Emhlabeni wezilwane, ohlanganisa abantu, ziningi izindlela zokudlulisa ulwazi komunye nomunye. Lokhu kungase kube umdanso oshukumisayo, ofana nowezinyoni zasepharadesi, obonisa ukuthi iduna selikulungele ukuzala; kungase kube umbala ogqamile, njengamasele esihlahla sase-Amazon, okubonisa ubuthi bawo; kungase kube iphunga elifana ne-canine eliphawula imingcele yendawo. Kodwa into evame kakhulu ezilwaneni eziningi ezithuthukile ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwemisindo. Size sifundise izingane zethu kusukela embelekweni ukuthi ubani nokuthi kanjani: inkomo - mu-mu-mu, inja - woof-woof, njll. Kithina, ukukhuluma ngomlomo, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana nge-acoustic, kuyisici esibalulekile sokuxhumana nabantu. Okufanayo kungashiwo ngabanye abameleli bezilwane. Ososayensi base-Hainan University (e-China) banqume ukubheka esikhathini esedlule ukuze baqonde ukuvela kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic. Kuvame kangakanani ukuxhumana nge-acoustic phakathi kwezilwane, kwaqala nini, futhi kungani kwaba indlela evelele yokudlulisela ukwaziswa? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni wabacwaningi. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abameleli abaningi bezilwane baye bahlanganisa ngokuphelele amasignali acoustic esigqini sabo sokuphila. Imisindo eyenziwa yizilwane isetshenziselwa ukuheha umlingani (izinyoni eziculayo, amaxoxo ahuquzelayo, njll.), ukuthola noma ukudukisa isitha (ukukhala kwejay ukwazisa inyamazane ukuthi itholakele futhi i-ambush ngeke isebenze, ngakho-ke. kungcono ukuthi ahlehle), ukudlulisa ulwazi mayelana nokuba khona kokudla (izinkukhu, lapho zithole ukudla, zenze umsindo ozwakalayo ukuze zidonse ukunaka kwezingane zabo), njll.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo:
Isikhalisi sensimbi sowesilisa esinocwecwe olulodwa (Procnias albums) ikhipha ikholi yokukhwelana engu-125 dB (injini yejethi - 120-140 dB), iyinyoni enomsindo kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ukufundwa kwezimpawu ze-acoustic kanye nokuvela kwazo sekwenziwe isikhathi eside impela. Idatha etholwe emsebenzini onjalo inomthelela ekuqondeni kangcono ukuthi abantu basebenzisa kanjani imisindo, ngakho-ke, ukuthi izilimi ezahlukene zakhiwa kanjani ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezinjalo azizange zibhekane ngqo nomsuka wokuxhumana kwe-acoustic njengento eyenzeka. Omunye wemibuzo ebalulekile ongakaphendulwa muntu uthi: kungani kwavela ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic?
Miningi imibuzo edinga izimpendulo. Okokuqala, yiziphi izici zemvelo ezibe nomthelela ekuveleni nasekubunjweni kwalolu hlobo lokudlulisa ulwazi? Okwesibili, kwaba ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic okuhlobene ne-speciation, i.e. iyasiza ekusakazeni izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ivimbele ukushabalala kwayo? Okwesithathu, ingabe ukuba khona kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kuzinzile uma sekuthuthukile? Futhi ekugcineni, ingabe ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwavela emaqenjini ahlukene ezilwane ngokufana, noma kunokhokho oyedwa wazo zonke izidalwa?
Izimpendulo zale mibuzo, ngokusho kososayensi ngokwabo, azibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kanjalo, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezinguquko zokuziphatha ezilwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, kunombono wokuthi indawo yokuhlala inethonya elinamandla ukukhethwa nokuxhumana ngokobulili kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi lo mbono uyasebenza yini ekukhiqizeni amasignali, kodwa kungenzeka. Ososayensi bakhumbula nokuthi uDarwin wathi izimpawu zomsindo zinendima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamabhangqa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakho-ke amasignali e-Acoustic athonya i-speciation.
