8.1 Ubuhlakani
“Nakuba umshini onjalo ungenza izinto eziningi futhi mhlawumbe kangcono kunathi, kweminye ubuyohluleka, futhi bekuyotholakala ukuthi awenzi ngokuqaphela, kodwa ngenxa yokuhleleka kwezitho zawo.”
- Descartes. Ukubonisana ngendlela. 1637
Sesijwayele ukusebenzisa imishini enamandla nesheshayo kunabantu. Kodwa kuze kufike amakhompiyutha okuqala, akekho owaqaphela ukuthi umshini ungenza noma yini ngaphezu kwenani elilinganiselwe lezenzo ezahlukene. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho uDescartes ephikelela ngokuthi awukho umshini ongasungula izinto njengomuntu.
Ngoba nakuba ingqondo iyithuluzi elisebenza emhlabeni wonke, elikwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, izitho zomshini zidinga ilungiselelo elikhethekile lesenzo ngasinye esihlukene. Ngakho, akunakwenzeka ukuthi umshini ube namalungiselelo amaningi kangaka ahlukene ukuze usebenze kuzo zonke izimo zokuphila njengoba ingqondo yethu isiphoqa ukuba senze okuthile.” - Descartes. Ukubonisana ngendlela. 1637
Ngendlela efanayo, ngaphambili kwakukholelwa ukuthi kunegebe elingenakuxazululeka phakathi komuntu nezilwane. Encwadini ethi The Descent of Man, uDarwin uyaphawula: “Ababhali abaningi baye baphikelela ngokuthi umuntu uhlukaniswa isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa ezilwaneni eziphansi ngokuqondene namandla engqondo.”. Kodwa ube esecacisa ukuthi lona umehluko "quantitative, not qualitative".
UCharles Darwin: “Manje kimina kubonakala kufakazelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi umuntu nezilwane eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi izinkawu... banemizwa efanayo, imizwa kanye nemizwa efanayo; wonke umuntu unezinkanuko, imizwa nemizwelo efanayo - ngisho naleyo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, enjengomona, izinsolo, ukuncintisana, ukubonga nokuphana ... banamakhono okulingisa, okunaka, okucabanga nokukhetha, nakuba enamazinga ahlukahlukene; ube nenkumbulo, umcabango, ukuhlotshaniswa kwemibono nokucabanga.”
UDarwin uyaqhubeka nokuphawula lokho “abantu bohlobo olufanayo bamelela zonke izigaba, kusukela ebulimani kuya ekuhlakanipheni okukhulu” futhi ugomela ngokuthi ngisho nezinhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu zomcabango womuntu zingathuthuka kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo - ngoba aziboni izithiyo ezingenakunqotshwa kulokhu.
"Akunakwenzeka ukuphika, okungenani, ukuthi kungenzeka lokhu kuthuthukiswa, ngoba sibona izibonelo zansuku zonke zokuthuthukiswa kwala makhono kuyo yonke ingane futhi singakwazi ukulandelela ukuguquka kancane kancane kusuka engqondweni yesiphukuphuku esiphelele ... kuya engqondweni. eNewton.”.
Abantu abaningi basakuthola kunzima ukucabanga ngezinyathelo ezishintshayo ukusuka esilwaneni kuye emqondweni womuntu. Esikhathini esedlule, leli phuzu lokubuka lalifaneleka - bambalwa abantu ababecabanga kanjalo izinguquko ezimbalwa nje zesakhiwo zingakhuphula kakhulu amakhono emishini. Nokho, ngo-1936, isazi sezibalo u-Alan Turing sabonisa indlela yokwenza umshini “womhlaba wonke” okwazi ukufunda iziqondiso zeminye imishini bese, ngokushintsha phakathi kwalezo ziqondiso, ukwazi ukwenza konke okwakungenziwa yileyo mishini.
Wonke amakhompyutha esimanje asebenzisa le nqubo, ngakho namuhla singahlela umhlangano, sihlele imibhalo noma sithumele imilayezo kubangani sisebenzisa idivayisi eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sesiyigcinile le miyalo ngaphakathi imishini, izinhlelo zingashintsha ukuze umshini ukwazi ukwandisa amakhono awo. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi imikhawulo eyabonwa yi-Descartes yayingeyona imvelo emshinini, kodwa yayiwumphumela wezindlela zethu zakudala zokuyakha noma zokuyihlela. Kuwo wonke umshini esiwuklame esikhathini esidlule, kuye kwaba nendlela eyodwa kuphela yokufeza umsebenzi ngamunye othile, kuyilapho umuntu enezinye izinketho uma enenkinga yokuxazulula umsebenzi othile.
