Mayelana nobhiya ngeso likasokhemisi. Ingxenye 1

Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Njengoba ngethembisile ekuqaleni, bengingekho kancane ngenxa yohambo lwami lwebhizinisi. Cha, akukaqedwa, kodwa kugqugquzele imicabango enginqume ukwabelana nawe ngayo.

Sizokhuluma ngobhiya.

Manje ngeke ngiphikisane ngezinhlobo ezithile, ngiphikisane ngokuthi yikuphi ukunambitheka nombala emzimbeni oshintsha kancane kusukela ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kuze kube manje ... kahle, uyaqonda - ngifuna nje ukukhuluma ngendlela engibona ngayo inqubo yokukhiqiza, umehluko kanye nomthelela kabhiya emzimbeni wethu ngokombono wamakhemikhali.

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubhiya yisiphuzo sabantu abavamile - futhi banephutha kakhulu; abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubhiya uyingozi - futhi benza iphutha, nokho, njengalabo abakholelwa ukuthi ubhiya awunabungozi. Futhi sizokucacisa lokhu futhi

Futhi ngokungafani nezihloko ezedlule, ngizozama ukuqeda ukufunda isikhathi eside, kodwa kunalokho ngihlukanise le ndaba ibe amaningana. Futhi uma ngesinye isikhathi kungenasithakazelo, ngizovele ngiyeke ukuhlukumeza ubuchopho bomfundi ompofu.

Asambe.

Ingemuva

Umlando kabhiya emhlabeni ubuyela emuva eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ukukhulunywa kwayo okokuqala ngqa kusukela enkathini yokuqala ye-Neolithic. Kakade eminyakeni engu-6000 edlule, abantu basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuye benza kube nokwenzeka ukuguqula isinkwa sibe isiphuzo esiphundu - futhi ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ubhiya yisiphuzo sotshwala sakudala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Umlando wemvelaphi kabhiya waqala ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, futhi izindondo zabasunguli zingezabaseSumerians. Umbhalo wabo we-cuneiform, owatholwa u-E. Huber eMesopotamiya, wawuqukethe izindlela zokupheka ezingaba ngu-15 zalesi siphuzo. Izakhamuzi zaseMesophothamiya zasebenzisa isipelingi (isipelingi) ukwenza ubhiya. Yayigaywe ngebhali, igcwele amanzi, kwafakwa amakhambi futhi kwashiywa ukuba kubiliswe. Isiphuzo senziwe ngewort ewumphumela. Sicela uqaphele: ubhiya kakolweni wasungulwa, kodwa akekho owayesasho lutho mayelana nama-hops, okungukuthi, i-gruit noma ubhiya we-herbal waphindwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-malt ayizange imile.

Ingqopha-mlando elandelayo emlandweni kabhiya kwakuyimpucuko yaseBabiloni. KwakungabaseBabiloni abathola indlela yokuthuthukisa isiphuzo. Bahluma okusanhlamvu base bewomisa ukuze kuvele imela. Ubhiya owenziwe ngokusanhlamvu ne-malt wawugcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku. Ukuze wenze isiphuzo sibe nephunga elimnandi, izinongo, amagxolo e-oki, amaqabunga esihlahla, uju lwengezwa kuso - izithasiselo zokudla zase zivele zasungulwa ngaleso sikhathi, vele, ngaphambi kweReinheitsgebot noma, njengoba kuqondakala, umthetho waseJalimane mayelana nokuhlanzeka kobhiya. kwakuseneminyaka engaba ngu-5000 ubudala!

Kancane kancane, ubhiya wasakazekela eGibhithe Lasendulo, ePheresiya, eNdiya naseCaucasus. Kodwa eGrisi lasendulo kwakungathandwa, ngoba kwakubhekwa njengesiphuzo sabampofu. Kulapho kwavela khona konke lokhu kubandlululana.

