- Lezi ziphukuphuku zabeka isitsha se-porcelain nge "jelly" ekamelweni elikhethekile, elihlukanisiwe kakhulu ... Okungukuthi, bacabanga ukuthi igumbi lihlukaniswe kakhulu, kodwa lapho bevula isitsha ngama-manipulators, "ijeli" yadabula insimbi. kanye nepulasitiki, njengamanzi e-blotter, futhi yabalekela ngaphandle, futhi yonke into ahlangana nayo futhi yaphenduka "ijeli." Kwafa abantu abangamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, abangaphezu kwekhulu balimala, futhi sonke isakhiwo selabhorethri sasingasenakusetshenziswa nhlobo. Wake waba lapho? Isakhiwo esihle kakhulu! Futhi manje "i-jelly" iye yageleza ezindlini ezingaphansi nasezitezi eziphansi ... Nansi isandulelo sokuxhumana.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Ipikiniki yomgwaqo"
Sawubona %%igama lomsebenzisi%!
Sola ukuthi ngisabhala okuthile . Wanginika umqondo.
Ngemva nje komcabango othile, nganquma ukuthi uhambo olufushane lokuyokwenza izinto ze-caustic lwaluzoshesha uma kuqhathaniswa. Mhlawumbe othile uzoba nesithakazelo. Futhi kwabanye kuyasiza.
Hambani.
Ake sichaze imiqondo ngokushesha.
Ukugqwala - 1. Kugqwala ngamakhemikhali. 2. Ibukhali, ibangela ukucasuka, ubuhlungu. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Isichazamazwi solimi lwesiRashiya. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Ngakho, silahla ngokushesha izincazelo ezimbili zokugcina zaleli gama. Siphinde silahle ama-lachrymator “e-caustic” - angewona ama-caustic kakhulu njengoba adala ukuqunjelwa, nama-sternites - abangela ukukhwehlela. Yebo, ngezansi kuzoba khona izinto ezinalezi zakhiwo, kodwa ziyizinto ezibalulekile! - corrode ngempela izinto, futhi ngezinye izikhathi inyama.
Ngeke sicabangele izinto eziyi-caustic kuphela kubantu nokunye okunjalo - ngenxa yokubhujiswa okuqondile kwamangqamuzana eseli. Ngakho-ke, amagesi e-mustard azohlala engasebenzi.
Sizocubungula izinhlanganisela eziwuketshezi ezimeni zegumbi. Ngakho-ke, ngeke sicabangele i-oksijeni ye-liquid ne-nitrogen, kanye namagesi afana ne-fluorine, nakuba ingabhekwa njenge-caustic, yebo.
Njengenjwayelo, umbono uzobe uvumelana ngokuphelele, ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Futhi yebo - kungenzeka ukuthi ngeke ngimkhumbule umuntu - bhala amazwana, %username%, zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngizofaka isihloko ngalokho ebengikukhohlwe kusukela ekuqaleni!
Futhi yebo - anginaso isikhathi namandla okwenza "i-hit parade", ngakho-ke kuzoba i-hodgepodge. Futhi ngaphandle kwakho konke okuhlukile, kuvele kwaba kufushane impela.
Ama-alkali e-Caustic
Ngokukhethekile, i-alkali metal hydroxides: i-lithium, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-rubidium, i-cesium, i-francium, i-thallium (I) i-hydroxide ne-barium hydroxide. Kodwa:
- I-lithium, i-cesium, i-rubidium ne-barium ziyalahlwa - ezibizayo futhi ezingavamile
- Uma wena, %username%, uhlangana ne-francium hydroxide, khona-ke into yokugcina ozokhathazeka ngayo i-causticity - i-radioactive embi kakhulu.
- Kuyafana nangethallium - inobuthi osabekayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-sodium ne-potassium zihlala. Kodwa ake sithembeke - izakhiwo zawo wonke ama-alkali e-caustic afana kakhulu.
