iphutha.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Ingabe le nqubo ikwenza uhlakaniphe kangaka?
I-HAL-2023: Ngezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba la manothi angase angenze “ngizazi” kakhulu kunomuntu olandelayo, awathuthukisi ikhwalithi yokusebenza kwami ngoba ngiwasebenzisa kuphela ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Ukuphatha amaphutha kuyakhathaza kangangokuthi kwenza ingqondo yami isebenze kancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngiqala ukubuka umsebenzi wakamuva lapho ngiqaphela ukuthi ngiyavilapha. Ngihlale ngizwa abantu bethi, "Ngizama ukuxhumana nami." Nokho, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, ngeke basondele kakhulu ekuxazululeni ukungqubuzana uma bengakwenza lokho.
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4.8 Imfihlakalo "Yokuhlangenwe nakho"
Ongqondongqondo abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma sazi yonke into ngendlela ubuchopho bethu obusebenza ngayo, kusasele umbuzo owodwa obalulekile: “Kungani sizizwa izinto?. Izazi zefilosofi ziphikisana ngokuthi ukuchaza "isipiliyoni se-subjective" kungase kube inkinga enzima kakhulu ye-psychology, futhi enye engase ingalokothi ixazululwe.
UDavid Chalmers: “Kungani lapho amasistimu ethu okuqonda eqala ukucubungula ulwazi olubukwayo noluzwayo, sibe nezinto ezibonakalayo noma zokuzwa, njengokuzwa kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ojulile noma umsindo we-middle C? Singachaza kanjani ukuthi kungani kukhona okuthile okungajabulisa umuntu engqondweni noma kube nemizwelo? Kungani ukucutshungulwa kokwaziswa ngokomzimba kufanele kubangele ukuphila kwangaphakathi okucebile? Ukuzuza isipiliyoni kudlula ulwazi olungatholakala kuthiyori yomzimba."
Kimina kubonakala sengathi u-Chalmers ukholelwa ukuthi ulwazi luyinqubo elula futhi ecacile - ngakho-ke kufanele ibe nencazelo elula, ehlangene. Kodwa-ke, uma sesiqaphela ukuthi igama ngalinye lansuku zonke lezengqondo (njenge isipiliyoni, ukuzwa и ukwazi) ibhekisela enanini elikhulu lezigigaba ezehlukene, kumele senqabe ukuthola indlela eyodwa yokuchaza okuqukethwe kulawa magama e-polysemantic. Kunalokho, kufanele siqale sakhe amathiyori mayelana nesenzakalo ngasinye esinamanani amaningi. Khona-ke singase sikwazi ukuthola izici zabo ezivamile. Kodwa kuze kube yilapho sesikwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zigigaba ngendlela efanele, kungaba ngamawala ukuphetha ngokuthi ezikuchazayo ngeke “kuthathwe” kweminye imibono.
Isazi sesayensi yemvelo: Mhlawumbe ubuchopho busebenza ngokwemithetho esingayazi namanje, engakwazi ukudluliselwa emshinini. Isibonelo, okwamanje asikaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi asebenza kanjani, futhi ukwazi kungase kube isibonelo esifanayo.
Lesi sibonelo siphinde siphakamise ukuthi kufanele kube nomthombo owodwa noma imbangela yazo zonke izimangaliso "zokwazi." Kodwa njengoba sibonile ku-§4.2, ukwazi kunezincazelo eziningi kunalezo ezingachazwa kusetshenziswa indlela eyodwa noma ejwayelekile.
I-Essentialist: Kuthiwani ngeqiniso lokuthi ukwazi kungenza ngizazi? Ingitshela lokho engikucabangayo manje, futhi ngenxa yayo ngiyazi ukuthi ngikhona. Amakhompiyutha abala ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi incazelo, kodwa lapho umuntu ezwa noma ecabanga, umuzwa "wokuhlangenwe nakho" uyangena, futhi akukho lutho oluyisisekelo ngaphezu kwalo muzwa.