Umlando wokudala ubhiya wathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokuzalwa kwesibili kukabhiya. Kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeka eJalimane. Igama lesiJalimane elithi Bier livela ku-Old Germanic Peor noma i-Bror. Nakuba i-Ale yesiNgisi efanayo (ale) kusolwa ukuthi i-etymologically ibuyela kumsuka we-Proto-Indo-European, mhlawumbe nencazelo "yokudakwa". Imvelaphi yase-Indo-European yempande ifakazelwa ngokugculisayo uma iqhathaniswa ne-øl yesimanje yesiDanish nesiNorway, kanye ne-Icelandic öl (iqembu lamaJalimane lezilimi, okwakungowalo i-Old English) kanye ne-Lithuanian ne-Latvian alus - ubhiya (iqembu le-Baltic le-Indo -Umndeni waseYurophu), i-ol yaseNyakatho yesiRashiya (okusho isiphuzo esidakayo ), kanye ne-Estonian õlu nesiFinnish olut. Ngamafuphi, akekho owaziyo ukuthi la mazwi avela kanjani, ngoba othile wahlaselwa eBhabhiloni Lasendulo - kahle, wonke umuntu manje ubiza ubhiya ngendlela ehlukile. Nokho, bayipheka ngendlela ehlukile.

KwakungeNkathi Ephakathi lapho ama-hops aqala ukungezwa esiphuzweni. Ngokufika kwawo, ukunambitheka kukabhiya kwaba ngcono, futhi ukuphila kwawo eshalofini kwaba isikhathi eside. Khumbula, %igama lomsebenzisi%: ama-hops ayeyisilondolozi sikabhiya. Manje isiphuzo sase singahanjiswa, futhi saba into yokuhweba. Kwavela amakhulukhulu ezindlela zokupheka nezinhlobonhlobo zikabhiya. Abanye ososayensi abavela ezifundeni ezithile bakholelwa ukuthi amaSlav ayengabasunguli bokulima kwe-hop, ngoba ukuphuza utshwala kwakusakazeke eRussia kakade ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX.

Ngendlela, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ama-ales alula ayesetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu esikhundleni samanzi. Ngisho nezingane zazikwazi ukukhokhela ubhiya - futhi yebo, kwakuwubhiya ngokuqondile, hhayi i-kvass, njengoba abanye bekholelwa. Babengaphuzi ngenxa yokuthi abamnyama babefuna ukuziphuzela bona baze bafe, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ngokuwanambitha amanzi babekwazi ukwelapha inqwaba yezifo ezaziwa kodwa ezazingaziwa. Ngezinga lomuthi ezingeni le-plantain kanye nombelethisi, kwakuyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubhiya wetafula (“i-ale encane”) nawo wawunomsoco futhi wawuhamba kahle etafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa ngobuningi obukhulu, ngoba wawuqukethe cishe u-1% wotshwala. Umbuzo ophusile uthi "ngabe yini-ke eyabulala lonke ukutheleleka?" Nakanjani sizoyicabangela.

Ikhulu le-1876 laphawulwa ngenye intuthuko emlandweni kabhiya. U-Louis Pasteur waqala wathola ubudlelwano phakathi kokuvutshelwa namaseli emvubelo. Washicilela imiphumela yocwaningo ngo-5, kwathi eminyakeni emi-1881 kamuva, ngo-XNUMX, usosayensi waseDenmark u-Emil Christian Hansen wathola isiko elimsulwa lemvubelo yotshwala, okwaba umfutho wokwenziwa kwezimboni.