I-sodium hydroxide - eyaziwa ngokuthi i-caustic soda - yaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. I-Potassium hydroxide njengesengezo sokudla i-E525 futhi. Zombili zifana nezakhiwo: ziyi-hygroscopic kakhulu, okungukuthi, ziheha amanzi futhi "zincibilike" emoyeni. Zincibilika kahle emanzini futhi zikhulule ukushisa okukhulu.
"Ukusabalalisa" emoyeni empeleni kuwukwakheka kwezixazululo ezigxile kakhulu zama-alkali. Ngakho-ke, uma ubeka ucezu lwe-alkali ye-caustic ephepheni, isikhumba, ezinye izinsimbi (i-aluminium efanayo) - emva kwesikhashana uzothola ukuthi impahla idle kahle! Okwaboniswa ku-“Fight Club” kufana kakhulu neqiniso: ngempela, izandla ezijulukayo - kanye ne-alkali - zizolimaza! Ngokwami, ngithole kubuhlungu kakhulu kune-hydrochloric acid (ngaphezulu kwalokho okungezansi).
Kodwa-ke, uma izandla zakho zome kakhulu, cishe ngeke uzwe lutho ku-alkali eyomile.
Ama-alkali e-Caustic ahle kakhulu ekuphuleni amafutha abe yi-glycerin nosawoti wama-fatty acids - le yindlela insipho eyenziwa ngayo (sawubona, “Fight Club!”) Isikhashana nje, kodwa ngendlela efanayo, amaprotheni ayaphulwa - okungukuthi, ngokomthetho. , ama-alkali ancibilikisa inyama, ikakhulukazi izixazululo ezinamandla - futhi lapho kushisa . Okubi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-perchloric acid efanayo (ngaphezulu kwalokho okungezansi) ukuthi wonke ama-alkali adonsa isikhutha emkhathini, ngakho-ke amandla azokwehla kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alkali nawo asabela ngezingxenye zengilazi - ingilazi iba namafu, nakuba ukuze ichithe konke - lapha, yiqiniso, kufanele uzame.
I-Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswa njengama-alkali e-caustic, isibonelo
I-Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Eqinisweni, lezi zinto zihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-cationic surfactants (kahle, kufana nensipho evamile - i-cationic kuphela: lapha inhlayiya esebenzayo iyizinhlayiya ze-diphilic - ngokushaja "+", kanye nensipho - enecala "-") futhi okuyisisekelo kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu. Uma ifika ezandleni zakho, ungayigcoba emanzini bese uyigeza njengensipho; uma ufudumeza izinwele zakho, isikhumba noma izinzipho ngesisombululo esinamanzi, zizoncibilika. "I-causticity" ngokumelene nesizinda se-sodium ne-potassium hydroxides injalo-so.
I-Sulfuric acid
I-H2SO4
Okudume kakhulu, mhlawumbe, kuzo zonke izindaba. Akuyona i-caustic kakhulu, kodwa engathandeki kakhulu: i-sulfuric acid egxilile (okungu-98%) iwuketshezi olunamafutha oluthanda amanzi kakhulu, ngakho-ke luwasusa kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokukhipha amanzi ku-cellulose noshukela, kuyawashisa. Ngendlela efanayo, uzokukhipha ngenjabulo amanzi, %username%, ikakhulukazi uma uwathela esikhumbeni esithambile sobuso bakho noma emehlweni akho (kahle, empeleni, konke kuzongena emehlweni akho nge-adventure) . Abantu abanomusa ikakhulukazi baxuba i-sulfuric acid namafutha ukuze kube nzima ukuwageza futhi kungene kangcono esikhumbeni.
Ngendlela, ngokuthatha amanzi, i-sulfuric acid iyashisa, okwenza isithombe sibe namanzi nakakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuyigeza ngamanzi kuwumbono omubi kakhulu. Kungcono ukusebenzisa uwoyela (hlanza, ungagcoki, bese ugeza ngamanzi). Hhayi-ke, noma ukugeleza kwamanzi amaningi ukuze kuphole ngokushesha.