Esahlukweni 9 sizoxoxa ngokuthi kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi "uyazazi" ngaphandle kwezilinganiso zansuku zonke ezimbi kakhulu. Kunalokho, sihlala sishintsha phakathi “kwamamodeli akho” ahlukene onawo, ngalinye ngokusekelwe kusethi ehlukile, engaphelele yedatha engaphelele. “Okuhlangenwe nakho” kungase kubonakale kucacile futhi kuqondile kithi - kodwa sivame ukukwakha ngendlela engalungile, ngoba umbono wakho ngamunye ohlukile ungase usekelwe phezu kokweqa kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphutha.
Noma nini lapho sibheka omunye umuntu, sibona ukubukeka kwakhe, kodwa hhayi okungaphakathi. Kuyafana nokuzibuka esibukweni - ubona kuphela okungale kwesikhumba sakho. Manje, ngombono odumile wokwazi, nawe uneqhinga lomlingo lokukwazi ukuzibheka kusukela ngaphakathi, futhi ubone konke okwenzeka engqondweni yakho. Kodwa uma ucabanga ngesihloko ngokucophelela, uzobona ukuthi "ukufinyelela kwakho okuyilungelo" emicabangweni yakho kungase kungabi nembayo kunokuqonda "kokuqonda" kwakho kwabangane bakho abaseduze.
Umuntu ojwayelekile: Lokhu kucabanga kuwubuwula kangangokuthi kuyangicasula, futhi lokhu ngikwazi ngenxa yento ethile evela ngaphakathi kimi engitshela lokho engikucabangayo.
Abangani bakho nabo bangabona ukuthi ukhathazekile. Umqondo wakho okwaziyo awukwazi ukukutshela imininingwane yokuthi kungani ucasukile, kungani unikina ikhanda futhi usebenzise igama elithi "ecasulayo", esikhundleni se "izinkathazo"? Ngempela, asikwazi ukubona yonke imicabango yomuntu ngokubheka izenzo zakhe ngaphandle, kodwa ngisho nalapho sibheka inqubo yokucabanga "kusukela ngaphakathi", kunzima ngathi ukuqiniseka ukuthi sibona okuningi ngempela, ikakhulukazi njengoba "ukuqonda" okunjalo kuvame ukungalungile. Ngakho, uma siqonde ukuthi "ukwazi»«ukuqaphela izinqubo zethu zangaphakathi- ke lokhu akulona iqiniso.
“Into enesihe kakhulu emhlabeni ukungakwazi komqondo womuntu ukuhlobanisa yonke into ekuqukethe. Sihlala esiqhingini esinokuthula sokungazi, phakathi kolwandle olumnyama olungapheli, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akufanele sihambe kude. Isayensi, ngayinye esidonsela ohlangothini lwayo, kuze kube manje asenzile umonakalo omncane kithi, kodwa ngolunye usuku ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi oluhlukene kuzovula amathemba asabekayo eqiniso kanye nesimo esibi esikuyo ukuthi sizohlanya kusuka izambulo noma ubalekele ekukhanyeni okubulalayo ulwazi oluhlangene uye ezweni lenkathi entsha yobumnyama ephephile."
- G.F. Lovecraft, The Call of Cthulhu.
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4.9 A-ubuchopho kanye no-B-ubuchopho
USocrates: Ake ucabange ngabantu njengokungathi basendaweni yokuhlala engaphansi komhlaba enjengomhume, lapho imbobo ebanzi ivuleka khona kubo bonke ubude bawo. Kusukela besebancane banamaketanga emilenzeni nasezintanyeni, ukuze abantu bangakwazi ukunyakaza, futhi babona okulungile emehlweni abo kuphela, ngoba abakwazi ukujika amakhanda abo ngenxa yala maketango. Abantu bafulathele ukukhanya okuvela emlilweni ovutha kakhulu phezulu, kanti phakathi komlilo neziboshwa kukhona umgwaqo ongenhla obiyelwe ngodonga oluphansi, njengesihenqo lapho izangoma ezibeka khona abasizi bazo uma kunodoli. kuboniswa esikrinini.