Uma sikhuluma ngomlando kabhiya obungewona uphuzo oludakayo, umfutho wokubukeka kwawo kwakuyi-Volstead Act ka-1919, eyaphawula ukuqala kweNkathi Yokuvinjelwa e-United States: ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthwa nokudayiswa kotshwala obunamandla kuno-0,5% empeleni wenqatshelwe. Ngakho-ke akuseyona ngisho "i-ale encane". Zonke izinkampani ezikhiqiza utshwala zazibandakanyekile ekukhiqizeni iziphuzo ezingezona utshwala ezisekelwe kwi-malt, nokho, ngokomthetho, isiphuzo kwakudingeka sibizwe ngokuthi "isiphuzo se-cereal", abantu abasibiza ngokushesha ngokuthi "i-rubber woman" futhi "eduze." ubhiya". Eqinisweni, ukuze ushintshe kusukela kokujwayelekile, okungavunyelwe, kuya "cishe ubhiya" omusha, kwakwanele ukwengeza isigaba esisodwa esingeziwe kwinqubo yokukhiqiza (futhi sizokukhumbula nakanjani), okungazange kwande kakhulu. izindleko zomkhiqizo wokugcina futhi kuvunyelwe ukubuya okusheshayo okungenzeka ekukhiqizeni isiphuzo sendabuko: "Ngicabanga ukuthi lesi kuzoba isikhathi esihle kakhulu sobhiya," kusho uMongameli waseMelika uFranklin Roosevelt, esayina uMthetho weCullen-Harrison ngoMashi 22, 1933, okwavumela ukuthi utshwala obusephuzweni bukhuphuke bufinyelele ku-4%. Lesi senzo saqala ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 7, ngakho-ke kusukela lapho lolu suku bekuwuSuku Lukazwelonke Lobhiya e-USA! Bathi kakade ngo-Ephreli 6, abantu baseMelika babehlezi emigoqweni, futhi lapho phakathi kwamabili abathandekayo bashaya, khona-ke ... Amazwe. Ingabe uye waba nengilazi kabhiya ngo-Ephreli 7, %igama lomsebenzisi%?


Ngendlela, uma unesithakazelo, kwenye yezingxenye ezilandelayo ngizokutshela mayelana nomthetho wokwenqatshelwa onzima nakakhulu - futhi lokhu akuyona ngisho ne-USSR, kodwa i-Iceland.

Njengamanje, ubhiya awukhiqizwa ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica - nakuba lokhu kungaqiniseki. Kunenqwaba yezigaba namakhulu ezitayela - futhi uma uthanda, ungafunda izincazelo zazo lapha. Ubhiya kude nokulula njengoba kukholakala; izindleko zebhodlela kwesinye isikhathi zingadlula izindleko zekesi lewayini - futhi angikhulumi ngewayini le-Chateau de la Paquette.

Ngakho-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uma manje uvule ibhodlela likabhiya ngenkathi ufunda, gcwalisa inhlonipho futhi uqhubeke ufunda.

Izithako

Ngaphambi kokuthi sibheke ukuthi ubhiya uquketheni, ake sikhumbule kafushane ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza lesi siphuzo.

Ubhiya - njengezinto eziningi kulo mhlaba - umkhiqizo wokusha okungaphelele. Eqinisweni, ukuvutshelwa - inqubo esinambitha ngayo le njabulo, kanye nekhono lakho, %username%, ukufunda le migqa - kuwumkhiqizo wokushiswa okungaphelele koshukela, kuphela esimweni sikabhiya, ushukela awushiswanga. ubuchopho bakho, kodwa ku-yeast metabolic chain.
Njenganoma yikuphi ukusha, imikhiqizo iyi-carbon dioxide namanzi - kodwa khumbula ukuthi ngithe "akuphelele"? Futhi ngempela: ekukhiqizeni ubhiya, imvubelo ayivunyelwe ukudla ngokweqile (nakuba lokhu kungalungile ngokuphelele, kodwa kuhle ukuqonda okujwayelekile kwesithombe) - ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwe-carbon dioxide, utshwala bubuye bukhiwe.

Njengoba ukudla akuwona ushukela omsulwa, kodwa ingxube yezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene, umkhiqizo awuyona nje i-carbon dioxide, amanzi notshwala - kodwa i-bouquet yonke, yingakho lawa mabhiya akhona. Manje ngizokhuluma ngezinye zezithako eziyinhloko, futhi ngiphinde ngikhulume nezinye izinganekwane mayelana nobhiya endleleni.

