Imvelaphi kanye nemvelo yokuhlangenwe nakho okwaziyo - ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngegama lesiLatini i-qualia - bekuyimpicabadala kithi kusukela kudala kuze kube muva nje. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi zolwazi, kuhlanganise nezanamuhla, zibheka ukuba khona kokwazi njengokungqubuzana okungamukeleki kwalokho abakholelwa ukuthi kuwumhlaba wendaba nokungabi nalutho kangangokuthi bakumemezela njengenkohliso. Ngamanye amazwi, bayakuphika ubukhona be-qualia ngokomthetho noma bathi azikwazi ukufundwa ngokunengqondo ngesayensi.
Ukube lesi sahlulelo besiyiqiniso, lesi sihloko besizoba sifushane kakhulu. Futhi bekungeke kube khona lutho ngaphansi kokunqunywa. Kodwa kukhona into...
Uma ukwazi kungenakuqondwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi esayensi, okungadingeka nje ukuchaza ukuthi kungani wena, mina, kanye cishe nawo wonke umuntu eqinisekile ukuthi sinemizwa nhlobo. Nokho, izinyo elibi langenza ngaququda. Impikiswano eyinkimbinkimbi yokungiqinisekisa ukuthi ubuhlungu bami abunamanga ngeke ingikhulule neyodwa ingxenye yalobu buhlungu. Anginalo uzwelo ngencazelo efile yokuxhumana phakathi komphefumulo nomzimba, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe ngizoqhubeka.
Ukuqaphela yikho konke okuzwayo (ngokusebenzisa izinzwa) bese kuba nakho (ngokubona nokuqonda).
Ingoma enamathele ekhanda lakho, ukunambitheka kwe-dessert kashokoledi, izinyo eliyisicefe, uthando lwengane, ukucabanga okungaqondakali kanye nokuqonda ukuthi ngolunye usuku zonke izinzwa zizophela.
Ososayensi kancane kancane basondela ekuxazululeni impicabadala osekunesikhathi eside ikhathaza izazi zefilosofi. Futhi isiphetho salolu cwaningo lwesayensi kulindeleke ukuthi kube ithiyori ehlelekile yokusebenza kwengqondo. Isibonelo esimangalisa kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwalo mbono yi-AI egcwele ngokugcwele (lokhu akubandakanyi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuvela kwe-AI ngaphandle kwethiyori yokuqaphela, kodwa ngesisekelo sezindlela ezikhona kakade ekuthuthukisweni kwe-AI)
Ososayensi abaningi bamukela ukwazi njengento enikeziwe futhi balwela ukuqonda ukuhlobana kwakho nomhlaba onenjongo ochazwa yisayensi. Ingxenye yesine yekhulu edlule, uFrancis Crick nabanye wanquma ukubekela eceleni izingxoxo zefilosofi mayelana nokuqaphela (okuye kwathinta ososayensi okungenani kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Aristotle) futhi esikhundleni salokho baqala ukufuna iminonjana yayo.
Yini ngempela engxenyeni ejabulisa kakhulu yendaba yobuchopho eyenza ukwazi? Ngokufunda lokhu, ososayensi bangaba nethemba lokusondela ekuxazululeni inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ikakhulukazi, ososayensi bezinzwa bafuna ama-neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) - izindlela ezincane kakhulu ze-neural zihlangene ezanele noma yikuphi ukuzizwisa okuqaphelayo kokuzwa.
Yini okufanele ngabe yenzeka ebuchosheni ukuze uzwe izinyo elibuhlungu, isibonelo? Ingabe amanye amangqamuzana ezinzwa kufanele adlidlize ngezikhathi ezithile zomlingo? Ingabe sidinga ukwenza kusebenze noma yimaphi “ama-neurons of consciousness”? Yiziphi izingxenye zobuchopho ezingatholakala kumangqamuzana anjalo?
