Njengoba imoto iqhubeka noguquko isuka ekushayeleni ihadiwe iye kwisoftware, imithetho yokuncintisana embonini yezimoto ishintsha kakhulu.
Injini yayiwumgogodla wezobuchwepheshe kanye nobunjiniyela bezimoto zekhulu lama-20. Namuhla, le ndima iqhubeka igcwaliswa yi-software, amandla amakhulu e-computing kanye nezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe; emisha eminingi ibandakanya konke lokhu. Konke kuncike kulezi zinto, kusukela ekusebenzeni kahle kwezimoto, ukufinyelela kwazo ku-inthanethi kanye nethuba lokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuya ekuhambeni kukagesi kanye nezixazululo ezintsha zokuhamba.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinto ze-elekthronikhi nesofthiwe zibaluleka kakhulu, izinga labo lobunzima nalo liyakhula. Thatha njengesibonelo inani elikhulayo lemigqa yekhodi (SLOC) equkethwe ezimotweni zesimanje. Ngo-2010, ezinye izimoto zazinama-SLOC alinganiselwa ezigidini eziyishumi; ngo-2016, lesi sibalo senyuke izikhathi eziyi-15 safinyelela cishe emigqeni yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-150. Ubunzima obufana ne-avalanche budala izinkinga ezinkulu ngekhwalithi yesofthiwe, njengoba kufakazelwa ukubuyekezwa okuningi kwezimoto ezintsha.
Izimoto zinezinga elengeziwe lokuzimela. Ngakho-ke, abantu abasebenza embonini yezimoto babheka ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwesoftware nezinto zikagesi njengezidingo ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu. Imboni yezimoto idinga ukuthi icabange kabusha izindlela zesimanje zesoftware kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi.
Ukuxazulula inkinga yemboni ecindezelayo
Njengoba imboni yezimoto isuka kumishini eshayelwa yihadiwe iye kumadivayisi ashayelwa yisoftware, isilinganiso senani lesoftware nezinto zikagesi emotweni likhula ngokushesha. Namuhla, isofthiwe yenza u-10% wengqikithi yokuqukethwe kwezimoto zesigaba sika-D noma imoto enkulu (cishe ama-$1220). Isabelo esimaphakathi sesoftware kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule ngo-11%. Kubikezelwa ukuthi ngo-2030 isofthiwe izobalelwa ku-30% wengqikithi yokuqukethwe kwemoto (cishe u-$5200). Akumangazi ukuthi abantu abathintekayo esigabeni esithile sokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto bazama ukuzuza emisha enikwe amandla isofthiwe nezinto zikagesi.
Izinkampani zesoftware nabanye abadlali bedijithali azisafuni ukusala ngemuva. Bazama ukuheha abakhiqizi bezimoto njengabahlinzeki besigaba sokuqala. Izinkampani zandisa ukubamba iqhaza kwazo kusitaki sobuchwepheshe bezimoto ngokusuka ezicini nasezinsizeni ziye kumasistimu okusebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani ezijwayele ukusebenza ngezinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi zingena ngesibindi endaweni yobuchwepheshe kanye nezicelo ezivela kuma-tech giants. Abakhiqizi bezimoto ze-Premium baya phambili futhi bathuthukisa amasistimu abo okusebenza, izifinyezo zehadiwe kanye nokucubungula amasignali ukuze benze imikhiqizo yabo ihluke ngokwemvelo.
Kunemiphumela kulelisu elingenhla. Ikusasa lizobona i-car service-oriented architecture (SOA) esekelwe kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezivamile. Abathuthukisi bazokwengeza izinto eziningi ezintsha: izixazululo emkhakheni wokufinyelela ku-inthanethi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, , izibalo ezithuthukisiwe nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Umehluko ngeke ube ku-hardware evamile yemoto, kodwa kusixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nendlela esebenza ngayo ngesofthiwe nezinto zikagesi ezithuthukisiwe.
Izimoto zesikhathi esizayo zizothuthela endaweni yezinzuzo ezintsha zokuncintisana ezinophawu.
