Ukunyakaza kungukuphila. Lesi sisho singahunyushwa kokubili njengesisusa sokuqhubekela phambili, hhayi ukuma unganyakazi futhi uzuze lokho okufunayo, futhi njengesitatimende seqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zihamba isikhathi esiningi sezimpilo zazo. Ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ukunyakaza kwethu nokunyakaza emkhathini akupheli ngamaqhubu emabunzini ethu kanye neminwe emincane ephukile emilenzeni yethu isikhathi ngasinye, ubuchopho bethu busebenzisa "amamephu" agciniwe wemvelo avele avele ngokungazi ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwethu. . Kodwa-ke, kunombono wokuthi ubuchopho busebenzisa lawa makhadi hhayi ohlangothini, okushoyo, kodwa ngokubeka umuntu kuleli khadi futhi aqoqe idatha lapho ebhekwa kumuntu wokuqala. Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseBoston banquma ukufakazela le mbono ngokwenza uchungechunge lokuhlola okungokoqobo ngamagundane aselabhorethri. Ubuchopho buhamba kanjani ngempela emkhathini, imaphi amangqamuzana ahilelekile, futhi iyiphi indima lolu cwaningo olunayo ngekusasa lezimoto ezizimele namarobhothi? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Ngakho-ke, iqiniso elasungulwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yobuchopho enesibopho sokuma emkhathini yi-hippocampus.
I-hippocampus ihileleke ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene: ukwakheka kwemizwa, ukuguqulwa kwenkumbulo yesikhashana ibe yinkumbulo yesikhathi eside, nokwakheka kwenkumbulo yendawo. Iwakamuva angumthombo wawo kanye “amamephu” ubuchopho bethu obuwabizayo ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze uthole umumo osebenza kahle emkhathini. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hippocampus igcina amamodeli emizwa anezinhlangothi ezintathu zesikhala ngaphakathi lapho umnikazi wobuchopho atholakala khona.
I-Hippocampus
Kunombono wokuthi kunesinyathelo esimaphakathi phakathi kokuzulazula kwangempela namamephu asuka ku-hippocampus - ukuguqulwa kwalawa mamephu abe umbono womuntu wokuqala. Okungukuthi, umuntu uzama ukuqonda lapho okuthile akutholakali nhlobo (njengoba sibona kumamephu wangempela), kodwa lapho okuthile kuzotholakala ngokuhlobene naye (njengomsebenzi "wokubuka komgwaqo" ku-Google Amamephu).
Ababhali bomsebenzi esiwucabangelayo bagcizelela lokhu okulandelayo: Amabalazwe okuqonda ngendawo ezungezile afakwe ikhodi ekubunjweni kwe-hippocampal ohlelweni lwe-allocentric, kodwa amakhono emoto (ukunyakaza ngokwawo) amelwe ohlelweni lwe-egocentric.
I-UFO: Isitha Esingaziwa (uhlelo lwe-allocentric) kanye ne-DOOM (uhlelo lwe-egocentric).
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-allocentric kanye ne-egocentric ufana nomehluko phakathi kwemidlalo yomuntu wesithathu (noma ukubuka okuseceleni, ukubuka okuphezulu, njll.) nemidlalo yomuntu wokuqala. Esimweni sokuqala, imvelo ngokwayo ibalulekile kithi, okwesibili, isikhundla sethu maqondana nale ndawo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zokuzulazula ze-allocentric kufanele ziguqulwe zibe uhlelo lwe-egocentric ukuze kusetshenziswe langempela, i.e. ukunyakaza emkhathini.
Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-dorsomedial i-striatum (DMS)* idlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo engenhla.
I-striatum yobuchopho bomuntu.
I-Striatum* - ingxenye yobuchopho eyingxenye ye-basal ganglia; i-striatum ihileleke ekulawuleni ithoni yemisipha, izitho zangaphakathi kanye nezimpendulo zokuziphatha; I-striatum ibizwa nangokuthi "i-striatum" ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo samabhande ashintshanayo wento empunga nemhlophe.
I-DMS ibonisa izimpendulo ze-neural ezihambisana nokwenziwa kwezinqumo kanye nesenzo ngokuphathelene nokuzulazula kwendawo, ngakho lesi sifunda sobuchopho kufanele sifundwe ngokuningiliziwe.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Ukuze kunqunywe ubukhona/ukungabikho kolwazi lwendawo ye-egocentric ku-striatum (DMS), amagundane abesilisa angu-4 afakwe ama-tetrodes afika ku-16 (ama-electrode akhethekile axhunywe ezindaweni ezifunwayo zobuchopho) eqondise i-DMS (I-1).