"Amanzi okuqala, bese kuba yi-asidi - kungenjalo kuzokwenzeka inkinga enkulu!" - lokhu kumayelana ne-sulfuric acid, nakuba ngesizathu esithile wonke umuntu ecabanga ukuthi imayelana nanoma iyiphi i-asidi.
Njengoba i-oxidizing, i-sulfuric acid i-oxidize ubuso bensimbi bube yi-oxides. Futhi njengoba ukusebenzisana kwama-oxide nama-acids kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwamanzi njenge-catalyst - futhi i-sulfuric acid ayiwakhiphi amanzi - umphumela obizwa ngokuthi i-passivation uyenzeka: ifilimu eminyene, engancibilikiyo futhi engangeneki ye-metal oxide iyayivikela ekuhlakazweni okwengeziwe.
Ngokwale nqubo, i-sulfuric acid egxilile ithunyelwa ezindaweni ezikude ngensimbi ne-aluminium. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma i-asidi ihlanjululwa, amanzi avela, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthumela - izinsimbi zihlakazeka.
Ngendlela, i-sulfur oxide SO3 incibilika ku-sulfuric acid futhi ikhiqize i-oleum - ngezinye izikhathi ebhalwe ngephutha njenge-H2S2O7, kodwa lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele. I-Oleum idonsela amanzi kakhulu.
Imizwa yami lapho i-sulfuric acid ifika esandleni sami: ifudumala kancane, bese isha kancane - ngiyigeze ngaphansi kukampompi, akukho lutho olukhulu. Ungawakholwa amamuvi, kodwa angincomi ukuthi uwabeke ebusweni bakho.
Izinto eziphilayo zivame ukusebenzisa i-chromium noma "ingxube ye-chromic" - lena i-potassium dichromate encibilikiswe ku-sulfuric acid. Empeleni lesi yisixazululo se-chromic acid, ilungele ukugeza izitsha ezinsaleni zezinto eziphilayo. Uma ifika esandleni sakho, nayo iyasha, kodwa empeleni i-sulfuric acid kanye ne-chromium ene-hexavalent enobuthi. Ngeke uthole izimbobo esandleni sakho, ngaphandle mhlawumbe ezingutsheni zakho.
Umbhali wale migqa uyazi isilima esasebenzisa i-potassium permanganate esikhundleni se-potassium dichromate. Lapho ithintana nezinto eziphilayo, yahlaba kancane. Ababekhona bazithulele baphunyuke bethuka kancane.
IHydrochloric acid
I-HCl
Awekho ngaphezu kwama-38% emanzini. Enye ye-acids ethandwa kakhulu yokuchithwa - kulokhu ipholile kunabanye, ngoba ngobuchwepheshe ingaba msulwa kakhulu, futhi ngaphezu kokusebenza njenge-asidi, iphinde yakha ama-chloride ayinkimbinkimbi akhulisa ukuncibilika. Ngendlela, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi i-insoluble silver chloride inyibilika kakhulu ku-concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Lena, lapho ihlangana nesikhumba, ishisa kancane, i-subjectively, futhi iyaluma, futhi iyanuka: uma usebenza kakhulu nge-hydrochloric acid egxilile elabhorethri ene-hood empofu, udokotela wamazinyo uzokubonga: uzoyenza inothe ngokugcwaliswa. Ngendlela, ukuhlafuna ushingamu kuyasiza. Kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Kungcono - i-hood.
Njengoba ingenawo amafutha futhi ayishisi kakhulu ngamanzi, i-caustic kuphela ezinsimbi, hhayi kubo bonke. Phela, insimbi ku-hydrochloric acid egxilile iyadlula futhi ithi "cha!" Yilokhu abakusebenzisa ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
I-nitric acid
I-HNO3
Ubuye adume kakhulu, ngesizathu esithile abantu bayamesaba futhi - kodwa ngeze. Kugxilwe - lena kufika ku-70% - ithandwa kakhulu, ephakeme - "ukubhema", ngokuvamile akekho oyidingayo. Kukhona ne-anhydrous - futhi nayo iyaqhuma.