Nokho, ongqondongqondo abaningi basaphikisana ngokuthi imishini ayisoze yakwazi ukufeza impumelelo enjengokuqamba amathiyori amakhulu noma ama-symphonies. Kunalokho, bakhetha ukuthi lawa makhono ahlobene “namathalenta” noma “izipho” ezingachazwanga. Kodwa-ke, la makhono aba yimfihlakalo kancane lapho sibona ukuthi ubuhlakani bethu kungenzeka buvele ezindleleni ezihlukene zokucabanga. Ngempela, isahluko ngasinye esandulele sale ncwadi sibonise indlela izingqondo zethu ezinikeza ngayo ezinye izindlela ezinjalo:
§1. Sizalwa sinezinye izindlela eziningi.
§2. Sifunda kuma-Iprimers nakubangane.
§3. Sifunda nokungafanele ukwenze.
§4. Siyakwazi ukuzindla.
§5. Singabikezela imiphumela yezenzo ezicatshangelwayo.
§6. Sisebenzisa izinqolobane zolwazi olujwayelekile.
§7. Singashintsha phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokucabanga.
Lesi sahluko sidingida izici ezengeziwe ezenza ingqondo yomuntu ibe nezinto ezihlukahlukene.
§8-2. Sibheka izinto ngemibono ehlukene.
§8-3. Sinezindlela zokushintsha ngokushesha phakathi kwazo.
§8-4. Siyakwazi ukufunda ngokushesha.
§8-5. Singakwazi ukubona kahle ulwazi olufanele.
§8-6. Sinezindlela ezihlukene zokumela izinto.
Ekuqaleni kwale ncwadi, saphawula ukuthi ukuzibona njengomshini kunzima, ngoba akukho nowodwa umshini okhona oqonda incazelo, kodwa wenza imiyalo elula kuphela. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi zithi lokhu kumelwe ukuba kunjalo ngoba imishini iyizinto ezibonakalayo, kuyilapho incazelo ikhona ezweni lemibono, indawo engaphandle kwendawo ebonakalayo. Kodwa esahlukweni sokuqala siphakamise ukuthi thina ngokwethu silinganisele imishini ngokuchaza izincazelo kancane kangangokuthi asikwazi ukuveza ukuhlukahluka kwazo:
Uma 'uqonda' into ngendlela eyodwa kuphela, cishe ngeke uyiqonde nhlobo - ngoba uma izinto zingahambi kahle, ushayisa udonga. Kodwa uma ucabanga okuthile ngezindlela ezahlukene, kukhona njalo indlela yokuphuma. Ungabheka izinto ngezindlela ezahlukene uze uthole isixazululo!”
Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlukahluka kwenza ingqondo yomuntu iguquguquke kanjani. Futhi sizoqala ngokulinganisa ibanga lezinto.
8.2 Isilinganiso sebanga
Ingabe ufuna isibonakhulu esikhundleni iso?
Kodwa awuyena umiyane noma i-microbe.
Kungani kufanele sibuke, sizahlulele wena,
Kuma-aphid, ukunganaki isibhakabhaka
- A. UPapa. Isipiliyoni ngomuntu. (ihunyushwe ngu-V. Mikushevich)
Uma womile ubheke okuphuzwayo, uma ubona inkomishi eduze ungavele uyibambe, kodwa uma ikude kakhulu, kuzomele uye kuyo. Kodwa wazi kanjani ukuthi yiziphi izinto ongafinyelela kuzo? Umuntu ongenalwazi akaziboni izinkinga lapha: "Awuyibuke nje lento ubone ukuthi ikuphi". Kodwa lapho uJoan ebona imoto ezayo esahlukweni 4-2 noma ebamba incwadi ngo-6-1, Walazi kanjani ibanga eliya kubo?
Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babedinga ukulinganisa ukuthi umhlaseli wawusondele kangakanani. Namuhla sidinga kuphela ukuhlola ukuthi sikhona yini isikhathi esanele sokuwela umgwaqo - nokho, izimpilo zethu zincike kukho. Ngenhlanhla, sinezindlela eziningi zokulinganisa ibanga lezinto.