Isithombe #1: Impendulo yeseli ye-striatal kumingcele yemvelo kuhlaka lwereferensi ye-egocentric.
Izincazelo zesithombe #1:а - amaphuzu wendawo ye-tetrodes;
b - imephu ye-egocentric yemingcele;
с - amamephu ezindawo (izikwele ezi-4 kwesokunxele), iziqephu ezinekhodi ezinombala zezindawo eziphakeme zokusabela kweseli ngokuhlobene nendawo yomzimba, kanye namamephu we-egocentric (izikwele ezi-4 kwesokudla) ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwamaseli e-EBC ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene namabanga phakathi igundane nodonga;
d - njengalokhu 1s, kodwa nge-EBC enamabanga athandwayo kude nesilwane;
e - njengalokhu 1s, kodwa ngama-EBC amabili aphambene;
f - ukusatshalaliswa kwesilinganiso sobude obungumphumela wamaseli abhekiwe;
g - ukusatshalaliswa kwesilinganiso sobude obumphumela be-EBC kusetshenziswa isiqondiso sokunyakaza kanye nesiqondiso sekhanda;
h - ukusatshalaliswa kokusabela okumaphakathi kwamaseli (inani kanye ne-EBC).
Izivivinyo ezingamashumi amane nane zenziwa lapho amagundane eqoqa ukudla okuhlakazekile ngokungahleliwe esikhaleni asijwayele (esivulekile, hhayi ku-maze). Ngenxa yalokho, kwaqoshwa amaseli angu-44. Kusuka kudatha eqoqiwe, ukuba khona kwamaseli angu-939 okuqondisa ikhanda (HDCs) kwasungulwa, nokho, ingxenye encane kuphela yamaseli, futhi ngokunembe kakhulu angu-31, ayenama-allocentric spatial correlates. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi walawa maseli, okhawulelwe umjikelezo wemvelo, wabonwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwegundane eduze kwezindonga zegumbi lokuhlola, okuphakamisa uhlelo lwe-egocentric lokufaka ikhodi yemingcele yendawo.
Ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukumelwa okunjalo kokuzicabangela, ngokusekelwe ezinkomba zemisebenzi yamangqamuzana aphakeme, kwadalwa amamephu wemingcele we-egocentric (1b), okubonisa ukuma nebanga lemingcele elihlobene nesiqondiso sokuhamba kwegundane, hhayi indawo yekhanda lalo (ukuqhathanisa 1g).
I-18% yamaseli athunjiwe (171 out of 939) ibonise impendulo ebalulekile lapho umngcele wegumbi uthatha isikhundla esithile kanye nokuma okuhlobene nesihloko (1f). Ososayensi bawabiza ngokuthi ama-egocentric boundary cell (EBCs). amaseli omngcele we-egocentric). Inani lamaseli anjalo ezifundweni zokuhlolwa lalisuka ku-15 kuye ku-70 ngesilinganiso esingu-42.75 (1c, 1d).
Phakathi kwamaseli emingcele ye-egocentric, kwakukhona labo umsebenzi wabo wehla ekuphenduleni imingcele yekamelo. Ayengama-49 esewonke futhi ayebizwa ngama-EBCs (iEBCs). Inkomba emaphakathi yempendulo yeseli (amandla esenzo) ku-EBC ne-iEBC ibiphansi impela - 1,26 ± 0,09 Hz (1h).
Isibalo samaseli e-EBC siphendula kuzo zonke izimo nezikhundla zomngcele wegumbi ohlobene nesihloko, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kokuma okuthandwayo kuyi-bimodal eneziqongo ezitholakala ku-180 ° ngokuphambene komunye nomunye nhlangothi zombili zesilwane (-68 ° no-112 °), ukusulwa kancane ukusuka ku-perpendicular kuya eksisi ende yesilwane ngo-22° (2d).
Isithombe #2: Ukuma okuthandwayo nesikhala sempendulo yeseli yomngcele we-egocentric (EBC).