I-Neural correlates of consciousness
Encazelweni ye-NKS, isigatshana “esincane” sibalulekile. Phela, ubuchopho bubonke bungabhekwa njenge-NCS - usuku nosuku bukhiqiza imizwa. Futhi nokho indawo ingaqokwa ngokunembe nakakhulu. Cabangela umgogodla, ishubhu lezicubu ezinwebekayo elingamasentimitha angu-46 ngaphakathi komgogodla eliqukethe amangqamuzana ezinzwa angaba yizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Uma ukulimala kubangela ukuthi intambo yomgogodla yonakaliswe ngokuphelele kuze kufike endaweni yentamo, isisulu sizokhubazeka emilenzeni, ezingalweni, nasesiswini, ngeke sibe nokulawula amathumbu noma esinyeni, futhi sizoncishwa ukuzwa komzimba. Noma kunjalo, abantu abakhubazekile abanjalo bayaqhubeka bephila kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwakho: bayabona, bezwa, behogela, bezwa imizwa futhi bayakhumbula nangaphambi kokuba isigameko esibuhlungu siguqule izimpilo zabo.
Noma thatha i-cerebellum, “ubuchopho obuncane” obungemuva kobuchopho. Lesi simiso sobuchopho, esingesinye sezindala ngokwemibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sihileleke ekulawulweni kwamakhono emoto, ukuma komzimba nokuhamba, futhi sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza ngobuqili ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokunyakaza.
Ukudlala upiyano, ukuthayipha kukhibhodi, ukushibilika emanzini noma ukugibela amatshe - yonke le misebenzi ihlanganisa i-cerebellum. Ifakwe ama-neuron adume kakhulu abizwa ngamaseli e-Purkinje, anamathenda abhakuza njengesithandwa sasolwandle samakhorali kanye nechweba eliyinkimbinkimbi kagesi. I-cerebellum nayo iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-neurons, cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-69 (iningi lawa amaseli e-cerebellar mast cell) - ngokuphindwe kanekunobuchopho bonke buhlangene (khumbula, leli yiphuzu elibalulekile).
Kwenzekani ekwazini uma umuntu elahlekelwa ingxenye yobuchopho ngenxa yokushaywa unhlangothi noma ngommese kadokotela ohlinzayo?
Yebo, cishe akukho okubalulekile ukwazi!
Iziguli ezinalo monakalo zikhala ngezinkinga ezimbalwa, njengokudlala upiyano kancane noma ukuthayipha kukhibhodi, kodwa ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yolwazi lwazo.
Ucwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi emiphumeleni yokulimala kwe-cerebellar ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, okufundwe kabanzi kumongo we . Kodwa nakulezi zimo, ngaphezu kwezinkinga zokusebenzisana nezindawo (ngenhla), ukwephulwa okungabalulekile kuphela kwezici eziphezulu zokuphatha, ezibonakala , ukungabi nangqondo kanye nokuncipha kancane kwekhono lokufunda.
Izisetshenziswa ze-cerebellar ezibanzi azihlobene nokuzizwisa okuphathekayo. Kungani? Inethiwekhi yayo ye-neural iqukethe umkhondo obalulekile - ifana kakhulu futhi ihambisana.
I-cerebellum cishe iyisekhethi ye-feedforward: umugqa owodwa wama-neurons wondla olandelayo, wona ube nomthelela kowesithathu. Awekho amaluphu empendulo ahamba phambili naphambili ngaphakathi komsebenzi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cerebellum ihlukaniswe ngokusebenzayo ibe amakhulu, uma kungenjalo, amamojula azimele wokubala. Ngayinye isebenza ngokufana, nokokufaka okuhlukene nokungagqagqani kanye nemiphumela elawula ukunyakaza noma amasistimu ahlukene emoto noma okuqonda. Abasebenzisani neze, kanti esimweni sokwazi, lesi esinye isici esibalulekile.