Lokhu cishe kuzobandakanya ukusungulwa kwe-infotainment, nezici zokuphepha ezihlakaniphile ezisuselwe ekuziphatheni “kokwehluleka ukuphepha” (isb., isistimu ekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ngisho noma ingxenye yayo yehluleka). I-software izoqhubeka yehle kusitaki sedijithali ukuze ibe yingxenye yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ngokucasha kwezinzwa ezihlakaniphile. Izitaki zizohlanganiswa ngokuvundlile futhi zizothola izendlalelo ezintsha ezizohambisa ukwakheka ku-SOA.
Izitayela zemfashini zishintsha imithetho yomdlalo. Bathonya isoftware kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi. Lawa mathrendi aqhuba ubunkimbinkimbi nokuncikana kobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, izinzwa ezintsha ezihlakaniphile nezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzodala . Uma izinkampani zezimoto zifuna ukuhlala zincintisana, zidinga ukucubungula nokuhlaziya idatha ngempumelelo. Izibuyekezo ze-SOA ze-Modular kanye nezibuyekezo zasemoyeni (i-OTA) zizoba yizidingo ezibalulekile zokusekela isofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi emikhunjini. Futhi zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni amamodeli ebhizinisi amasha lapho izici zivela ngokufunwa. Kuzoba nokusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwezinhlelo ze-infotainment futhi, nakuba kancane, kuthuthukisiwe . Isizathu siwukuthi bayanda abathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza abavela eceleni abahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yezimoto.
Ngenxa yezidingo zokuphepha zedijithali, isu lokulawula ukufinyelela okuvamile liyayeka ukuthakazelisa. Isikhathi sokushintshela kukho , eklanyelwe ukubikezela, ukuvimbela, ukubona, nokuvikela ekuhlaselweni ku-inthanethi. Njengoba amakhono okushayela okuzenzakalelayo (HAD) evela, sizodinga ukuhlangana kokusebenza, amandla aphezulu ekhompyutha, namazinga aphezulu okuhlanganiswa.
Ukuhlola imibono eyishumi mayelana nezakhiwo zikagesi noma zikagesi ezizayo
Indlela yokuthuthukisa kokubili ubuchwepheshe kanye nemodeli yebhizinisi ayikacaciswa ngokucacile. Kodwa ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwethu olubanzi kanye nemibono yochwepheshe, senze imibono eyishumi mayelana nesakhiwo esizayo semoto kagesi noma ye-elekthronikhi kanye nemithelela yako embonini.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamayunithi okulawula ama-elekthronikhi (ECU) kuzokwanda kakhulu
Esikhundleni sama-ECU amaningi athile emisebenzi ethile (njengasesitayelani samanje esithi “engeza umsebenzi, engeza iwindi”), imboni izothuthela esakhiweni semoto esihlanganisiwe se-ECU.
Esigabeni sokuqala, imisebenzi eminingi izogxila kubalawuli besizinda abahlanganisiwe. Ezizindeni zezimoto eziyinhloko, zizothatha indawo yokusebenza okutholakala manje kuma-ECU asabalalisiwe. Intuthuko isivele iyaqhubeka. Silindele umkhiqizo oqediwe emakethe eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu. Ukuhlanganiswa kungenzeka kakhulu kwenzeke kuzitaki ezihlobene nemisebenzi ye-ADAS kanye ne-HAD, kuyilapho imisebenzi yezimoto eyisisekelo ingase igcine izinga eliphezulu lokwahlukaniswa.
Sibheke ekushayeleni ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukwenziwa kwe-virtualization kwemisebenzi yesoftware kanye nokukhipha ku-hardware kuzobaluleka. Le ndlela entsha ingenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa izingxenyekazi zehadiwe zibe izitaki ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukile zokubambezeleka nokuthembeka. Isibonelo singase sibe isitaki esisebenza kahle kakhulu esisekela ukusebenza kwe-HAD ne-ADAS, kanye nesitaki esihlukile se-low-latency, esiqhutshwa isikhathi semisebenzi yokuphepha ewumongo. Noma ungashintsha i-ECU ufake “ikhompyutha enkulu” eyodwa eyisipele. Esinye isimo esingaba khona yilapho siwushiya ngokuphelele umqondo weyunithi yokulawula sivuna inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ehlakaniphile.