Njengoba i-oxidizing, idlula izinsimbi eziningi ezimbozwa ifilimu engancibiliki bese ithi "sala kahle" - lezi ziyi-chromium, insimbi, i-aluminium, i-cobalt, i-nickel nezinye.
Isabela ngokushesha esikhumbeni ngokuya ngesimiso sokusabela kwe-xanthoprotein - kuzoba khona indawo ephuzi, okusho ukuthi wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, usenziwe ngamaprotheni! Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, isikhumba esiphuzi sizophuma, njengokungathi sishisiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihlaba kancane kunosawoti, nakuba ayinuki kakhulu - futhi kulokhu inobuthi kakhulu: i-nitrogen oxides endizayo ayilungele kakhulu umzimba.
Emakhemikhali, basebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ingxube ye-nitrating" - ethandwa kakhulu iqukethe i-sulfuric ne-nitric acid. Isetshenziswa kuma-syntheses, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni into ejabulisayo - i-pyroxylin. Ngokuya nge-causticity - i-chromium efanayo kanye nesikhumba esihle esiphuzi.
Kukhona futhi "amanzi obukhosi" - lena ingxenye ye-nitric acid ezingxenyeni ezintathu ze-hydrochloric acid. Isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezithile, ikakhulukazi eziyigugu. Indlela yokudonsa yokuhlola isampula yemikhiqizo yegolide isekelwe ezilinganisweni ezahlukene kanye nokwengezwa kwamanzi - ngendlela, kunzima kakhulu kochwepheshe abasebenzisa le ndlela ukukhohlisa ngomgunyathi. Mayelana ne-causticity yesikhumba - "ingxube ye-nitrating" efanayo futhi inuka kahle, iphunga alikwazi ukudideka nanoma yini enye, futhi linobuthi.
Kukhona futhi "i-reverse aqua regia" - lapho isilinganiso sihlehliswa, kodwa lokhu ukucaciswa okungavamile.
I-Phosphoric acid
I-H3PO4
Eqinisweni, nginikeze ifomula ye-orthophosphoric acid, evame kakhulu. Futhi kukhona i-metaphosphoric, i-polyphosphoric, i-ultraphosphoric - ngamafuphi, kwanele, kodwa akunandaba.
I-orthophosphoric acid egxilile (85%) iyisiraphu enjalo. I-asidi ngokwayo iyisilinganiso, ivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yokudla, ngendlela - lapho uthola ukugcwaliswa, ubuso bezinyo buqala ukufakwa nge-phosphoric acid.
Izakhiwo zayo zokugqwala ziyi-so-so, kodwa kukhona i-nuance engathandeki: le isiraphu imuncwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, uma iconsa ezintweni, izomuncwa, bese ibola kancane kancane. Futhi uma kukhona ibala noma imbobo evela ku-nitric kanye ne-hydrochloric acid, khona-ke into izowa phakathi kwe-phosphorus, lokhu kunemibala ikakhulukazi ezicathulweni, lapho umgodi ubonakala ugoqa kuze kube yilapho uphuma khona.
Nokho, ngokuvamile kunzima ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-caustic.
I-Hydrofluoric acid
HF
I-hydrofluoric acid egxilile cishe i-38%, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okungavamile.
I-asidi ebuthakathaka ethatha uthando oluqinile lwama-ion e-fluoride ukuze yakhe inhlanganisela eqhubekayo nawo wonke umuntu engakwazi naye. Ngakho-ke, kuncibilikisa ngokumangalisayo lokho abanye abangani abanamandla abangakwazi, ngakho-ke kuvame ukusetshenziselwa izingxube ezihlukahlukene zokuhlakazwa. Uma uyithola esandleni sakho, izinzwa zizoba zikhulu kwezinye izingxenye zezingxube ezinjalo, kodwa kukhona umehluko.