Amanzi.

Ngikhumbula ukuthi, phela ngiwusokhemisi, ngizoshintshela olimini lwamakhemikhali oluyisicefe.

Ubhiya yisixazululo esinamanzi sokuxutshwa kwe-malt okungazange kube nezinguquko ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kanye nokuvutshelwa kobhiya, utshwala be-ethyl kanye nezinto ezinambithekayo, okungamametabolite esibili embiliso noma asuka kumahops. Ukwakheka kwezinto ezikhishwayo kuhlanganisa ama-carbohydrate angavutshiwe (i-α- kanye ne-β-glucans), izinto ze-phenolic (i-anthocyanogens, i-oligo- ne-polyphenols), i-melanoidins ne-caramel. Okuqukethwe kwabo kubhiya, kuya ngengxenye enkulu yezinto ezomile ku-wort yokuqala, ukwakheka kwe-wort, izindlela zokuvutshelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezici zohlobo lwemvubelo, isukela ku-2,0 kuya ku-8,5 g/100 g kabhiya. Izinkomba zenqubo efanayo zihlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe kotshwala, ingxenye enkulu yayo kubhiya ingasukela ku-0,05 kuye ku-8,6%, kanye nezinto zokunambitheka (utshwala obuphezulu, i-ethers, i-aldehydes, njll.), ukuhlanganiswa okuncike ekubunjweni kwayo. we-wort futhi, ikakhulukazi ezindleleni zokuvutshelwa kanye nohlobo lwemvubelo. Njengomthetho, kubhiya ovutshelwe imvubelo ephansi, ukugcwala kwemikhiqizo yesibili ye-yeast metabolism akudluli ku-200 mg/l, kanti kubhiya ovutshelwe phezulu izinga lawo lidlula ama-300 mg/l. Ingxenye encane nakakhulu kubhiya yenziwe ngezinto ezibabayo ezivela ku-hops, inani lazo kubhiya lingeqi ku-45 mg/l.

Konke lokhu kuyisicefe kakhulu, izinombolo zingase zihluke kakhulu noma ngaphansi, kodwa uthola umbono: konke lokhu kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe kwamanzi kubhiya. Njengawe, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ubhiya cishe ungamanzi angama-95%. Akumangazi ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi inomthelela oqondile kubhiya. Futhi ngendlela, lesi esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani uhlobo olufanayo lukabhiya, olukhiqizwa amafekthri ahlukene ezindaweni ezahlukene, lunganambitha ngendlela ehlukile. Isibonelo esiqondile futhi mhlawumbe esidume kakhulu yiPilsner Urquell, abake bazama ukuyipheka eKaluga, kodwa ayizange isebenze. Manje lo bhiya ukhiqizwa kuphela eCzech Republic ngenxa yamanzi awo akhethekile athambile.

Ayikho inkampani yotshwala ezokwenza ubhiya ngaphandle kokuhlola amanzi esizosebenza ngawo - izinga lamanzi libaluleke kakhulu emkhiqizweni wokugcina. Abadlali abakhulu kulokhu bangama-cations nama-anion afanayo owabona ebhodleleni lanoma iyiphi i-soda - amazinga kuphela alawulwa hhayi ebangeni elithi "50-5000" mg/l, kodwa ngokunembe kakhulu.

Ake sithole ukuthi ukwakheka kwamanzi kuthinta ini?