Izincazelo zesithombe #2:a - amamephu womngcele we-egocentric wama-EBC amane afundwa ngasikhathi sinye anomumo ohlukile okhethwayo okhonjiswe ngenhla kwegrafu ngayinye;
b - isikhundla se-tetrodes ngokuhambisana namaseli avela I-2 (izinombolo zibonisa inombolo ye-tetrode);
с - Amathuba okusatshalaliswa kwemikhombandlela ekhethwayo yawo wonke ama-EBC egundane elilodwa;
d - Amathuba okusatshalaliswa kwemikhombandlela ekhethwayo ye-EBC yawo wonke amagundane;
е - indawo ye-tetrodes yamaseli aboniswe kuwo 2f;
f - amamephu womngcele we-egocentric wama-EBC aqoshiwe ayisithupha kanyekanye anamabanga ahlukene akhethwayo akhonjiswe ngenhla kwegrafu ngayinye;
g ukusabalalisa kwamathuba ebanga elikhethwayo lawo wonke ama-EBC egundane elilodwa;
h ukusatshalaliswa kwamathuba ebanga elikhethwayo le-EBC lawo wonke amagundane;
i - indawo epholile yebanga elikhethwayo kanye nokuma okuthandwayo kwawo wonke ama-EBC anosayizi wesikhala omelwe umbala nobubanzi bechashazi.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwebanga elikhethwayo ukuya emngceleni kuqukethe iziqongo ezintathu: 6.4, 13.5 kanye no-25.6 cm, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamabanga amathathu ahlukene akhethwayo phakathi kwe-EBCs (2f-2h) okungase kubaluleke kuhlelo lwesu lokusesha lokuzulazula lokulandelana. Ubukhulu bezinkambu zokwamukela i-EBC bukhuphuke ngebanga elikhethwayo (2i), okubonisa ukwanda kokunemba kokumelwa kwemingcele kwe-egocentric njengoba ibanga phakathi kodonga nesihloko liyancipha.
Kwakungekho okucacile kokuma kwendawo kukho kokubili ukuma okuthandwayo kanye nebanga, njengoba ama-EBC asebenzayo esifundo anomumo namabanga ahlukene ukusuka odongeni avela ku-tetrode efanayo (2a, 2b, 2e и 2f).
Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi i-EBC iphendula ngokuzinzile emingceleni yesikhala (izindonga zegumbi) kunoma yimaphi amagumbi okuhlola. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-EBC asabela emingceleni yendawo yegumbi kunezici zalo ezikude, ososayensi "bazungezisa" indawo yekhamera ngo-45 ° futhi benza izindonga eziningana zaba mnyama, okwenza ihluke kulezo ezisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwangaphambili.
Idatha iqoqwe kokubili kugumbi lokuhlola elivamile nelizungezisiwe. Ngaphandle koshintsho egunjini lokuhlola, zonke izimo ezikhethwayo namabanga ahlobene nezindonga zezifundo zokuhlolwa kwe-EBC ahlala efana.
Uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwama-engeli, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-EBC afake ikhodi ehlukile lezi zibaluli zendawo zendawo nakho kwacatshangelwa. Ngokuhlukanisa umehluko phakathi kwempendulo eduze kwamakhona kanye nempendulo eduze nendawo ephakathi kodonga, i-subset yamaseli e-EBC (n = 16; 9,4%) ahlonziwe abonisa impendulo eyengeziwe emakhoneni.
Ngakho-ke, singenza isiphetho esiphakathi ukuthi yizingqamuzana ze-EBC eziphendula ngokuphelele ku-perimeter yekamelo, okungukuthi, ezindongeni zekamelo lokuhlola nasemakhoneni alo.
Okulandelayo, ososayensi bahlola ukuthi ingabe impendulo yamaseli e-EBC endaweni evulekile (inkundla yokuhlola engenamaze, okungukuthi izindonga ezi-4 nje) iyafana kumasayizi ahlukene egumbi lokuhlola. Ukuvakashelwa okuthathu kwenziwa, lapho ubude bezindonga buhluke kodlule ngo-3 cm.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu begumbi lokuhlola, i-EBC iphendule imingcele yayo ebangeni elifanayo kanye nokuma okuhlobene nesihloko sokuhlola. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi impendulo ayilingani nobukhulu bendawo.
Isithombe #3: Ukusabela okuzinzile kwamaseli e-EBC emingceleni yesikhala.