Izinguquko ziqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko izinto ezintathu: izindleko, abasanda kungena ezimakethe kanye nesidingo se-HAD. Ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kwesici kanye nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezidingekayo, okuhlanganisa izisetshenziswa zokuxhumana, kuzosheshisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa. Kungashiwo okufanayo kwabasanda kungena emakethe yezimoto okungenzeka baphazamise imboni nge-software-centric approach ekwakhiweni kwezimoto. Isidingo esikhulayo sokusebenza kwe-HAD kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kuzodinga izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa i-ECU.
Abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto abaphambili nabahlinzeki babo sebevele bebambe iqhaza ekuhlanganisweni kwe-ECU. Bathatha izinyathelo zokuqala ukuze babuyekeze izakhiwo zabo ze-elekthronikhi, nakuba okwamanje singekho i-prototype okwamanje.
Imboni izokhawulela inani lezitaki ezisetshenziselwa izinto ezithile
Ukusekelwa kokuhlanganisa kwenza umkhawulo wesitaki ube ojwayelekile. Izohlukanisa imisebenzi yemoto kanye nehadiwe ye-ECU, ehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-virtualization. Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ne-firmware (okuhlanganisa nesistimu yokusebenza) kuzoncika ezidingweni zokusebenza eziyinhloko kunokuba yingxenye yesizinda sokusebenza kwemoto. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezakhiwo ezigxile kusevisi, inani lezitaki kufanele lilinganiselwe. Ngezansi kukhona izitaki ezingaba isisekelo sezizukulwane ezizayo zezimoto eminyakeni engu-5-10:
- Isitaki esiqhutshwa isikhathi. Kulesi sizinda, isilawuli sixhunywe ngokuqondile ku-sensor noma i-actuator, kuyilapho amasistimu kufanele asekele izidingo zesikhathi sangempela eziqinile ngenkathi egcina ukubambezeleka okuphansi; ukuhlela insiza kusekelwe esikhathini. Lesi sitaki sihlanganisa amasistimu afinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokuphepha kwezimoto. Isibonelo yisizinda sakudala se-Automotive Open Systems Architecture (AUTOSAR).
- Isitaki esiqhutshwa isikhathi nomcimbi. Lesi sitaki esiyingxubevange sihlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphepha ezisebenza kahle ngokusekelwa kwe-ADAS ne-HAD, isibonelo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza nama-peripherals zihlukaniswa isistimu yokusebenza, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokusebenza zihlelwa isikhathi. Ngaphakathi kwesicelo, ukuhlela insiza kungase kusekelwe esikhathini noma ukubaluleka. Indawo yokusebenza iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke kakhulu kumgomo zisebenza kuziqukathi ezingazodwa, ezihlukanisa ngokusobala lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza emotweni. Isibonelo esihle i-AUTOSAR eguquguqukayo.
- Isitaki esiqhutshwa umcimbi. Lesi sitaki sigxile ohlelweni lwe-infotainment, olungabalulekile kwezokuphepha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zihlukaniswa ngokusobala kusuka kuma-peripherals, futhi izinsiza zishejulwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlelwa okususelwe kumcimbi okulungile kakhulu. Isitaki siqukethe imisebenzi ebonakalayo nesetshenziswa njalo: I-Android, I-Automotive Grade Linux, i-GENIVI ne-QNX. Lezi zici zivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi ahlanganyele nemoto.
- Isitaki samafu. Isitaki sokugcina sihlanganisa ukufinyelela kwedatha futhi siyididiyela nemisebenzi yemoto ngaphandle. Lesi sitaki sinesibopho sezokuxhumana, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuvikeleka kohlelo lokusebenza (ukufakazela ubuqiniso) futhi sisungula isixhumi esibonakalayo sezimoto, okuhlanganisa ukuxilonga okukude.