Okokuqala, amanzi kufanele ahambisane neMithetho neMithetho Yenhlanzeko, ngakho-ke silahla ngokushesha izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinye izinto ezinobuthi - le crap akufanele ibe emanzini nhlobo. Imikhawulo eyinhloko yamanzi asetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekukhiqizweni kukabhiya (ngesikhathi sokuxutshwa) iphathelene nezinkomba ezifana nenani le-pH, ubulukhuni, isilinganiso phakathi kokugxiliswa kwe-calcium ne-magnesium ion, engalawulwa nhlobo emanzini okuphuza. Amanzi okuphisa kufanele abe nama-ion amancane kakhulu ensimbi, i-silicon, ithusi, ama-nitrate, ama-chloride, nama-sulfate. Ama-nitrites, awubuthi obuqinile bemvubelo, awavunyelwe emanzini. Amanzi kufanele aqukathe izingxenye zamaminerali ngaphansi ngokuphindwe kabili (insalela eyomile) kanye ne-COD ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-2,5 (isidingo se-oksijini yamakhemikhali - i-oxidability). Lapho kuhlolwa ukufaneleka kwamanzi okuphisa, kwethulwa inkomba efana ne-alkalinity, engafakiwe kumazinga okuphuza amanzi.

Ukwengeza, izimfuneko ezengeziwe zisebenza emanzini asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziqinile kanye notshwala ekuphisweni kwe-high-gravity. La manzi kumele, okokuqala, abe msulwa ngokwe-microbiologically, futhi okwesibili, angabi namandla (okungukuthi, empeleni awaqukethe umoya-mpilo oncibilikayo emanzini) futhi aqukathe ama-ion e-calcium nama-bicarbonates ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi anconyelwe ukuphiswa ngokujwayelekile. Kuyini ukwenziwa kwe-high gravity?Ukube ubungazi, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza utshwala obusezingeni eliphezulu buwukuthi, ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa kwe-brewhouse, i-wort yenziwa ngengxenye enkulu yezinto ezomile eziyi-4 ... 6% ephakeme kunengxenye enkulu. wezinto ezomile kubhiya osuphelile. Okulandelayo, le wort ihlanjululwa ngamanzi engxenyeni edingekayo yezinto ezomile, ngaphambi kokuvutshelwa, noma ubhiya ophelile (yebo, ubhiya buhlanjululwe - kodwa lokhu kusefekthri kuphela, futhi ngizokhuluma ngalokhu kamuva). Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze uthole ubhiya ongahlukanga ekunambithekeni kobhiya obutholakala kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-classical, akunconywa ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwe-wort yokuqala ngaphezu kwe-15%.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina i-pH efanele emanzini - angikhulumi manje mayelana nokunambitheka kobhiya ophelile, kodwa mayelana nenqubo yokuvutshelwa kwe-wort (ngendlela, njengoba kutholakele, lokhu akuthinti. ukunambitheka - ngeke nje uzwe umehluko ocashile). Iqiniso liwukuthi umsebenzi wama-enzyme esetshenziswa imvubelo ukuze udle uncike ku-pH. Inani eliphelele ngu-5,2..5,4, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi leli nani lishintshwa libe phezulu ukuze kwandiswe umunyu. Inani le-pH lithinta ukuqina kwezinqubo ze-metabolic kumaseli we-yeast, okubonakala ku-coefficient yokukhula kwe-biomass, izinga lokukhula kwamaseli kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-metabolites esibili. Ngakho-ke, endaweni ene-acidic, ikakhulukazi i-ethyl alcohol yakhiwa, kuyilapho endaweni ene-alkali, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-glycerol ne-acetic acid kuyaqina. I-acetic acid ithinta kabi inqubo yokukhiqiza imvubelo, ngakho-ke kufanele inqanyulwe ngokulungisa i-pH ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa. “Ekudleni” okuhlukene kungase kube namanani ahlukene we-pH afanele: isibonelo, i-4,6 iyadingeka ukuze kugaywe i-sucrose, kanye no-4,8 ku-maltose. I-pH ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwama-esters, esizokhuluma ngawo kamuva futhi adala lawo maphunga anezithelo kubhiya.