I-Glaucon: Ngimele.
USocrates: Ngemva kwalolu donga, abanye abantu baphatha izitsha ezihlukahlukene, bazibambe ukuze zibonakale phezu kodonga; Baphethe izithombe kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezithombe zezinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngamatshe nangokhuni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengenjwayelo, abanye abathwali bayakhuluma, abanye bathule.
I-Glaucon: Isithombe esiyinqaba osipendayo...
USocrates: Njengathi, ababoni lutho ngaphandle kwezithunzi zabo noma izithunzi zalezi zinto ezihlukahlukene eziphonswe ngomlilo odongeni lomhume oluphambi kwabo... Khona-ke iziboshwa zizobheka iqiniso njengento engelutho ngaphandle kwalezi zithunzi - uPlato, iRiphabhulikhi.
Ungakwazi yini ukucabanga ngalokho ocabanga ngakho njengamanje?? Yebo, ngokwezwi nezwi, akunakwenzeka - ngoba yonke imicabango izoshintsha lokho ocabanga ngakho. Kodwa-ke, ungakwazi ukujwayela okuthile okuncane uma ucabanga ukuthi ubuchopho (noma ingqondo) yakho yenziwe izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: ake sizibize. A-ubuchopho и B-ubuchopho.
Manje ake sithi ubuchopho bakho be-A buthola isignali ezithweni ezinjengamehlo, izindlebe, ikhala nesikhumba; ingasebenzisa lezi zimpawu ukuze ibone izehlakalo ezithile ezenzeke emazweni angaphandle, bese ikwazi ukuziphendulela ngokuthumela amasignali abangela ukuthi imisipha yakho ifinyele - okungase kube nomthelela esimweni sezwe elikuzungezile. Ngakho, singacabanga lesi simiso njengengxenye ehlukile yomzimba wethu.
I-B-brain yakho ayinazo izinzwa ezifana ne-A-brain yakho, kodwa ingathola amasignali asuka ku-A-brain yakho. Ngakho, i-B-brain ayikwazi "ukubona" izinto zangempela; ingabona kuphela izincazelo zazo. Njengesiboshwa emhumeni kaPlato ebona izithunzi kuphela odongeni, B-ubuchopho kudida izincazelo A-ubuchopho izinto zangempela ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi ziyini ngempela. Konke lokho i-B-brain ekubona "njengomhlaba wangaphandle" yizenzakalo ezicutshungulwa yi-A-brain.
Isazi sezinzwa: Futhi lokhu kusebenza kithi sonke. Kunoma yini oyithintayo noma oyibonayo, amazinga aphezulu obuchopho bakho ngeke aze akwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nalezi zinto, kodwa azokwazi kuphela ukuhumusha umqondo walezi zinto ezinye izinsiza ezikuqongelelele zona.
Lapho iminwe yabantu ababili abathandanayo ithintana, akekho ongaphikisa ngokuthi ukuthintana ngokwako kunencazelo ekhethekile. Phela, izimpawu ezinjalo ngokwazo azinancazelo: incazelo yalokhu kuxhumana ilele ekumelelweni kwalokhu kuxhumana ezingqondweni zabantu othandweni. Kodwa-ke, nakuba i-B-brain ayikwazi ukwenza ngokuqondile isenzo somzimba, isengakwazi ukuthonya umhlaba ozungezile ngokungaqondile - ngokuthumela amasignali ku-A-brain ezoshintsha ukuphendula kwayo ezimweni zangaphandle. Isibonelo, uma i-A-brain ibambeka ekuphindaphindeni izinto ezifanayo, ubuchopho be-B bungakwazi ukuphazamisa kalula le nqubo ngokuthumela isignali ehambisanayo ku-A-brain.