Abahlinzeki bezimoto kanye nabakhiqizi bezobuchwepheshe sebevele sebeqalile ukwenza ezinye zalezi zitaki. Isibonelo esihle isistimu ye-infotainment (isitaki esishayelwa umcimbi), lapho izinkampani zithuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana - i-3D nokuzulazula okuthuthukile. Isibonelo sesibili ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nezinzwa zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, lapho abahlinzeki bempahla behlangana nabakhi bezimoto abakhulu ukuze bathuthukise izinkundla zekhompyutha.
Esizindeni esiqhutshwa isikhathi, i-AUTOSAR ne-JASPAR zisekela ukumiswa kwalezi zitaki.
I-Middleware izokhipha izinhlelo zokusebenza kusuka kuhadiwe
Njengoba izimoto ziqhubeka nokuguqukela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zeselula, i-middleware izovumela izimoto ukuthi zilungiswe kabusha futhi isofthiwe yazo ifakwe futhi ibuyekezwe. Namuhla, i-middleware ku-ECU ngayinye isiza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi. Esizukulwaneni esilandelayo sezimoto, izoxhuma isilawuli sesizinda emisebenzini yokufinyelela. Ngokusebenzisa i-Hardware ye-ECU emotweni, i-middleware izohlinzeka nge-abstraction, virtualization, i-SOA kanye nekhompyutha esabalalisiwe.
Sekunobufakazi bokuthi imboni yezimoto ithuthela ekwakhiweni okuguquguqukayo, kufaka phakathi i-middleware. Isibonelo, iplathifomu ye-AUTOSAR eguquguqukayo iyisistimu eguqukayo ehlanganisa i-middleware, ukusekelwa kwesistimu yokusebenza eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nama-microprocessors wesimanje amaningi. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko ekhona njengamanje ikhawulelwe ku-ECU eyodwa kuphela.
Esikhathini esimaphakathi, inani lezinzwa ezingaphakathi lizokhula kakhulu
Ezizukulwaneni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ezizayo zezimoto, abakhiqizi bezimoto bazofaka izinzwa ezinomsebenzi ofanayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izindawo ezigciniwe ezihlobene nokuphepha zanele.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imboni yezimoto izothuthukisa izixazululo zezinzwa ezizinikele zokunciphisa inombolo yazo kanye nezindleko. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa i-radar nekhamera kungase kube yisixazululo esidume kakhulu eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyisishiyagalombili ezayo. Njengoba amandla okushayela okuzimele eqhubeka nokukhula, ukwethulwa kwama-lidars kuzodingeka. Bazohlinzeka ngokungasebenzi kabusha kokubili emkhakheni wokuhlaziya into kanye nasemkhakheni wokwenziwa kwasendaweni. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kokushayela okuzenzakalelayo kwe-SAE International L4 (okuzenzakalelayo okuphezulu) ekuqaleni kungase kudinge izinzwa zama-lidar ezine kuya kwezinhlanu, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezifakwe ngemuva ukuze uthole ukuzulazula kwedolobha kanye nokubonakala cishe okungu-360-degree.
Kunzima ukusho lutho mayelana nenani lezinzwa ezimotweni esikhathini eside. Kuphakathi kokuthi inani labo lizokwanda, linciphe, noma lihlale lifana. Konke kuncike emithethweni, ukuvuthwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwezixazululo kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa izinzwa eziningi ezimweni ezahlukene. Izidingo zokulawula, ngokwesibonelo, zingakhuphula ukubhekwa komshayeli, okuholela ezinzwa ezengeziwe ngaphakathi kwemoto. Singalindela ukubona izinzwa eziningi ze-elekthronikhi ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwemoto. Izinzwa zokunyakaza, ukuqapha impilo (izinga lenhliziyo nokulala), ukubonwa kobuso neiris ngezinye zezigameko ezingase zisetshenziswe. Kodwa-ke, ukwandisa inani lezinzwa noma ngisho nokugcina izinto zifana, uhla olubanzi lwezinto ezibonakalayo luzodingeka, hhayi kuphela kuzinzwa ngokwazo, kodwa nakunethiwekhi yemoto. Ngakho-ke, kunenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ukunciphisa inani lezinzwa. Ngokufika kwezimoto ezizenzakalelayo kakhulu noma ezizenzakalelayo ngokuphelele, ama-algorithms athuthukile nokufunda komshini kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinzwa nokuthembeka. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bezinzwa ezinamandla kakhulu nezinekhono, izinzwa ezingadingekile zingase zingasadingeki. Izinzwa ezisetshenziswa namuhla zingase ziphelelwe yisikhathi - izinzwa ezisebenza kakhulu zizovela (isibonelo, esikhundleni somsizi wokupaka osekelwe kukhamera noma i-lidar, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic zingavela).