Isifundo esibalulekile esingafundwa ekuhlaziyweni komgogodla kanye ne-cerebellum ukuthi i-genius of consciousness ayizalwa kalula kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuthakazelisa kwezicubu zezinzwa. Kukhona okunye okudingekayo. Lesi sici esengeziwe sitholakala odabeni olumpunga olwakha i-cerebral cortex edume kabi - indawo yayo yangaphandle. Bonke ubufakazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi imizwa ihilela izindwangu.
Unganciphisa indawo lapho kugxilwe khona ukwazi nakakhulu. Thatha, isibonelo, izivivinyo lapho amehlo angakwesokudla nakwesokunxele evezwa izisusa ezahlukene. Cabanga ukuthi isithombe se-Lada Priora sibonakala ngeso lakho lesokunxele kuphela, futhi isithombe se-Tesla S sibonakala kwesokudla sakho kuphela. Singacabanga ukuthi uzobona imoto entsha evela ku-Superimpositions ye-Lada ne-Tesla phezu kwenye. Eqinisweni, uzobona uLada imizuzwana embalwa, ngemva kwalokho uzonyamalala futhi uTesla avele - bese enyamalala futhi uLada uzophinde avele. Izithombe ezimbili zizothatha indawo yomunye ngomdanso ongapheli - ososayensi babiza lo mncintiswano we-binocular, noma umncintiswano we-retinal. Ubuchopho buthola ulwazi olungacacile oluvela ngaphandle, futhi alukwazi ukunquma: ingabe iLada noma iTesla?
Uma ulele ngaphakathi kwesithwebuli sobuchopho, ososayensi bathola umsebenzi ezindaweni eziningi ze-cortical, ngokuhlangene ezibizwa ngokuthi indawo eshisayo engemuva. Lezi yizifunda ze-parietal, occipital, kanye nesikhashana ngemuva kobuchopho, futhi zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulandeleleni lokho esikubonayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-primary visual cortex, eyamukela futhi idlulisele ukwaziswa okuvela emehlweni, ayibonisi lokho umuntu akubonayo. Ukuhlukaniswa okufanayo kwezabasebenzi nakho kuyabonwa endabeni yokuzwa nokuthinta: i-primary auditory kanye ne-primary somatosensory cortices ayifaki sandla ngokuqondile kokuqukethwe kokuzwa nokuzwa kwe-somatosensory. Ukubona okuqaphelayo (okuhlanganisa nezithombe zikaLada noTesla) kubangela izigaba ezilandelayo zokucutshungulwa - endaweni eshisayo engemuva.
Kuvela ukuthi izithombe ezibonakalayo, imisindo nezinye izinzwa zokuphila zivela ngaphakathi kwe-cortex yangemuva yobuchopho. Ngokufika kososayensi bezinzwa abangakusho, cishe konke okuhlangenwe nakho okwaziyo kuvela lapho.
Ikhawunta yokuqwashisa
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze zihlinzwe, iziguli zifakwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ukuze zinganyakazi, zigcine umfutho wegazi uzinzile, zingezwa ubuhlungu, futhi kamuva zingabi nazo izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu. Ngeshwa, lokhu akutholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi: njalo ngonyaka amakhulu eziguli ezingaphansi kwe-anesthesia ziyaqaphela ngezinga elilodwa noma elinye.
Esinye isigaba seziguli ezinokulimala okukhulu kwengqondo ngenxa yokulimala, ukutheleleka noma ubuthi obukhulu singaphila iminyaka ngaphandle kokukhuluma noma ukuphendula izingcingo. Ukufakazela ukuthi bahlangabezana nokuphila kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu.
Cabanga nge-astronaut elahlekile endaweni yonke, elalele ukulawulwa kwemishini ezama ukuxhumana naye. Umsakazo ophukile awulisakazi izwi lakhe, yingakho umhlaba umthatha njengolahlekile. Lena cishe indlela umuntu angasichaza ngayo isimo esibi seziguli ubuchopho bazo obonakalisiwe bubenze bangakwazi ukuxhumana nomhlaba - uhlobo oluthile oludlulele lokuvalelwa uwedwa.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, uGiulio Tononi waseNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison noMarcello Massimini baphayona indlela ebizwa ngokuthi. ukunquma ukuthi umuntu uyazi noma cha.
