Uyini umehluko phakathi komuntu nohlelo?
Amanethiwekhi e-Neural, manje akha cishe yonke insimu yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, angacabangela izici eziningi ekwenzeni isinqumo kunomuntu, akwenze ngokushesha futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Kodwa izinhlelo zisebenza kuphela njengoba zihleliwe noma ziqeqeshwe. Zingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zicabangele izici eziningi futhi zenze ngendlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu. Kodwa namanje abakwazi ukuvala isikhala somuntu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Umuntu uhluke kanjani ohlelweni olunjalo? Kunokwehluka okungu-3 okubalulekile okufanele kuqashelwe lapha, okuvela kuzo zonke ezinye:
- Umuntu unesithombe sezwe, esimvumela ukuba agcwalise isithombe ngokwaziswa okungabhaliwe ohlelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe somhlaba sihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi sikwazi ukuba nombono othile ngayo yonke into. Ngisho noma kuyinto eyindilinga futhi ekhazimulayo esibhakabhakeni (UFO). Ngokuvamile, i-ontologies yakhelwe le njongo, kodwa i-ontologies ayinakho ukuphelela okunjalo, ayicabangi i-polysemy yemibono, ithonya labo elilinganayo, futhi isasebenza kuphela ezihlokweni ezilinganiselwe.
- Umuntu unengqondo ecabangela lesi sithombe somhlaba, esiwubiza ngomqondo ophusile noma umqondo ophusile. Noma yisiphi isitatimende sinencazelo futhi sicabangela ulwazi olufihliwe olungamenyezelwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imithetho ye-logic ineminyaka engamakhulu amaningi ubudala, akekho owaziyo ukuthi umsebenzi ojwayelekile, ongewona wezibalo, onengqondo wokucabanga usebenza kanjani. Empeleni asazi ukuthi singawahlela kanjani ama-sylogisms ajwayelekile.
- Ukungakhethi. Izinhlelo azinasizathu. Lokhu mhlawumbe kunzima kakhulu kuyo yomithathu umehluko. Sikubiza ngani ukuzenzela umathanda? Ikhono lokwakha ukuziphatha okusha okwehlukile kulokho esikwenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ngaphambilini, noma ukwakha indlela yokuziphatha entsha, engakaze ihlangabezane nezimo ngaphambili. Okusho ukuthi, empeleni, lokhu kuyindalo endiza yohlelo olusha lokuziphatha ngaphandle kwesilingo nephutha, kucatshangelwa okusha, okubandakanya izimo zangaphakathi.
Ukuzenzela izinto kusewumkhakha ongakahlolwa wabacwaningi. Ama-algorithms ezakhi zofuzo angakwazi ukukhiqiza uhlelo olusha lokuziphatha kwama-ejenti ahlakaniphile akusona isixazululo, ngoba awakhiqizi isixazululo ngokunengqondo, kodwa “ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo” futhi isisombululo sitholakala “ngokungahleliwe” phakathi nokukhethwa kwalezi zinguquko, okungukuthi, ukuzama nephutha. Umuntu uthola isixazululo ngokushesha, esakha ngendlela enengqondo. Umuntu angakwazi ngisho nokuchaza ukuthi kungani kwakhethwa leso sinqumo. I-algorithm yofuzo ayinazo izingxabano.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi lapho isilwane sisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuziphatha kwaso kungaba okunganaki. Futhi kubantu kubonakaliswa ukubandlulula okukhulu kakhulu, ngoba umuntu unamandla okucabangela izimo zangaphandle kuphela namakhono akhe afundwe, kodwa futhi nezimo ezifihliwe - izisusa zomuntu siqu, ulwazi olubikiwe ngaphambili, imiphumela yezenzo ezimweni ezifanayo. . Lokhu kukhulisa kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kokuziphatha komuntu, futhi, ngokubona kwami, ukwazi kuhilelekile kulokhu. Kodwa okuningi ngalokho kamuva.