Izinzwa zizohlakanipha
Izakhiwo zesistimu zizodinga izinzwa ezihlakaniphile nezihlanganisiwe ukuze zilawule inani elikhulu ledatha edingekayo ekushayeleni okuzenzakalelayo kakhulu. Imisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu efana ne-sensor fusion kanye nokuma kwe-XNUMXD kuzosebenza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ezimaphakathi. Ukucutshungulwa ngaphambili, ukuhlunga, kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo okungahle kubekwe emaphethelweni noma kwenziwe ngaphakathi kwenzwa ngokwayo. Isilinganiso esisodwa sibeka inani ledatha imoto ezimelayo ezoyikhiqiza njalo ngehora ngama-terabytes amane. Ngakho-ke, i-AI izosuka ku-ECU iye kuzinzwa ukuze yenze ukucubungula kwangaphambili okuyisisekelo. Kudinga ukubambezeleka okuphansi nokusebenza okuphansi kwekhompyutha, ikakhulukazi uma uqhathanisa izindleko zokucubungula idatha kuzinzwa kanye nezindleko zokudlulisa amanani amakhulu edatha emotweni. Ukungadingeki kwezinqumo zomgwaqo ku-HAD, nokho, kuzodinga ukuhlangana kwekhompuyutha eyodwa. Ngokunokwenzeka, lezi zibalo zizobalwa ngokusekelwe kudatha ecutshungulwe ngaphambilini. Izinzwa ezihlakaniphile zizoqapha imisebenzi yazo, kuyilapho ukuphindaphindeka kwezinzwa kuzothuthukisa ukwethembeka, ukutholakala, ngakho-ke ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi yezinzwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwenzwa kuzo zonke izimo, kuzodingeka izinhlelo zokuhlanza izinzwa ezifana nama-deicers nezikhiqizo zothuli nokungcola.
Kuzodingeka amandla aphelele namanethiwekhi edatha angasasebenzi
Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisihluthulelo nezokuphepha ezidinga ukwethembeka okuphezulu zizosebenzisa imijikelezo engasafuneki ngokuphelele kuyo yonke into edingekayo ukuze kuqondiswe ngokuphephile (ukuxhumana kwedatha, amandla). , amakhompyutha amaphakathi kanye namanethiwekhi ekhompiyutha asabalalisiwe alambele amandla azodinga amanethiwekhi amasha okulawula amandla angasasebenzi. Amasistimu abekezelela amaphutha asekela ukulawulwa kwezintambo neminye imisebenzi ye-HAD azodinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezingasasebenzi. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa kakhulu ukwakheka kokuqaliswa kokuqapha okubekezelela amaphutha kwesimanje.
I-"Automotive Ethernet" izophakama ukuze ibe umgogodla wemoto
Amanethiwekhi ezimoto anamuhla awanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhamba kwesikhathi esizayo. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga edatha, izidingo zokungadingeki emsebenzini kwama-HAD, isidingo sokuphepha nokuvikelwa ezindaweni ezixhumene, kanye nesidingo samaphrothokholi asezingeni eliphakathi kwezimboni cishe kuzoholela ekuveleni kwe-Ethernet yezimoto. Izoba isisetshenziswa esibalulekile, ikakhulukazi sebhasi yedatha emaphakathi engasasebenzi. Izixazululo ze-Ethernet zizodingeka ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuxhumana okuthembekile phakathi kwezizinda nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuzoba ngenxa yokwengezwa kwezandiso ze-Ethernet ezifana ne-Audio Video Bridging (AVB) kanye namanethiwekhi azwela isikhathi (TSN). Abamele imboni kanye ne-OPEN Alliance bayakweseka ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe be-Ethernet. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi sebesithathile lesi sinyathelo esikhulu.