Ososayensi bafaka ikhoyili yezintambo eziboshwe ekhanda futhi bathumela ukushaqeka (zap) - ukushaja okunamandla kwamandla kazibuthe okubangele umsinga kagesi wesikhashana. Lokhu okujabulile futhi kuvimbe amaseli e-neuron yozakwethu ezindaweni ezixhumene zesekethe, futhi igagasi lazwakala kulo lonke i-cerebral cortex kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi uphela.
Inethiwekhi yezinzwa ze-electroencephalogram ezifakwe ekhanda zirekhode amasignali kagesi. Njengoba izimpawu zisakazeka kancane kancane, imikhondo yazo, ngayinye ehambisana nephuzu elithile ngaphansi kogebhezi, yaguqulwa yaba ifilimu.
Ukurekhodwa akuzange kubonise noma iyiphi i-algorithm evamile - kodwa futhi kwakungahleliwe ngokuphelele.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho izigqi zokuvula nokuvala zazibikezelwa kakhulu, kwakungenzeka ukuthi ubuchopho buqulekile. Ososayensi balinganise lokhu kucabanga ngokucindezela idatha yevidiyo besebenzisa i-algorithm esetshenziselwa ukugcina amafayela ekhompyutha ngefomethi ye-ZIP. Ukuminyanisa kunikeze ukuhlolwa kobunzima bokuphendula kobuchopho. Amavolontiya ayeqaphile abonise "inkomba ye-perturbation complexity" engu-0,31 kuya ku-0,70, nenkomba ewela ngaphansi kuka-0,31 uma esesimweni sokulala okujulile noma ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia.
Ithimba libe selihlola i-zip kanye ne-zap ezigulini ezingama-81 okungenzeka ukuthi zazinakile noma ziqulekile (ukuquleka). Eqenjini lokuqala, elibonise izimpawu ezithile zokuziphatha okungacabangi, indlela ibonise kahle ukuthi abangu-36 kwabangu-38 babenolwazi. Ezigulini ezingama-43 ezisesimeni “semifino” lapho izihlobo ezisekhanda lombhede wesibhedlela zingazange zikwazi ukuthola ukuxhumana, ezingama-34 zahlukaniswa njengeziqulekile, kanti ezinye eziyisishiyagalolunye azizange zikwazi. Ubuchopho babo basabela ngendlela efanayo kulabo ababenolwazi, okusho ukuthi nabo babenolwazi kodwa bengakwazi ukuxhumana nomndeni wabo.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukulinganisa kanye nokwenza ngcono indlela yeziguli zemizwa, kanye nokuyidlulisela ezigulini eminyangweni yengqondo neyezingane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi bazohlonza isethi ethile yezinqubo ze-neural eziveza okuhlangenwe nakho.
Ekugcineni, sidinga ithiyori yesayensi eqinisekisayo yokuqaphela ezophendula umbuzo ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo noma iluphi uhlelo lomzimba olunikeziwe—kungaba iketango eliyinkimbinkimbi lama-neurons noma i-silicon transistors—izwa imizwa. Futhi kungani izinga lokuhlangenwe nakho lihlukile? Kungani isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza esicwathile sizwakala sihlukile kunomsindo wevayolini eshunwe kabi? Ingabe lo mehluko emizweni unawo umsebenzi othile? Uma kunjalo, iyiphi? Ithiyori izosivumela ukuthi sibikezele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo ezizokwazi ukuzwa okuthile. Uma ingekho ithiyori enezibikezelo ezivivinywayo, noma yikuphi ukucatshangelwa mayelana nokuqaphela umshini kusekelwe kuphela kumzwelo wethu wemvelo wamathumbu, okumele, njengoba umlando wesayensi ubonisile, kufanele kwethenjelwe kukho ngokuqapha.