Ukuqaphela kanye nokuzinikela
Ukwazi kuhlangene ngani nakho? Ku-psychology yokuziphatha, kuyaziwa ukuthi senza izenzo ezijwayelekile ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokuzenzakalelayo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kokwazi. Leli yiqiniso elimangalisayo, okusho ukuthi ukwazi kuhilelekile ekudalweni kokuziphatha okusha futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuqondisisa. Lokhu futhi kusho ukuthi ukwazi kwenziwa kusebenze khona kanye lapho kudingekile ukushintsha iphethini evamile yokuziphatha, isibonelo, ukuphendula izicelo ezintsha kucatshangelwa amathuba amasha. Futhi, abanye ososayensi, isibonelo, uDawkins noma uMetzinger, wabonisa ukuthi ukwazi ngandlela-thile kuhlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwesithombe somuntu siqu, ukuthi imodeli yezwe ihlanganisa imodeli yesifundo ngokwakhe. Ngabe uhlelo ngokwalo kufanele lubukeke kanjani uma lunobuzwe obunjalo? Isiphi isakhiwo okufanele abe naso ukuze akwazi ukwakha ukuziphatha okusha ukuxazulula inkinga ngokuhambisana nezimo ezintsha.
Ukuze senze lokhu, kufanele siqale sikhumbule futhi sicacise amanye amaqiniso aziwayo. Zonke izilwane ezinesimiso sezinzwa, ngandlela-thile, ziqukethe kuyo imodeli yemvelo, ehlanganiswe ne-arsenal yezenzo zabo ezingenzeka kuyo. Okungukuthi, lokhu akuyona nje imodeli yemvelo, njengoba abanye ososayensi bebhala, kodwa imodeli yokuziphatha okungenzeka esimweni esithile. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyisibonelo sokubikezela izinguquko emvelweni ngokuphendula noma yiziphi izenzo zesilwane. Lokhu akucatshangelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ososayensi bengqondo, nakuba lokhu kuboniswa ngokuqondile ngama-neurons esibuko esivulekile ku-premotor cortex, kanye nezifundo zokwenziwa kusebenze kwama-neurons kuma-macaques, ekuphenduleni umbono webhanana lapho hhayi kuphela izindawo zebhanana ku-cortex ebonakalayo neyesikhashana zicushiwe, kodwa futhi izandla ezise-somatosensory cortex, ngenxa yokuthi imodeli yebhanana ihlobene ngokuqondile nesandla, ngoba inkawu inesithakazelo kuphela esithelweni ukuthi ingasithatha futhi siyidle. . Simane sikhohlwe ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa asizange sibonakale ukuze izilwane zibonise umhlaba. Abawona ama-sophists, bafuna ukudla nje, ngakho imodeli yabo iyisibonelo sokuziphatha hhayi ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo.
Imodeli enjalo isivele inezinga elithile lokuzenzela, elivezwa ngokuhlukahluka kokuziphatha ezimweni ezifanayo. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane zine-arsenal ethile yezenzo ezingase zikwazi ukuzenza kuye ngesimo. Lawa angase abe amaphethini esikhashana ayinkimbinkimbi (i-reflex ene-conditioned) kunokusabela okuqondile ezehlakalweni. Kodwa noma kunjalo lokhu akukona ukuziphatha ngokuzithandela ngokuphelele, okusivumela ukuba siqeqeshe izilwane, kodwa hhayi abantu.
Futhi lapha kunesimo esibalulekile okudingeka sisicabangele - izimo ezaziwa kakhulu okuhlangatshezwana nazo, ukuguquguquka okuncane kokuziphatha, njengoba ubuchopho bunesixazululo. Futhi okuphambene nalokho, lapho izimo zizintsha, kuba nezinketho eziningi zokuziphatha okungenzeka. Futhi umbuzo wonke usekukhethweni nasekuhlanganiseni kwabo. Izilwane zenza lokhu ngokumane zibonise yonke i-arsenal yezenzo zazo ezingase zibe khona, njengoba uSkinner ebonise ekuhloleni kwakhe.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokuzithandela kusha ngokuphelele, kuqukethe izindlela zokuziphatha ezifundwe ngaphambilini. Lokhu ukuhlanganisa kwabo kabusha, okuqalwa yizimo ezintsha ezingahambelani ngokuphelele nalezo zimo osekuvele kunephethini eseyenziwe ngomumo. Futhi leli ilona phuzu lokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuziphatha kokuzithandela nokokusebenza.
Ukumodela okungahleliwe
Ukudala uhlelo lokuziphatha ngokuzithandela olungacabangela izimo ezintsha kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala "uhlelo lwakho konke" (ngokufanisa "nombono wakho konke"), okungenani esizindeni esithile sezinkinga.
Ukuze benze ukuziphatha kwabo kube ngokunganaki futhi kube mahhala? Ukuhlolwa engikwenzile kubonise ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma ukuthi kube nemodeli yesibili ebonisa eyokuqala futhi engayishintsha, okungukuthi, ingenzi ngendawo efana neyokuqala, kodwa ngemodeli yokuqala ukuze uyiguqule.