Amanethiwekhi omdabu afana namanethiwekhi okuxhumana endawo namanethiwekhi esilawuli azoqhubeka esetshenziswa emotweni, kodwa kuphela kumanethiwekhi avaliwe asezingeni eliphansi njengezinzwa. Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-FlexRay ne-MOST cishe buzothathelwa indawo i-Ethernet yezimoto nezandiso zayo i-AVB ne-TSN.
Esikhathini esizayo, silindele ukuthi imboni yezimoto izophinde isebenzise obunye ubuchwepheshe be-Ethernet - i-HDBP (imikhiqizo yomkhawulokudonsa wokulibaziseka okuphezulu) kanye nobuchwepheshe be-10-Gigabit.
Ama-OEM azohlala enokulawula okuqinile ekuxhumekeni kwedatha ukuze aqinisekise ukuphepha okusebenzayo kanye ne-HAD, kodwa azovula izixhumanisi ukuze avumele abantu besithathu ukufinyelela kudatha.
Amasango okuxhumana amaphakathi adlulisa futhi athola idatha ebucayi ngokuvikeleka azohlala exhumeka ngokuqondile ku-OEM backend. Ukufinyelela kudatha kuzovulelwa izinkampani zangaphandle uma lokhu kungavinjelwe yimithetho. I-Infotainment "inamathiselwe" emotweni. Kule ndawo, izixhumanisi ezivulekile ezivelayo zizovumela abahlinzeki bokuqukethwe nezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi zithumele imikhiqizo yazo kuyilapho ama-OEM enamathela kumazinga ngokusemandleni abo.
Imbobo yokuhlola engaphakathi kwebhodi yanamuhla izothathelwa indawo izixazululo ze-telematics ezixhunyiwe. Ukufinyelela kokulungiswa kwenethiwekhi yemoto ngeke kusadingeka, kodwa izokwazi ukugeleza ngezingemuva ze-OEM. Ama-OEM azohlinzeka ngezimbobo zedatha ngemuva kwemoto ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa (ukulandelela imoto entshontshiwe noma umshwalense womuntu siqu). Kodwa-ke, amadivayisi angemva kwemakethe azoba nokufinyelela kancane kancane kumanethiwekhi edatha yangaphakathi.
Abaqhubi bemikhumbi emikhulu bazodlala indima enkulu kulwazi lomsebenzisi futhi bakhe inani lamakhasimende wokugcina. Bazokwazi ukunikeza izimoto ezihlukene ngezinjongo ezihlukene ngaphakathi kokubhaliselwe okufanayo (isibonelo, ukuhamba kwansuku zonke noma ukuhamba ngempelasonto). Kuzodingeka ukuthi basebenzise ama-OEM amaningi angemuva futhi bahlanganise idatha kuyo yonke imikhumbi yabo. Imininingo egciniwe emikhulu izobe isivumela abaqhubi bemikhumbi ukuthi benze imali ngedatha ehlanganisiwe nezibalo ezingatholakali ezingeni le-OEM.
Izimoto zizosebenzisa amasevisi efu ukuze zihlanganise ulwazi olusebhodini nedatha yangaphandle
Idatha "engazweli" (okungukuthi, idatha engahlotshaniswa nobunikazi noma ukuphepha) izocutshungulwa ngokwandayo emafini ukuze kutholwe ulwazi olwengeziwe. Ukutholakala kwale datha ngaphandle kwe-OEM kuzoncika emithethweni nasezimisweni zesikhathi esizayo. Njengoba imiqulu ikhula . Izibalo ziyadingeka ukuze kucutshungulwe ulwazi futhi kukhishwe idatha ebalulekile. Sizibophezele ekushayeleni ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokunye okuqanjwe kabusha kwedijithali. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwedatha kuzoncika ekwabelaneni kwedatha phakathi kwabadlali abaningi bemakethe. Okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi ngubani ozokwenza lokhu futhi kanjani. Kodwa-ke, abahlinzeki abakhulu bezimoto kanye nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe sezivele zakha amapulatifomu ezimoto ahlanganisiwe angaphatha le ngcebo entsha yedatha.