Izincazelo zesithombe #3:а - amamephu we-EBC egocentric ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile (kwesokunxele) nalapho igumbi lokuhlola lizungeziswe ngo-45° (kwesokudla);
b — amamephu we-EBC ane-egocentric wegumbi elinobukhulu obungu-1.25 x 1.25 m (kwesokunxele) kanye negumbi elikhulisiwe elingu-1.75 x 1.75 m (kwesokudla);
с - amamephu we-EBC ane-egocentric anezindonga ezijwayelekile zegumbi elimnyama (kwesokunxele) kanye nezindonga ezinamaphethini (kwesokudla);
d-f - amagrafu ebangeni elincanyelwayo (phezulu) kanye nezinguquko zokuma ngakunye uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo (phansi).
Njengoba i-striatum ithola ulwazi mayelana nemvelo ezindaweni eziningana ze-cortex ebonakalayo, ososayensi baphinde bahlola ukuthi ukubukeka kwezindonga kuyathinteka yini (3s) amakamelo okusabela kwamaseli e-EBC.
Ukushintsha ukubukeka kwemingcele yesikhala akuzange kube nomthelela ekuphenduleni kwamaseli e-EBC kanye nebanga nokuma okudingekile ukuze kube nokusabela okuhlobene nesihloko.
Isithombe #4: Ukuzinza kwempendulo yeseli ye-EBC kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelo ikuphi.
Izincazelo zesithombe #4:а - amamephu e-egocentric we-EBC ezindaweni ezijwayelekile (kwesokunxele) nezintsha (kwesokudla);
b - amamephu we-egocentric we-EBC atholwe endaweni efanayo, kodwa ngesikhawu sesikhathi;
с - Amagrafu webanga elincanyelwayo (phezulu) kanye noshintsho lokuma okuthandwayo okuhlobene nesisekelo (phansi) sezindawo ezintsha (ezingajwayelekile);
d - amagrafu ebanga elincanyelwayo (phezulu) kanye noshintsho lokumaketha okuthandwayo okuhlobene nesisekelo (phansi) sezindawo ezifundwe ngaphambilini (ezijwayelekile).
Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi impendulo yamaseli e-EBC, kanye nokuma okudingekile kanye nebanga elihlobene nesihloko, akushintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlolwa "kwesikhashana" kwenziwa ekamelweni elifanayo lokuhlola. Bekudingeka futhi ukuhlola ukuthi uyini umehluko phakathi kokusabela kwe-EBC ezimeni ezaziwayo nezintsha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukuvakashelwa okuningana kwenziwa, lapho amagundane efunda ikamelo, asebeyazi kakade ekuhlolweni kwangaphambili, bese kuba amakamelo amasha anendawo evulekile.
Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uke waqagela, impendulo yamaseli e-EBC + i-orientation/ibanga oyifunayo yahlala ingashintshiwe emakamelweni amasha (4a, 4c).
Ngakho-ke, ukusabela kwe-EBC kunikeza ukumelwa okuzinzile kwemingcele yemvelo ehlobene nesihloko sokuhlolwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zale ndawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindonga zibukeka kanjani, indawo yegumbi lokuhlola, ukunyakaza kwayo, isikhathi esichithwa yisifundo sokuhlola ekamelweni.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka и kuyena.
Epilogue
Kulo msebenzi, ososayensi bakwazile ukuqinisekisa ekusebenzeni inkolelo-mbono yokumelwa kwemvelo kwe-egocentric, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni emkhathini. Bafakazele ukuthi kukhona inqubo emaphakathi phakathi kokumelelwa kwendawo okuzungezile kanye nesenzo sangempela, lapho amaseli athile e-striatum, abizwa ngokuthi amaseli e-egocentric boundary (EBCs), abamba iqhaza. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi ama-EBC ayehlobene kakhulu nokulawula ukunyakaza komzimba wonke, hhayi nje inhloko yezifundo.
Lolu cwaningo lwaluhloselwe ukunquma indlela ephelele yokuma emkhathini, zonke izingxenye zayo neziguquguqukayo. Lo msebenzi, ngokusho kososayensi, uzosiza ngokuqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzulazula bezimoto ezizimele kanye namarobhothi angaqonda indawo ezizungezile, njengoba senza. Abacwaningi bajabule kakhulu ngemiphumela yomsebenzi wabo, okunikeza isizathu sokuqhubeka nokutadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindawo ezithile zobuchopho nendlela isikhala esizulwa ngayo.
Siyabonga ngokunaka kwenu, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe neviki elihle nonke! 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com