Imodeli yokuqala isabela ezimweni zemvelo. Futhi uma iphethini eyenze yasebenza iba yintsha, kubizwa imodeli yesibili, efundiswa ukubheka izixazululo kumodeli wokuqala, eqaphela zonke izinketho zokuziphatha ezingase zibe khona endaweni entsha. Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi endaweni entsha izinketho eziningi zokuziphatha ziyasebenza, ngakho umbuzo uwukukhetha noma inhlanganisela yazo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba, ngokungafani nendawo evamile, ekuphenduleni izimo ezintsha, ayikho iphethini eyodwa yokuziphatha esebenzayo, kodwa eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ubuchopho buhlangana nento entsha, ayenzi neyodwa, kodwa izenzo ezimbili - ukuqashelwa kwesimo kumodeli wokuqala kanye nokuqashelwa kwezenzo eseziqediwe noma ezingenzeka ngemodeli yesibili. Futhi kulesi sakhiwo amathuba amaningi afana nokuqaphela avela.
- Lesi sakhiwo esinezinyathelo ezimbili senza kube nokwenzeka ukucabangela izinto zangaphandle kuphela, kodwa futhi nezici zangaphakathi - kumodeli wesibili, imiphumela yesenzo sangaphambilini, izisusa ezikude zesihloko, njll zingakhunjulwa futhi ziqashelwe.
- Uhlelo olunjalo lungakha ukuziphatha okusha ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokufunda isikhathi eside okuqalwa indawo ezungezile ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, imodeli yesibili inamandla okudlulisa izinqumo ukusuka kwamanye amamodeli amancane wemodeli yokuqala kuya kwezinye izingxenye zayo kanye namanye amakhono amaningi we-metamodel.
- Isici esihlukile sokuqaphela ubukhona bolwazi mayelana nesenzo saso, noma inkumbulo ye-autobiographical, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-athikili (1). Isakhiwo esihlongozwayo sezenzo ezimbili sinekhono elinjalo - imodeli yesibili ingagcina idatha mayelana nezenzo zokuqala (ayikho imodeli engagcina idatha mayelana nezenzo zayo, ngoba kulokhu kufanele iqukathe amamodeli angaguquki ezenzo zayo, hhayi ukusabela kwemvelo).
Kodwa kwenzeka kanjani ngempela ukwakhiwa kokuziphatha okusha ekwakhekeni kwezenzo ezimbili zokuqaphela? Asinabo ubuchopho noma imodeli yabo ezwakalayo esinayo. Saqala ukuhlola amafreyimu esenzo njengezibonelo zamaphethini aqukethwe ebuchosheni bethu. Uhlaka luyisethi yabalingisi bezenzo ukuchaza isimo, futhi inhlanganisela yozimele ingasetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi. Amafreyimu okuchaza izimo amafreyimu emodeli yokuqala, uhlaka lokuchaza izenzo zomuntu kulo luhlaka lwemodeli yesibili enezenzo zezenzo zomuntu. Nathi bavame ukuxutshwa, ngoba ngisho nomusho owodwa uyinhlanganisela yezenzo ezimbalwa zokuqaphela kanye nesenzo (isenzo senkulumo). Futhi ukwakhiwa kwezinkulumo zenkulumo ezinde kuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuziphatha ngokuzithandela.
Uma imodeli yokuqala yesistimu ibona iphethini entsha engenayo impendulo ehleliwe, ibiza imodeli yesibili. Imodeli yesibili iqoqa amafreyimu avuliwe owokuqala bese isesha indlela emfushane kugrafu yamafreyimu axhunyiwe, okuthi ngendlela engcono kakhulu "ivale" amaphethini esimo esisha ngenhlanganisela yozimele. Lona umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi asikafinyeleli umphumela othi "uhlelo lwakho konke", kodwa impumelelo yokuqala iyakhuthaza.
Izifundo zokuhlola zokuqaphela ngokumodela nokuqhathanisa izixazululo zesofthiwe nedatha yezengqondo zihlinzeka ngezinto ezithokozisayo zocwaningo olwengeziwe futhi zenze kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola imibono ethile engavivinywanga kahle ekuhlolweni kwabantu. Lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokumodela. Futhi lokhu kuwumphumela wokuqala kuphela kule ndlela yocwaningo.
I-Bibliography
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Source: www.habr.com