I-Hydrofluoric acid incibilikisa i-SiO2. Isihlabathi leso. Ingilazi leyo. Okusho ukuthi, i-quartz. Njalo njalo. Cha, uma ufafaza le asidi efasiteleni, ngeke incibilike, kodwa ibala elinamafu liyosala. Ukuze uhlakaze, udinga ukuyibamba isikhathi eside, noma okungcono nakakhulu, ukuyishisa. Lapho incibilika, i-SiF4 iyakhululwa, enenzuzo enkulu empilweni kangangokuthi kungcono ukuyenza ngaphansi kwesivalo.
I-nuance encane kodwa ejabulisayo: wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uqukethe i-silicon ezinziphoni zakho. Ngakho-ke, uma i-hydrofluoric acid ingena ngaphansi kwezinzipho zakho, ngeke uqaphele lutho. Kodwa ngeke ukwazi ukulala ebusuku - kuzolimaza kakhulu kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi ufuna ukuklebhula umunwe wakho. Ngikholwe, mngane, ngiyazi.
Futhi ngokuvamile, i-hydrofluoric acid inobuthi, i-carcinogenic, ingena esikhumbeni nezinye izinto eziningi - kodwa namuhla sikhuluma nge-causticity, akunjalo?
Uyakhumbula ukuthi savumelana kanjani ekuqaleni ukuthi ngeke ibe khona i-fluoride? Ngeke abe. Kodwa bazo...
Ama-fluoride amagesi angenayo
Eqinisweni, i-fluorine iyinsizwa eqinile, awukwazi ngempela ukubukisa ngayo, ngakho-ke amanye amagesi angenayo enza ama-fluoride nayo. Ama-fluoride alandelayo azinzile ayaziwa: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Konke lokhu amakristalu, atholakala emoyeni ngesivinini esihlukile futhi abola kalula ngomswakama abe yi-hydrofluoric acid. I-causticity ifanelekile.
I-Hydroiodic acid
HI
Okuqine kakhulu (ngokwezinga lokuhlukanisa emanzini) i-asidi kanambambili. I-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla, esetshenziswa osokhemisi bezinto eziphilayo. Emoyeni i-oxidize futhi ibe nsundu, okubangela amabala lapho ithintana. Umuzwa lapho uthintana nawo ufana namanzi anosawoti. Konke.
I-Perchloric acid
I-HClO4
Enye yezinto eziqine kakhulu (ngokwezinga lokuhlukaniswa emanzini) ama-asidi ngokuvamile (ama-acid aphezulu ancintisana nawo - okwengeziwe ngawo ngezansi) - umsebenzi we-Hammett acidity (isibonakaliso senani sekhono le-medium ukuba ngumnikezeli we-proton maqondana nesisekelo esinqunyelwe, inani eliphansi, i-asidi enamandla) - 13. I-Anhydrous i-ejenti eqinisa i-oxidizing, ithanda ukuqhuma, futhi ngokuvamile ayizinzile. I-Concentrated (70% -72%) iyi-ejenti eyenza i-oxidizing engeyibi kakhulu, ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukubola kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyathakazelisa ngoba kungaqhuma kule nqubo: udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinhlayiya zamalahle, ukuthi azibilisi kakhulu, njll. I-Perchloric acid nayo ingcolile kakhulu - ayikwazi ukuhlanzwa nge-subdistillation, ukutheleleka kuqhuma! Ngakho-ke, ayisetshenziswa njalo.
Uma ihlangana nesikhumba, iyasha futhi izwakale njengosawoti. Kuyanuka. Uma ubona kumafilimu ukuthi othile waphonsa isidumbu esitsheni esine-perchloric acid futhi sahlakazeka, yebo, lokhu kungenzeka - kodwa kuzothatha isikhathi eside noma kufudumale. Uma uyishisa, ingase iqhume (bona ngenhla). Ngakho-ke gxeka i-cinema (ngicabanga ukuthi ngibone lokhu ku-10 Cloverfield Lane).