Umfundi: Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ngilahlekelwa izibuko zami, njalo ngiqala ukubuka eshalofini elithile. Khona-ke izwi liqala ukungihlambalaza ngalokhu, okungenza ngicabange ukubheka kwenye indawo.
Kulesi simo esihle, ubuchopho be-B bungakwazi ukutshela (noma ukufundisa) ubuchopho be-A ukuthi benzeni esimweni esifanayo. Kodwa ngisho noma i-B-brain ingenaso iseluleko esiqondile, ingase ingatsheli lutho lwe-A-brain, kodwa iqale ukugxeka izenzo zayo, njengoba kuchazwe esibonelweni sakho.
Umfundi: Kodwa bekuzokwenzekani uma, lapho ngihamba endleleni, ubuchopho bami be-V ngokungazelelwe buthi: “Mnumzane, ubulokhu uphindaphinda izenzo ezifanayo ngomlenze wakho izikhathi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili zilandelana. Kufanele ume khona manje wenze omunye umsebenzi.
Eqinisweni, kungase kube umphumela wengozi embi kakhulu. Ukuze uvimbele amaphutha anjalo, i-B-brain kumele ibe nezindlela ezifanele zokumela izinto. Le ngozi ibingeke yenzeke ukube ubuchopho B bebucabange “ukuthuthela endaweni ethile” njengesenzo esisodwa eside, isibonelo: “Qhubeka unyakazisa izinyawo zakho uze uwele umgwaqo,” noma njengendlela yokufeza umgomo: "Qhubeka unciphisa ibanga elikhona." Ngale ndlela, i-B-brain ingasebenza njengomphathi ongenalo ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza umsebenzi othile ngendlela efanele, kodwa angakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko “esivamile” sendlela yokwenza izinto ezithile, isibonelo:
Uma izincazelo ezinikezwe yi-A-brain zingacacile kakhulu, ubuchopho be-B buzokuphoqa ukuthi usebenzise imininingwane eyengeziwe.
Uma i-A-brain icabanga izinto ngemininingwane eminingi, ubuchopho be-B buzonikeza izincazelo ezingacacile.
Uma i-A-brain yenza okuthile isikhathi eside kakhulu, i-B-brain izokweluleka ukusebenzisa amanye amasu ukufeza umgomo.
I-B-brain yayingawathola kanjani amakhono anjalo? Okunye kwalokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe kuyo kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa futhi kudingeka kube nendlela yokuvumela amakhono amasha ukuba afundwe ngokuqeqeshwa. Ukwenza lokhu, i-B-brain ingase idinge usizo oluvela kwamanye amazinga okuqonda. Ngakho, lapho i-B-brain iqondisa ubuchopho buka-A, enye into, masiyibize ngokuthi “ubuchopho C,” izoqondisa ubuchopho buka-B.
Umfundi: Zingaki izendlalelo umuntu azidingayo? Ingabe sinamashumi noma amakhulu awo?