Enye yemibono eyinhloko yokuqaphela inkolelo-mbono (GWT), ibekwe phambili isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uBernard Baars kanye nososayensi bezinzwa uStanislas Dean noJean-Pierre Changeux.
Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi lapho umuntu eqaphela okuthile, izindawo eziningi zobuchopho ezihlukene zithola lolu lwazi. Nakuba uma umuntu enza ngokungazi, ulwazi lwenziwa lwasendaweni ethile kusistimu yezinzwa-yemotho (i-sensory-motor) ehilelekile. Isibonelo, uma uthayipha ngokushesha, ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uma ubuzwa ukuthi ukwenza kanjani lokhu, ngeke ukwazi ukuphendula ngoba unokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kulolu lwazi, olwenzeka endaweni kuma-neural circuits axhumanisa amehlo nokunyakaza okusheshayo kweminwe.
Ukufinyeleleka komhlaba wonke kudala umfudlana owodwa kuphela wokuqaphela, ngoba uma inqubo ethile ifinyeleleka kuzo zonke ezinye izinqubo, khona-ke ifinyeleleka kubo bonke - konke kuxhunywe kukho konke. Yile ndlela umshini wokucindezela ezinye izithombe osetshenziswa ngayo.
Lo mbono uchaza kahle zonke izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, lapho ukwehluleka kwezikhungo ezisebenzayo zomuntu ngamunye, okuxhunywe amaphethini omsebenzi wezinzwa (noma yonke indawo yobuchopho), kwethula ukuhlanekezela ekugelezeni okuvamile "kwendawo yokusebenza," ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanekezele. isithombe uma siqhathaniswa nesimo “esivamile” (somuntu ophile kahle) .
Endleleni eya embonweni oyisisekelo
Ithiyori ye-GWT ithi ukwazi kuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lokucutshungulwa kolwazi: ibilokhu ijwayelekile kithi kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-AI, lapho izinhlelo ezikhethekile zikwazi ukufinyelela esitolo sedatha esincane esifinyeleleka esidlangalaleni. Noma yiluphi ulwazi oluqoshwe “ebhodini lezaziso” lutholakalele izinqubo eziningana ezisizayo - inkumbulo yokusebenza, ulimi, imojula yokuhlela, ukuqashelwa kobuso, izinto, njll. Ngokwalo mbono, ukwazi kuphakama lapho ulwazi lwezinzwa olungenayo oluqoshwe ebhodini kudluliselwa kumasistimu amaningi okuqonda - futhi acubungula idatha yokukhiqiza inkulumo, ukugcinwa enkumbulweni noma ukusebenza kwezenzo.
Njengoba isikhala ebhodini lezaziso esinjalo silinganiselwe, singaba nolwazi oluncane olutholakala nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Inethiwekhi yama-neuron edlulisa le milayezo kucatshangwa ukuthi itholakala engxenyeni engaphambili ne-parietal lobes.
Uma le datha eyivelakancane (ehlakazekile) idluliswa kunethiwekhi futhi isitholakala esidlangalaleni, ulwazi luyaqaphela. Okusho ukuthi, isihloko siyakuqaphela. Imishini yesimanje ayikafinyeleli kuleli zinga lobunkimbinkimbi bengqondo, kodwa kuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela.
Ithiyori ye-"GWT" ithi amakhompiyutha esikhathi esizayo azokwazi
Ithiyori yolwazi jikelele yokuqaphela (IIT), eyakhiwe u-Tononi nozakwabo, isebenzisa indawo yokuqala ehluke kakhulu: okuhlangenwe nakho ngokwako. Isipiliyoni ngasinye sinezici zayo ezibalulekile ezibalulekile. Ayinangqondo, itholakala kuphela esifundweni “njengenkosi”; ihlelekile (itekisi ephuzi iyancipha ngenkathi inja ensundu igijima ngaphesheya komgwaqo); futhi ukhonkolo—uhlukile kunoma yikuphi okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okuqaphelayo, njengohlaka oluhlukile lwefilimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqinile futhi ichazwe. Lapho uhlezi ebhentshini lasepaki ngosuku olufudumele, olucacile futhi ubuka izingane zidlala, izici ezihlukahlukene zokuhlangenwe nakho-umoya ovunguza izinwele zakho, injabulo yabancane abahlekayo-ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa komunye nomunye ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kuphelile. ukuba yilokhu okuyikho.