Izingxenye ezingathuthukiswa zizovela ezimotweni ezizosekela ukuxhumana kwabantu ababili
Amasistimu okuhlola asebhodini azovumela izimoto ukuthi zihlole ngokuzenzakalelayo izibuyekezo. Sizokwazi ukuphatha umjikelezo wempilo yemoto kanye nemisebenzi yayo. Wonke ama-ECU azothumela futhi amukele idatha evela kuzinzwa nama-actuator, abuyise idatha. Le datha izosetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha. Isibonelo kungaba ukwakha umzila ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha emoto.
Amandla okuvuselela i-OTA ayadingeka ku-HAD. Ngalobu buchwepheshe, sizoba nezici ezintsha, i-cybersecurity, kanye nokuphakelwa okusheshayo kwezici nesofthiwe. Eqinisweni, amandla okuvuselela i-OTA angamandla aqhuba izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile ezichazwe ngenhla. Ukwengeza, leli khono lidinga nesixazululo esibanzi sokuvikela kuwo wonke amaleveli esitaki—kokubili ngaphandle kwemoto nangaphakathi kwe-ECU. Lesi sixazululo sisazothuthukiswa. Kuyoba mnandi ukubona ukuthi ubani ozokwenza futhi kanjani.
Ingabe izibuyekezo zemoto zizokwazi ukufakwa njenge-smartphone? Imboni idinga ukunqoba imikhawulo ezinkontilekeni zabahlinzeki, izimfuneko zokulawula, kanye nokuphepha nokukhathazeka okuyimfihlo. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi bamemezele izinhlelo zokwethula iminikelo yesevisi ye-OTA, okuhlanganisa nezibuyekezo zasemoyeni zezimoto zabo.
Ama-OEM azomisa izimoto zawo ezinkundleni ze-OTA, asebenze eduze nabahlinzeki bobuchwepheshe kule ndawo. Ukuxhumeka emotweni kanye nezinkundla ze-OTA zizobaluleka kakhulu maduze. Ama-OEM ayaqonda lokhu futhi abheke ukuzuza ubunikazi obuningi kule ngxenye yemakethe.
Izimoto zizothola isofthiwe, izici nezibuyekezo zokuphepha zempilo yazo yokuklama. Iziphathimandla zokulawula cishe zizohlinzeka ngokulungiswa kwesofthiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bomklamo wemoto. Isidingo sokuvuselela nokugcina isoftware izoholela kumamodeli ebhizinisi amasha okulungiswa nokusebenza kwemoto.
Ukuhlola Umthelela Wesikhathi Esizayo Wesoftware Yezimoto kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwe-elekthronikhi
Amathrendi anomthelela embonini yezimoto adala ukungaqiniseki okubalulekile okuhlobene nehadiwe. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa lesoftware kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi libukeka lithembisa. Wonke amathuba avulekele imboni: abakhiqizi bezimoto bangakha izinhlangano zezimboni ukuze balinganise ukwakhiwa kwezimoto, ama-digital giants angasebenzisa amapulatifomu amafu ebhodini, abadlali abahambahambayo bangakwazi ukuzakhela izimoto zabo noma bathuthukise izitaki zezimoto ngekhodi yomthombo ovulekile kanye nesoftware yezimpawu, abakhiqizi bezimoto bangakwazi ukwethula. izimoto ezizimele ezithuthukayo ezinoxhumo lwe-inthanethi.
Imikhiqizo maduze ngeke isaba yi-hardware-centric. Azoqondiswa ngesoftware. Lolu shintsho luzoba nzima ezinkampanini zezimoto ezijwayele ukukhiqiza izimoto zesintu. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa izitayela nezinguquko ezichazwe, ngisho nezinkampani ezincane ngeke zibe nakho ukukhetha. Kuzofanele balungiselele.