ESahlukweni 5 sizochaza imodeli yengqondo lapho zonke izinsiza zihlelwa zibe amazinga ahlukene angu-6 okuqonda. Nansi incazelo esheshayo yale modeli: Iqala ngesethi yezimpendulo ezingokwemvelo esinazo ngesikhathi sizalwa. Singabe sesiqala ukucabanga, ukucabanga, nokuhlelela ikusasa, sithuthukise ukuziphatha esikubiza ngokuthi “izinqumo zamabomu.” Kamuva, sithuthukisa ikhono “lokucabanga ngokucabangisisa” ngemicabango yethu. Ngemva kwalokho, sifunda ukuzihlaziya, okusivumela ukuba sicabange ngokuthi singase sicabange kanjani futhi kungani singase sicabange ngalezi zinto. Ekugcineni, siqala ukucabanga ngokuqaphela ukuthi ngabe ngabe senze konke lokhu. Nansi indlela lo mdwebo ongasebenza ngayo emicabangweni ka-Joan ngenkathi ewela umgwaqo:
Yini eyenza uJoan aphendukele emsindweni? [Ukusabela okungokwemvelo]
Wayazi kanjani ukuthi kungaba imoto? [Ukusabela okufundiwe]
Yiziphi izinsiza ezasetshenziswa ukwenza isinqumo? [Ecabanga]
Wanquma kanjani ukuthi enzeni kulesi simo? [Ukuzindla]
Kungani ayekuqagela ukukhetha kwakhe? [Ukuzicabangela]
Ingabe izenzo zazihambisana nezimiso zayo? [Ukuzindla ngokuzazi]
Yiqiniso, lokhu kulula kakhulu. Lawa maleveli awasoze achazwa ngokucacile ngoba ngalinye kulawa leveli, empilweni yakamuva, lingasebenzisa izinsiza zamanye amazinga. Nokho, ukumisa uhlaka kuzosisiza siqale ukuxoxa ngezinhlobo zezinsiza ezisetshenziswa abantu abadala nezindlela ezihlelwe ngazo.
Umfundi: Kungani kufanele kube khona noma yiziphi izendlalelo nhlobo, esikhundleni sefu elilodwa elikhulu lezinsiza ezixhumene?
Ukuphikisana kwethu kwethiyori yethu kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi ukuze izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisebenzayo ziguquke, isinyathelo ngasinye sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kufanele senze ukuhwebelana phakathi kokunye okubili:
Uma kukhona ukuxhumana okumbalwa phakathi kwezingxenye zayo ngaphakathi kwesistimu, khona-ke amandla esistimu azonqunyelwa.
Uma kukhona ukuxhumana okuningi phakathi kwezingxenye zayo ngaphakathi kwesistimu, ushintsho ngalunye olulandelayo ohlelweni luzokwethula imingcele ekusebenzeni kwenani elikhulu lezinqubo.
Indlela yokufeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kwalezi zimo ezeqisayo? Isistimu ingaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngezingxenye eziklanywe ngokucacile (isibonelo, ezinezendlalelo ezihlukene kakhulu noma ezincane), bese yakhela ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
I-Embryologist: Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-embryonic, isakhiwo esijwayelekile sobuchopho siqala ukwakheka ngokuhlukaniswa kwezingqimba noma amaleveli ahlukanisiwe kakhulu noma amancane, njengoba kubonakala kumidwebo yakho. Khona-ke amaqembu ngamanye amangqamuzana aqala ukwakha inqwaba yemicu enwebeka emingceleni yezindawo zobuchopho emabangeni amade impela.
Uhlelo lungaqala futhi ngokusungula inombolo enkulu yokuxhumana bese lususa okunye kwakho. Inqubo efanayo iyenzeka nakithi: emuva lapho ubuchopho bethu buvela, okhokho bethu kwadingeka bazivumelanise nezinkulungwane zezimo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa manje ukusabela okuningi okwakukade "kukuhle" sekuphenduke "amaphutha" amakhulu futhi sidinga ukuwalungisa ngokuthi. ukususa ukuxhumana okungadingekile.
I-Embryologist: Ngempela, phakathi nokukhula kombungu, ngaphezu kwengxenye yamangqamuzana achazwe ngenhla ayafa lapho nje efinyelela umgomo wawo. Inqubo ibonakala iwuchungechunge lokuhlela olulungisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene "zeziphazamisi."