Ukulungisa i-pH kuhlale kuyibhalansi yama-carbonates nama-bicarbonates esixazululweni; yibo abanquma leli nani. Kodwa ngisho nalapha, akuyona yonke into elula kakhulu, ngoba ngaphezu kwama-anions kukhona nama-cations.

Ekwenzeni utshwala, ama-mineral cations akha amanzi ahlukaniswa abe amakhemikhali asebenzayo futhi angasebenzi ngamakhemikhali. Wonke usawoti we-calcium ne-magnesium kukhona amakhemikhali asebenzayo: ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwe-calcium ne-magnesium (futhi ngendlela ye-sodium ne-potassium) ngokumelene nesizinda sokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carbonates kwandisa i-pH, kuyilapho i-calcium ne-magnesium (lapha kukhona kakade. i-sodium ne-potassium emoyeni) - kodwa ngokubambisana nama-sulfate nama-chlorides, behlisa i-pH. Ngokudlala ngokugxila kwama-cations nama-anions, ungafinyelela i-acidity efanelekile yendawo ephakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abakhiqizi bathanda i-calcium ngaphezu kwe-magnesium: okokuqala, umcimbi we-yeast flocculation uhlotshaniswa ne-calcium ion, futhi okwesibili, lapho ubulukhuni besikhashana bususwa ngokubilisa (kufana neketela), i-calcium carbonate iyancipha futhi ingaba namandla. isusiwe , kuyilapho i-magnesium carbonate idlula kancane futhi, lapho amanzi ephola, incibilika kancane futhi.

Kodwa empeleni, i-calcium ne-magnesium yizinto ezincane nje. Ukuze ngingasifaki kakhulu lesi sihloko, ngizovele ngihlanganise eminye yemiphumela yokungcola kwe-ion emanzini ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ubhiya kanye nekhwalithi.

Umthelela enqubweni yokuphisa

• I-calcium ions - Misa i-alpha-amylase futhi yandise umsebenzi wayo, okuholela ekwandeni kwesivuno esikhishwe. Bandisa umsebenzi we-proteolytic enzymes, ngenxa yalokhu okuqukethwe kwenani kanye ne-α-amine nitrogen ku-wort kuyanda.
• Izinga lokwehliswa kwe-wort pH ngesikhathi sokuxutshwa, i-wort ebilisa nge-hops kanye nokuvutshelwa kuyanqunywa. Imvubelo flocculation kunqunywa. Ukuhlushwa kwe-ion okuphelele ngu-45-55 mg/l we-wort.
• I-Magnesium ions - Ingxenye ye-enzyme ye-glycolysis, i.e. okudingekayo kokubili ukuvutshelwa kanye nokusabalalisa imvubelo.
• I-Potassium ions - Ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwemvubelo, iyingxenye yezinhlelo ze-enzyme nama-ribosomes.
• I-Iron ions - Umthelela omubi ezinqubweni zokuhlanganisa. Ukugxila okukhulu kuno-0,2 mg/l kungase kubangele ukonakala kwemvubelo.
• I-Manganese ions - Ifakwe njenge-cofactor kuma-enzyme yemvubelo. Okuqukethwe akufanele kudlule ku-0,2 mg/l.
• I-Ammonium ions - Ingatholakala kuphela emanzini angcolile. Akwamukelekile neze.
• Ama-ion ethusi - Ezindaweni ezigxilile ezingaphezu kuka-10 mg/l - anobuthi kumvubelo. Kungase kube isici se-mugenic semvubelo.
• I-Zinc ions - Ekuhlanganiseni kwe-0,1 - 0,2 mg / l, ivuselela ukwanda kwemvubelo. Ekugxilweni okuphezulu bavimbela umsebenzi we-α-amylase.
• I-Chlorides - Yehlisa i-yeast flocculation. Ekuhlanganiseni okungaphezu kuka-500 mg/l, inqubo yokuvutshelwa iyancipha.
• Ama-Hydrocarbonates - Ekugxilweni okuphezulu aholela ekwenyukeni kwe-pH, futhi ngenxa yalokho ekwehleni komsebenzi wama-amylolytic kanye ne-proteolytic enzyme, kunciphisa isivuno sokukhishwa. futhi neqhaza ekwandiseni umbala wort. Ukuhlushwa akufanele kudlule i-20 mg/l.
• I-Nitrate - Itholakala emanzini angcolile ekugxilweni okukhulu kuno-10 mg/l. Lapho kukhona amagciwane omndeni wakwa-Enterbacteriaceae, kwakhiwa i-nitrite ion enobuthi.
• Ama-silicates - Yehlisa umsebenzi wokuvubela ekugxiliseni okukhulu kuno-10 mg/l. Ama-silicates ngokuvamile avela kwi-malt, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, amanzi angaba yisizathu sokwanda kwawo kubhiya.
• Ama-Fluoride - Afinyelela ku-10 mg/l awanawo umthelela.