Sibona izinyathelo zamasu ezimbalwa eziyinhloko:
- Hlukanisa imijikelezo yokuthuthukiswa kwemoto nemisebenzi yemoto. Ama-OEM kanye nabahlinzeki be-Tier XNUMX kufanele banqume ukuthi bazothuthukisa kanjani, banikeze futhi basebenzise izici. Kufanele zizimele emijikelezweni yokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto, kokubili ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe kanye nenhlangano. Njengoba kunikezwe imijikelezo yamanje yokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto, izinkampani zidinga ukuthola indlela yokuphatha ukusungulwa kwesoftware. Ukwengeza, kufanele bacabangele izinketho zokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukiswa (okufana namayunithi wokubala) wemikhumbi ekhona.
- Chaza inani lethagethi elengeziwe lesofthiwe nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zikagesi. Ama-OEM kufanele akhombe izici ezihlukanisayo angasetha amabhentshimakhi azo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacile inani elihlosiwe elengeziwe lezinhlelo zabo zesofthiwe kanye nentuthuko ye-electronics. Kufanele futhi ukhombe izindawo lapho imikhiqizo izodingeka khona nezihloko okufanele kuxoxwe ngazo kuphela nomphakeli noma uzakwethu.
- Setha intengo esobala yesofthiwe. Ukuze uhlukanise isoftware ku-hardware, ama-OEM adinga ukucabanga kabusha ngezinqubo zangaphakathi nezindlela zokuthenga isofthiwe ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kokwenza ngokwezifiso okungokwesiko, kubalulekile futhi ukuhlaziya ukuthi indlela eshesha kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware ingahlanganiswa kanjani nenqubo yokuthenga. Yilapho abathengisi (isigaba sokuqala, isigaba sesibili kanye nesigaba sesithathu) nabo bedlala indima ebalulekile njengoba bedinga ukuhlinzeka ngenani elicacile lebhizinisi kuhlelo lwabo lwesofthiwe nezinhlelo zabo ezinikezwayo ukuze bakwazi ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yemali engenayo.
- Yakha umdwebo wenhlangano othize wezakhiwo ezintsha zikagesi (okuhlanganisa nezingemuva). Imboni yezimoto idinga ukushintsha izinqubo zangaphakathi ukuze ilethe futhi idayise izinto zikagesi ezithuthukisiwe nesofthiwe. Badinga futhi ukucabangela izilungiselelo zenhlangano ezihlukene zezihloko ze-elekthronikhi ezihlobene nemoto. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukwakheka okusha "okunezendlalelo" kudinga ukuphazamiseka okungaba khona kokusethwa kwamanje "okuqondile" kanye nokwethulwa kwamayunithi enhlangano "avundlile" amasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesidingo sokwandisa amakhono namakhono abathuthukisi be-software nabasebenza ngogesi emaqenjini.
- Yakha imodeli yebhizinisi yezingxenye zemoto ngayinye njengomkhiqizo (ikakhulukazi kubahlinzeki). Kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izici ezengeza inani langempela ekwakhiweni kwesikhathi esizayo futhi kungenziwa imali. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uhlale uncintisana futhi uthwebule isabelo esibalulekile senani embonini ye-automotive electronics. Ngokulandelayo, amamodeli ebhizinisi amasha azodinga ukutholakala ngokuthengisa isofthiwe nezinhlelo zikagesi, kungaba umkhiqizo, isevisi, noma into entsha ngokuphelele.
Njengoba kuqala inkathi entsha yesoftware yezimoto nezinto zikagesi, ishintsha ngokuyisisekelo yonke into emayelana namamodeli ebhizinisi, izidingo zamakhasimende kanye nesimo sokuncintisana. Sikholwa wukuthi izoba ningi imali ezokwenziwa ngalokhu. Kodwa ukuze kusetshenziswe izinguquko ezizayo, wonke umuntu embonini kufanele acabange kabusha indlela yakhe yokukhiqiza izimoto futhi asethe (noma aguqule) iminikelo yabo ngokuhlakanipha.
Lesi sihloko sakhiwe ngokubambisana neGlobal Semiconductor Alliance.
Source: www.habr.com