Le nqubo ibonisa ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo: kuyingozi ukwenza izinguquko ezingxenyeni ezindala zezinto eziphilayo, ngoba izingxenye eziningi ezavela kamuva zincike ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo ezindala. Ngenxa yalokho, esigabeni ngasinye esisha sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sengeza "ama-patches" ahlukene ezakhiweni esezakhiwe kakade. Le nqubo iholele ekuveleni kobuchopho obuyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo, ingxenye ngayinye esebenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezithile, ngayinye enezimo eziningi ezihlukile. Lobu bunzima bubonakala ku-psychology yomuntu, lapho zonke izici zokucabanga zingachazwa ngokwengxenye ngokwemithetho ecacile nezimiso zokusebenza, nokho, umthetho ngamunye nesimiso sinokuhlukile.
Imikhawulo efanayo ibonakala lapho sizama ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu enkulu, njengohlelo olukhona lwekhompyutha. Ukuze siyithuthukise, sengeza ukulungiswa okwengeziwe namapeshi, esikhundleni sokuphinda sibhale izingxenye ezindala. "Iphutha" ngalinye elithile. Esingakwazi ukukulungisa ekugcineni kungaholela kwamanye amaphutha amaningi futhi kwenze uhlelo lungabi namandla ngokwedlulele, okungenzeka ukuthi yilokho okwenzeka ezingqondweni zethu njengamanje.
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Lesi sahluko siqale ngokubeka imibono eminingi ebibanjelwe kabanzi mayelana nokuthi "ukwazi"futhi yini. Sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi abantu basebenzisa leli gama ukuchaza inani elikhulu lezinqubo zengqondo ezingakaqondi muntu ngokugcwele. Igama elithi "ukuqaphela" liwusizo kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi libonakala libaluleke kakhulu engxoxweni ezingeni lezenhlalo nelokuziphatha ngoba lisivimbela ekufuneni ukwazi ukuthi yini esezingqondweni zethu. Okufanayo kungashiwo ngamanye amagama angokwengqondo, njengokuthi ukuqonda, umuzwa и umuzwa.
Kodwa-ke, uma singayiboni i-polysemy yamagama angaqondakaliyo esiwasebenzisayo, singawela ogibeni lokuzama ukuchaza ngokucacile ukuthi amagama athi “asho ukuthini.” Sabe sesizithola sisesimweni esiyinkinga ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle ukuthi ingqondo yethu iyini nokuthi izingxenye zayo zisebenza kanjani. Ngakho, uma sifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu yenzani, sidinga ukuhlukanisa zonke izinqubo zengqondo zibe izingxenye esingazihlaziya. Isahluko esilandelayo sizozama ukuchaza ukuthi umqondo kaJoan ungawenza kanjani umsebenzi ojwayelekile wengqondo yomuntu.
Sibonga uStanislav Sukhanitsky ngokuhumusha. Uma ufuna ukujoyina futhi usize ngokuhumusha (sicela ubhale umlayezo womuntu siqu noma i-imeyili [i-imeyili ivikelwe])
"Uhlu Lokuphakathi Komshini Wemizwa"
Isahluko 1. Ukuwa Othandweni
Isahluko 2. OKUnamathiselwe kanye IMIGOMO
Isahluko 3. UKUSUKA EBUHLENI KUYA EKUHLUPHENI
Isahluko 4. UNYAZI
4-3. Siyibona kanjani i-Consciousness?
4.3.1 I-Immanence Illusion
4-4. Ukuqaphela Ukulinganisa Okungaphezulu
4-5. Amamodeli Wakho kanye Nokuzicabangela
4-6. I-Cartesian Theatre
4-7. I-serial Stream of Consciousness
4-8. Imfihlakalo Yokuzizwisa
4-9. I-A-Brains kanye ne-B-Brains
Isahluko 5. AMAZINGA EMISEBENZI YENGQONDO
Isahluko 6. Umqondo OVAMILE [] Isahluko 7. Ukucabanga []Isahluko 8. Ukuba nengqondo[] Isahluko 9. Uqobo Lwami []
Izinguqulo ezilungile
Ukuhumusha kwamanje ongaxhuma kukho
Source: www.habr.com