Kulo msebenzi, abacwaningi banqume ukucabangela ukuvela kwezimpawu zomsindo kuma-tetrapods, besebenzisa indlela ye-phylogenetic (ekhomba ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene). Okugcizelelwa kakhulu kumsuka woxhumano lwe-acoustic, esikhundleni sefomu noma umsebenzi walo. Ucwaningo lusebenzise idatha evela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene eziyi-1799, lwaphinde lwacabangela isici sokuziphatha kwansuku zonke (izinhlobo ezinomsebenzi wemini nobusuku). Ukwengeza, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kanye nezinga lokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuye kwafundwa, i.e. ukusabalala kwazo, ngokusebenzisa imodeli ye-speciation-extinction. I-Phylogenetic conservatism ebukhoneni bobudlelwane be-acoustic phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane nayo yahlolwa.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Phakathi kwama-tetrapod, ama-amphibians amaningi, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, nama-crocodilians banokukhulumisana okuzwakalayo, kuyilapho iningi lama-squamates nezimfudu azikho. Phakathi kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini, lolu hlobo lokudlulisa ulwazi alukho kuma-caecilians (I-Caecilian), kodwa likhona kwezinye izinhlobo salamanders futhi amaxoxo amaningi (e 39 41 izinhlobo ezicatshangelwayo). Futhi, ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic akukho ezinyoka nakuyo yonke imindeni yezibankwa, ngaphandle kwemibili - I-Gekkonidae (isigcilikisha), I-Phyllodactylidae. Ngokulandelana kwezimfudu, imikhaya emi-2 kuphela kwengu-14 enokuxhumana okuzwakalayo. Kulindeleke ukuthi phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-173 ezicatshangelwayo, zonke zibe nokuxhunywa kwama-acoustic. Imindeni eyi-120 kwengu-125 encelisayo nayo ibonise lesi sici.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo:
Ama-Salamanders anokuvuselelwa okumangalisayo futhi akwazi ukuphinda akhulise umsila wawo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezidladla zawo; ama-salamanders, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo eziningi, awabeki amaqanda, kodwa angama-viviparous; enye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, intulo enkulu yaseJapane, inesisindo esingama-35 kg.
Sifingqa le datha, singasho ukuthi ukudluliswa kwe-acoustic kolwazi kukhona ku-69% we-tetrapods.
Ithebula No. 1: iphesenti labanikazi bokudluliswa kwe-acoustic kolwazi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezicatshangwayo zama-tetrapods.
Ngemva kokusungula isilinganiso sokusatshalaliswa kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kwakudingeka ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwaleli khono nokuziphatha kwezilwane (ebusuku noma emini).
Phakathi kwamamodeli amaningana achaza lobu budlelwano bohlobo ngalunye, kwakhethwa imodeli eyayifanele incazelo emaphakathi yobudlelwano bokuziphatha kwe-acoustics kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Lo mfanekiso (Ithebula No. 2) ubonisa zonke izinzuzo nezingozi ezingaba khona zekhono elinjalo kuzo zombili izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwezilwane.
Ithebula No. 2: ukuhlaziywa kobudlelwane phakathi kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic nokuziphatha kwezilwane (imini / ebusuku).
Ukuncika okucacile kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic ekuziphatheni kwasungulwa, kanye nokuncika okulinganiselayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokumangalisayo, abukho ubuhlobo obuphambene obatholakala-ukuziphatha nokuxhumanisa kwe-acoustic.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Phylogenetic kubonise ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwe-acoustics kanye nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku (Ithebula No. 3).
Ithebula No. 3: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kobudlelwane phakathi kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kanye nendlela yokuphila yansuku zonke / yasebusuku.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi ubukhona bokuxhumana kwe-acoustic abuzange bube nomthelela kuzinga lokuhlukahluka ku-tetrapod phylogeny. Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso ezimaphakathi zokuhlukahluka (speciationβextinction; r = 0.08 izehlakalo ngonyaka oyisigidi) ayefana kuzo zombili izigaba zezinhlobo ezinokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kanye nemigqa engenalo leli khono. Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuba khona/ukungabikho kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic akubanga namphumela cishe ekwandeni kohlobo oluthile noma ezenzakalweni ezihlobene nokwakheka noma ukushabalala kwayo.
Isithombe #1: Umugqa wesikhathi wokuvela kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic phakathi kwama-tetrapod ahlukahlukene.
Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kungenzeka kwavela ngokuzimela eqenjini ngalinye elikhulu le-tetrapod, kodwa umsuka wakho wawundala emikhakheni eminingi emikhulu (~ eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-100β200 edlule).
Isibonelo, ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwaqala ekuqaleni kwe-phylogeny ye-oda lama-Tailless Amphibians (U-Anura), kodwa akekho ngokuphelele eqenjini lodade kuwo wonke amanye amaxoxo aphilayo avela emgaqweni oqukethe imindeni I-Ascaphidae (amaxoxo anomsila) kanye Leiopelmatidae (i-lyopelmas).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo:
Ama-Liopelm atholakala eNew Zealand futhi athathwa njengamaxoxo aphila isikhathi eside kunawo wonke - abesilisa baphila iminyaka engama-37, kanti abesifazane bafinyelela eminyakeni engama-35.
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, njengamaxoxo, ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-200 edlule. Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zalahlekelwa leli khono ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nokho, iningi liye layithwala kuze kube namuhla. Okuhlukile kungabhekwa njengezinyoni, okusobala ukuthi yizo kuphela ezingazange zihlukane nokuxhumana kwe-acoustic phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kwatholakala ukuthi ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwakukhona kokubili ukhokho wakamuva wezinyoni eziphilayo kanye nokhokho wasendulo wezingwenya eziphilayo. Ngamunye walawa madlozi uneminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyikhulu ubudala. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi uxhumano lwe-acoustic lwalukhona kukhokho ovamile walezi zigaba ezimbili, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-100 edlule.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo:
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinjengesigcilikisha ziyakwazi ukwenza imisindo engalindelekile yesibankwa - ukukhonkotha, ukuchofoza, ukutshiyoza, njll.
Ku-squamates, ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic kuyivelakancane, okungenzeka kube ngenxa yesenzakalo esigxile kakhulu ezidalwa zasebusuku ezifana ne-geckos (Gekkota). Izinguquko zamuva nje zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zaholela ekuveleni kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwezinye izinhlobo ze-phylogenetically ezingazodwa ze-salamanders nezimfudu.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke ΠΈ kuyena.
Epilogue
Ukufingqa yonke imiphumela echazwe ngenhla, singasho ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kuhlobene ngandlela thile nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Lokhu kuqinisekisa inkolelo-mbono mayelana nomthelela we-ecology (imvelo) ezicini zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezinhlobo zezilwane. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic akunawo umthelela ekuhlukeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane esikhathini esiningi.
Abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukuthi ukuxhumana okuzwakalayo kwavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-100-200 edlule, futhi ezinye izinhlobo ze-tetrapods zathwala leli khono phakathi nalesi sikhathi ngaphandle kwezinguquko.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukutholakala kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic kwezidalwa zasebusuku, nakuba kuyinzuzo ecacile, akunawo umthelela omubi ekushintsheni kwendlela yokuphila yasemini. Leli qiniso elilula liqinisekiswa yiqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zangaphambili zasebusuku, ezishintshele endleleni yokuphila yansuku zonke, azizange zilahlekelwe leli khono.
Ngokwalolu cwaningo, ukuxhumana kusetshenziswa imisindo kungabizwa ngokuthi isici esizinzile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lapho leli khono selivele lavela, cishe alikaze linyamalale phakathi nesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okungenjalo ngezinye izinhlobo zokubonisa, njengemibala egqamile noma izimo ezingavamile zomzimba, izimpaphe noma uboya.
Abacwaningi bathi ukuhlaziya kwabo ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic nendawo ezungezile kungasebenza kwezinye izici zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi umthelela we-ecology ezindleleni zokudlulisela isignali wawulinganiselwe umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlobene eduze. Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini ochazwe ngenhla, kungashiwo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokudluliselwa kwesignali nazo zishintsha ngokuvumelana nezinguquko endaweni yesilwane.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ukuboniswa okuhle kwemisindo ehlukahlukene emangalisayo eyenziwa yizinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni.
I-Off-top 2.0:
Ngezinye izikhathi izilwane zenza imisindo engavamile futhi ehlekisayo.
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe nempelasonto enhle bafana! π
Ezinye izikhangiso π
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