Ngendlela, i-causticity ye-chlorine oxide (VII) i-Cl2O7 ne-chlorine oxide (VI) i-Cl2O6 ingumphumela wokuthi lawa ma-oxide enza i-perchloric acid ngamanzi.
Manje ake sicabange ukuthi sinqume ukuhlanganisa i-asidi eqinile kanye ne-causticity ye-fluorine kunhlanganisela eyodwa: thatha i-molecule ye-perchloric noma i-sulfuric acid bese ushintsha wonke amaqembu ayo e-hydroxyl nge-fluorine! Imfucumfucu izoba yinto engavamile: izosebenzisana namanzi kanye nezinhlanganisela ezifanayo - futhi endaweni yokusabela kuyotholakala ngokushesha i-asidi eqinile ne-hydrofluoric acid. A?
Ama-fluoride e-sulphur, i-bromine ne-iodine
Uyakhumbula ukuthi sivumelene ngokucabangela uketshezi kuphela? Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ayizange ifakwe esihlokweni sethu. i-chlorine trifluoride ClF3, elibilisa ngo-+12 ° C, nakuba zonke izindaba ezisabekayo eziyingozi kakhulu, zivutha ingilazi, imaski yegesi, futhi lapho ichitheka amakhilogremu angu-900, idla u-30 cm kakhonkolo kanye nemitha yegravel - konke lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa savuma - uketshezi.
Nokho, kukhona uketshezi oluphuzi - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, uketshezi olungenambala - I-Bromine trifluoride BrF3, okuphuzi okukhanyayo - I-Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, ezingezimbi nakakhulu. I-BrF5, isibonelo, iphinde incibilikise ingilazi, izinsimbi nokhonkolo.
Ngokufanayo, phakathi kwawo wonke ama-sulphur fluoride, kuphela I-Disulfur decafluoride (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa nangokuthi i-sulphur pentafluoride) iwuketshezi olungenambala olunefomula ethi S2F10.. Kodwa le nhlanganisela izinzile emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, ayiboli ngamanzi - ngakho-ke ayiyona i-caustic ikakhulukazi. Yiqiniso, inobuthi obuphindwe ka-4 kune-phosgene enomshini ofanayo wokwenza.
Ngendlela, i-iodine pentafluoride kuthiwa "igesi elikhethekile" elisetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa umkhathi ku-shuttle yokuphunyuka ezigcawini zokugcina zefilimu ye-1979 i-Alien. Hhayi-ke, angikhumbuli, ngokweqiniso.
Ama-asidi aphezulu
Igama elithi "super acid" laqanjwa nguJames Conant ngo-1927 ukuze ahlukanise ama-acids anamandla kunama-acid amaminerali ajwayelekile. Kweminye imithombo, i-perchloric acid ihlukaniswa njenge-super acid, nakuba akunjalo - iyimaminerali evamile.
Ama-superacids amaningana ama-acid amaminerali okunamathiselwe kuwo i-halogen: i-halogen idonsela ama-electron kuwo, wonke ama-athomu athukuthela kakhulu, futhi yonke into iya ku-hydrogen njengokujwayelekile: iwela isesimweni se-H+ - boom: i-asidi isinamandla.
Izibonelo - i-fluorosulfuric ne-chlorosulfuric acid
I-Fluorosulfuric acid inomsebenzi we-Hammett we--15,1; ngendlela, ngenxa ye-fluorine, le asidi kancane kancane incibilikisa ishubhu lokuhlola lapho igcinwa khona.
Khona-ke othile ohlakaniphile wacabanga: ake sithathe i-Lewis acid (into engamukela ipheya lama-electron avela kwenye into) futhi siyixube ne-Brønsted acid (into enganikela ngeproton)! Sixube i-antimony pentafluoride ne-hydrofluoric acid futhi sayithola i-hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. Kulolu hlelo, i-hydrofluoric acid ikhipha i-proton (H+), futhi isisekelo se-conjugate (F-) sihlukaniswe isibopho sokuxhumanisa ne-antimony pentafluoride. Lokhu kukhiqiza i-anion enkulu ye-octahedral (SbF6-), okuyi-nucleophile ebuthakathaka kakhulu nesisekelo esibuthakathaka kakhulu. Ngemva kokuba "mahhala", i-proton inquma i-hyperacidity yesistimu - umsebenzi we-Hammett -28!