Ithonya ekunambithekeni kukabhiya

• I-calcium ions - Yehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-tannins, enikeza ubhiya ukubaba okunamandla kanye nokunambitheka okubuhlungu. Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibabayo ezivela kumahops.
• I-Magnesium ions - Nikeza ukunambitheka okubabayo kubhiya, okuzwakala ekuhlanganiseni okungaphezu kuka-15 mg/l.
• I-sodium ions - Uma igxiliwe ngaphezu kuka-150 mg/l, yenza ukunambitheka okunosawoti. Ekugxilweni kwe-75 ... 150 mg / l - banciphisa ukugcwala kokunambitha.
• Ama-sulfate - Nikeza ubhiya ukuncibilika nokubaba, okubangela ukunambitha. Ekuhlanganiseni okungaphezu kuka-400 mg/l, banikeza ubhiya "ukunambitheka okomile" (sawubona, i-Guiness Draft!). Kungase kwandulele ukwakheka kokunambitha okune-sulfure kanye nephunga elihambisana nomsebenzi wokuthelela ama-microorganisms nama-yeasts.
• Ama-silicates - Athinta ukunambitheka ngokungaqondile.
• I-Nitrate - Ithinta kabi inqubo yokuvutshelwa ekuhlanganiseni okungaphezu kuka-25 mg/l. Amathuba okwakhiwa kwama-nitrosamine anobuthi.
• Ama-Chlorides - Nikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka okucashile nokumnandi (yebo, yebo, kodwa uma ingekho i-sodium). Ngokuhlangana kwe-ion cishe ku-300 mg/l, bakhulisa ukugcwala kokunambitheka kukabhiya futhi bawunikeze ukunambitheka kwekhabe kanye nephunga elimnandi.
• Ama-ayoni - Uma okuqukethwe kubhiya kungaphezu kuka-0,5 mg/l, akhulisa umbala kabhiya bese kuvela igwebu elinsundu. Inikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka kwensimbi.
• I-Manganese ions - Ifana nomphumela we-iron ion, kodwa inamandla kakhulu.
• Ama-ion ethusi - Athinta kabi ukuzinza kwe-flavour. Ithambisa ukunambitheka kukabhiya okuyisibabule.

Umthelela ekuzinzeni kwe-colloidal (turbidity)

• I-calcium ions - Yehlisa i-oxalates, ngaleyo ndlela inciphisa amathuba okuba namafu e-oxalate kubhiya. Andisa ukuhlangana kwamaprotheni uma ubilisa wort ngamahops. Banciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-silicon, okunomthelela omuhle ekuzinzeni kwe-colloidal kabhiya.
• Ama-silicates - Yehlisa ukuzinza kwe-colloidal kabhiya ngenxa yokwakheka kwezinhlanganisela ezingancibiliki nge-calcium ne-magnesium ion.
• I-Iron ions - Sheshisa izinqubo ze-oxidative futhi ibangele i-colloidal turbidity.
• Ama-ion e-Copper - Athinta kabi ukuzinza kwe-colloidal kabhiya, esebenza njenge-catalyst ye-oxidation yama-polyphenols.
• Ama-Chlorides - Thuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-colloidal.