I-Tononi ibeka ukuthi izakhiwo ezinjalo - okungukuthi, izinga elithile lokuqwashisa - zinanoma iyiphi indlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlanganisiwe, esakhiweni lapho isethi yobudlelwane bembangela-nomphumela ibethelwe. Kuzozwakala sengathi kukhona okuvela ngaphakathi.
Kodwa uma, njenge-cerebellum, umshini awunakho ubunzima nokuxhumana, ngeke ukwazi lutho. Njengoba le theory ihamba,
ukwazi kuyikhono elingokwemvelo, elincikene elihlotshaniswa nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengobuchopho bomuntu.
Ithiyori iphinde ithole ebunkingeni besakhiwo esixhumene esingaphansi inombolo eyodwa engeyona inegethivu Φ (ephinyiselwa ngokuthi “fy”), elinganisa lokhu kuqwashisa. Uma u-F enguziro, isistimu ayizazi nhlobo. Ngokuphambene, uma inombolo iba nkulu, amandla emvelo angahleliwe ayanda futhi iqaphela kakhulu. Ubuchopho, obubonakala ngokuxhuma okukhulu nokucaciswe kakhulu, buno-F ophakeme kakhulu, futhi lokhu kusho izinga eliphezulu lokuqwashisa. Ithiyori ichaza amaqiniso ahlukahlukene: isibonelo, kungani i-cerebellum ingabandakanyeki ekwazini noma kungani ikhawunta ye-zip ne-zap isebenza ngempela (izinombolo ezikhiqizwe ikhawunta zingu-F ngokulinganisa okungalungile).
Ithiyori ye-IIT ibikezela ukuthi ukulingisa okuthuthukisiwe kwekhompuyutha yedijithali yobuchopho bomuntu ayikwazi ukuqaphela—ngisho noma inkulumo yayo ingenakuhlukaniswa nenkulumo yomuntu. Njengoba nje ukulingisa amandla amakhulu adonsela phansi embobo emnyama kungaphazamisi ukuqhubeka kwesikhathi esizungeze ikhompuyutha kusetshenziswa ikhodi, kuhleliwe ukwazi akasoze azale computer abazi. U-Giulio Tononi no-Marcello Massimini, Imvelo 557, S8-S12 (2018)
Ngokusho kwe-IIT, ukwazi akukwazi ukubalwa futhi kubalwe: kufanele kwakhiwe esakhiweni sohlelo.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wososayensi bezinzwa besimanje ukusebenzisa amathuluzi akhula abe yinkimbinkimbi ukuze bafunde ukuxhumana okungapheli kwama-neuron anhlobonhlobo akha ubuchopho, ukuze kuqhutshekwe kucaciswe iminonjana yemizwa yokuqaphela. Uma kubhekwa ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, lokhu kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka. Futhi ekugcineni yakha ithiyori eyisisekelo esekelwe ezingxenyeni ezikhona. Ithiyori ezochaza indida eyinhloko yobukhona bethu: ukuthi isitho esinesisindo esingu-1,36 kg futhi sifana kanjani nokwakheka kukabhontshisi kuhlanganisa umuzwa wokuphila.
Enye yezicelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zalo mbono omusha, ngokubona kwami, ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala i-AI enolwazi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, imizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono eyisisekelo yokuqaphela izosivumela ukuba sithuthukise izindlela nezindlela zokuqalisa ukuguquguquka okusheshayo kwamakhono okuqonda komuntu. Umuntu - ikusasa.
Source: www.habr.com