Futhi-ke abanye beza futhi bathi kungani bethathe i-asidi ebuthakathaka kaBernstead futhi beza nalokhu.
I-Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- ngokwayo isivele i-super acid (umsebenzi we-Hammett - 14,1). Ngakho-ke, bangeza i-antimony pentafluoride kuyo futhi - bathola ukuncipha kwafika ku- -16,8! Iqhinga elifanayo nge-fluorosulfuric acid linikeze ukuncishiswa ku -23.
Futhi-ke iqembu lososayensi abavela emnyangweni wamakhemikhali we-American University of California, eliholwa nguProfesa Christopher Reed, lahlanganyela nozakwabo be-Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) futhi beza ne-carborane. i-asidi H(CHB11Cl11). Hhayi-ke, bayibiza ngokuthi “i-carborane” kubantu abajwayelekile, kepha uma ufuna ukuzizwa njengososayensi, yithi “2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)” kathathu futhi ngokushesha.
Lobu buhle bubukeka kanjani
Lena impushana eyomile encibilika emanzini. Lena I-Acid Eqine Kunazo Zonke okwamanje. I-Carborane acid inamandla ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyisigidi kune-concentrated sulfuric acid. Akwenzeki ukukala amandla e-asidi ngesilinganiso esivamile, njengoba i-asidi ikhiqiza zonke izisekelo ezibuthakathaka ezaziwayo nazo zonke izincibilikisi lapho incibilika khona, okuhlanganisa amanzi, i-benzene, i-fulerene-60, ne-sulfur dioxide.
Kamuva, uChristopher Reed watshela isevisi yezindaba zeMvelo: “Umbono wokwenziwa kwe-carborane acid wavela emaphusheni “ama-molecule ayengakaze adalwe ngaphambili.” Kanye nozakwabo, ufuna ukusebenzisa i-carborane acid ukwenza ama-athomu e-inert gas xenon - ngoba nje akekho oke wakwenza lokhu ngaphambili. Okwangempela, ngingathini.
Nokho, njengoba ama-super acid engama-asidi avamile, asebenza ngokujwayelekile, anamandla kancane. Kuyacaca ukuthi isikhumba sizoshisa, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi sizoncibilika. I-fluorosulfonic acid iyicala elihlukile, kodwa konke kungenxa ye-fluorine, njengaku-fluoride.
I-Trihaloacetic acid
Ngokuqondile, i-trifluoroacetic ne-trichloroacetic acid
Kuhle futhi kumnandi ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo ze-organic polar solvent kanye ne-asidi eqinile. Ziyanuka—njengoviniga.
Into enhle kakhulu i-trifluoroacetic acid: isixazululo esingu-20% sibhubhisa izinsimbi, ukhokho, irabha, i-bakelite, i-polyethylene. Isikhumba siyasha futhi sakhe izilonda ezomile ezifinyelela ungqimba lwemisipha.
I-Trichloroacetic acid ingumfowethu omncane kulokhu, kodwa lokho kulungile futhi. Ngendlela, ihlombe kubulili obubuthakathaka: ekuphishekeleni ubuhle, abanye baya kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-TCA yokucwenga (i-TCA i-TetraChloroAcetate) - lapho le tetrachloroacetic acid efanayo isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa ungqimba olungaphezulu, olubi lwesikhumba.
Yiqiniso, uma i-cosmetologist ixoxa ocingweni, ukwehluleka kungenzeka
Hhayi-ke, into enjengale, uma sikhuluma ngoketshezi kanye ne-causticity. Ingabe kuzoba nezinye izengezo?
Source: www.habr.com