Isibonelo, inkomishi evamile elingana nesandla. Kuthiwani-ke uma inkomishi igcwalisa isikhala esiningi njengesandla sakho esiluliwe!, khona-ke ungakwazi ukwelula isandla uyithathe. Ungakwazi futhi ukulinganisa ukuthi isihlalo sikude kangakanani nawe, njengoba uyazi ukuthi cishe usayizi waso.
Ngisho noma ungawazi usayizi wento, usengakwazi ukulinganisa ibanga layo. Isibonelo, uma ezintweni ezimbili ezinosayizi ofanayo eyodwa ibonakala incane, kusho ukuthi ikude kakhulu. Lokhu kucabanga kungase kungalungile uma into iyimodeli noma ithoyizi. Uma izinto zidlulana, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bazo obuhlobene, leyo engaphambili iseduze.
Ungathola futhi ulwazi lwendawo mayelana nokuthi izingxenye zendawo zikhanyiswa kanjani noma zifakwe umthunzi, kanye nombono nendawo ezungezile yento. Futhi, imikhondo enjalo ngezinye izikhathi iyadukisa; Izithombe zamabhulokhi amabili angezansi ziyefana, kodwa umongo uphakamisa ukuthi anosayizi abahlukene.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi izinto ezimbili zilele endaweni eyodwa, leyo elele phezulu ikude kakhulu. Ukuthungwa okucolisekileyo kubonakala kude, njengoba kwenza izinto ezilufifi.
Ungakwazi ukulinganisa ibanga ukuya entweni ngokuqhathanisa izithombe ezahlukene esweni ngalinye. Nge-engeli ephakathi kwalezi zithombe, noma ngomehluko omncane "we-stereoscopic" phakathi kwazo.
Lapho into isondela kuwena, yilapho ihamba ngokushesha. Ungaphinda ulinganise usayizi ngokuthi ukugxila kombono kushintsha ngokushesha kangakanani.
Futhi ekugcineni, ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi zindlela zokubona, ungakwazi ukulinganisa ibanga ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umbono nhlobo - uma uke wabona into ngaphambili, ukhumbula indawo yayo.
Umfundi: Kungani izindlela eziningi kangaka uma ezimbili noma ezintathu zanele?
Njalo ngomzuzu wokuvuka senza izigwebo zebanga elingamakhulu kodwa nokho sisacishe siwe ezitebhisini noma siphahlazeke eminyango. Indlela ngayinye yokulinganisa ibanga inezinkinga zayo. Ukugxila kuphela ezintweni ezisondelene - abanye abantu abakwazi nhlobo ukugxila embonweni wabo. Ukubona kwe-binocular kusebenza ezindaweni ezikude, kodwa abanye abantu abakwazi ukufanisa izithombe ezivela kweso ngalinye. Ezinye izindlela azisebenzi uma umkhathizwe ungabonakali noma ukuthungwa nokufiphala kungatholakali. Ulwazi lusebenza kuphela ezintweni ezijwayelekile, kodwa into ingase ibe nobukhulu obungavamile—kodwa asivamile ukwenza amaphutha abulalayo ngoba sinezindlela eziningi zokwahlulela ibanga.
Uma indlela ngayinye inobuhle nobubi bayo, iyiphi okufanele uyithembe? Ezahlukweni ezilandelayo sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana yokuthi singakwazi kanjani ukushintsha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga ngokushesha okukhulu.
Siyabonga ngokuhumusha phakathi sh. Uma ufuna ukujoyina futhi usize ngokuhumusha (sicela ubhale umlayezo womuntu siqu noma i-imeyili [i-imeyili ivikelwe])
"Uhlu Lokuphakathi Komshini Wemizwa"
Isahluko 1. Ukuwa Othandweni
Isahluko 2. OKUnamathiselwe kanye IMIGOMO
Isahluko 3. UKUSUKA EBUHLENI KUYA EKUHLUPHENI
Isahluko 4. UNYAZI
Isahluko 5. AMAZINGA EMISEBENZI YENGQONDO
Isahluko 6. Umqondo OVAMILE [] Isahluko 7. Ukucabanga []
Isahluko 8. Ukusebenziseka kalula
8-3. I-Panalogy
8-4. Isebenza kanjani i-Human Learning
8-5. Ukunikezwa Kwesikweletu
8-6. Ubuqambi kanye nobuhlakani
8-7. Izinkumbulo NezethuloIsahluko 9. Ubumina []
Izinguqulo ezilungile
Ukuhumusha kwamanje ongaxhuma kukho
Source: www.habr.com