Awu, kunjani? Eqinisweni, izitayela ezahlukene zikabhiya zakhiwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba ngenxa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, amanzi ahlukene. Abaphisi botshwala endaweni ethile babekhiqiza obhiya abaphumelelayo abanephunga elinamandla le-malt nephunga, kuyilapho abaphisi botshwala kwenye babekhiqiza utshwala obuhle obunophawu lwe-hop oluphawulekayo—konke kungenxa yokuthi izifunda ezihlukahlukene zazinamanzi ahlukene okwenza ubhiya owodwa ube ngcono kunomunye. Manje, ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka kwamanzi kabhiya kubhekwa njengokufanelekile kuleli fomu:

Kodwa-ke, kusobala ukuthi kukhona ukuphambuka ngaso sonke isikhathi - futhi lezi ziphambeko zivame ukunquma ukuthi "i-Baltika 3" yaseSt.

Kunengqondo ukuthi noma yimaphi amanzi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ubhiya adlula ezigabeni ezimbalwa zokulungiselela, okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlunga futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukulungiswa kokwakheka. Ngokuvamile, indawo yokuphuza utshwala yenza inqubo yokulungiswa kwamanzi: amanzi atholwe ngandlela-thile akhishwa i-chlorine, izinguquko ekubunjweni kwamaminerali kanye nokulungiswa kokuqina kanye ne-alkalinity. Akudingeki ukhathazeke ngakho konke lokhu, kodwa-ke - futhi kuphela uma unenhlanhla ngokwakhiwa kwamanzi okuzisholo - i-brewery izokwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha nokulungiswa kwamanzi KUNJALO kwenziwa.

Ubuchwepheshe besimanje, obunemali eyanele, bukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola amanzi cishe nganoma yiziphi izici ezifiselekayo. Isisekelo singaba amanzi ompompi wedolobha noma amanzi akhishwe ngokuqondile emthonjeni we-artesian. Kukhona nezimo ezingavamile: indawo eyodwa yotshwala yaseSweden, isibonelo, ubhiya obuphiwe emanzini angcolile ahlanzekile, futhi izingcweti zaseChile zenza ubhiya zisebenzisa amanzi aqoqwe enkungu ogwadule. Kodwa kusobala ukuthi ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi, inqubo yokwelapha amanzi ebizayo ithinta izindleko zokugcina - futhi mhlawumbe yingakho i-Pilsner Urquell eshiwo kakade ingakhiqizwa kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwasekhaya e-Czech Republic.

Ngicabanga ukuthi kwanele engxenyeni yokuqala. Uma indaba yami ijabulisa, engxenyeni elandelayo sizokhuluma ngezinye izithako ezimbili ezidingekayo zikabhiya, futhi mhlawumbe eyodwa engingayikhetha, sizoxoxa ngokuthi kungani ubhiya unuka ngendlela ehlukile, ukuthi kukhona “ukukhanya” “nobumnyama”, futhi futhi uthinte izinhlamvu ezingajwayelekile OG, FG, IBU, ABV, EBC. Mhlawumbe kuzoba khona okunye, noma mhlawumbe okungeke kwenzeke, kodwa kuzovela engxenyeni yesithathu, lapho ngihlela ukudlula kafushane ubuchwepheshe, bese ngibhekana nezinganekwane kanye nemibono eyiphutha mayelana nobhiya, kuhlanganise nokuthi " diluted” kanye “nezinqaba”, sizophinde sikhulume ngokuthi ungawuphuza yini ubhiya ophelelwe yisikhathi.

Noma mhlawumbe kuzoba nengxenye yesine... Ukuzikhethela kungokwakho, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Umthombo: www.habr.com