Mayelana nobhiya ngeso likasokhemisi. Ingxenye 4

Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Okwesithathu ingxenye yochungechunge lwami mayelana nobhiya ku-Habré ibonakale ingabonakali kakhulu kunangaphambili - uma ngibheka imibono nezilinganiso, ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe, sengivele ngikhathele ngezindaba zami. Kodwa njengoba kunengqondo futhi kuyadingeka ukuqeda indaba mayelana nezingxenye zobhiya, nansi ingxenye yesine!

Hambani.

Njengenjwayelo, kuzoba nendaba encane kabhiya ekuqaleni. Futhi kulokhu uzobe ezimisele ngempela. Lena kuzoba indaba, ngokungaqondile kakhulu - kodwa ethinta iNqoba enkulu eyatholwa obabamkhulu bethu ngo-1945. Futhi naphezu kwakho konke ukuqagela kanye nombhedo, ngiyaziqhenya ngalokhu kunqoba.

Ngaphandle kokujula kakhulu, ngizokutshela ngamaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu mayelana nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kukabhiya phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yokuthanda izwe (idatha ethathwe emithonjeni evulekile ku-inthanethi, kanye nasenkulumweni yesazi-mlando sikabhiya uPavel Egorov).

• Ubhiya wawukhiqizwa ngisho nangesikhathi sempi. Yebo, ngokuxakile, ukukhiqizwa kukabhiya akuzange kume ngokuphelele phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, nakuba imiqulu yokukhiqiza yehliswa kakhulu. Isizathu sokunciphisa sicacile: ezikhathini ezinzima zezwe, izinsiza ezibalulekile zazidingeka - abantu, ukudla, kanye nobuchwepheshe.
• Ezinye izindawo zokuphisa utshwala zaqala ukukhiqiza ama-crackers. Izinkampani zotshwala eziningi zaseSoviet kulindeleke ukuthi zidluliselwe ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu yesikhathi sempi. Isibonelo, isitshalo saseLeningrad "uStepan Razin" sabekwa yi-People's Commissar ye-Food Industry, uComrade Zotov, ukukhiqiza ama-crackers ngenani lokukhiqiza lamathani angu-200 ngenyanga. Ngaphambidlana, i-"Stepan Razin" efanayo, kanye nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu ezikhiqiza utshwala, bathole umyalo wokuba bayeke ukukhiqiza ubhiya futhi badlulisele zonke izinqolobane ezitholakalayo zokusanhlamvu ukuze zigaywe zibe ufulawa.
• Uma amaNazi efika eLeningrad, kwakuhlelwe ukubafaka ushevu ngobhiya. Kusukela ngo-December 41, emiphongolweni efanayo "Stepan Razin" kwasala amalitha kabhiya esingaphansi kwesigidi, ikakhulukazi "Zhigulevsky". Lokhu kwakuyingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi indawo yokugcina amasu, okwakufanele ngabe ifakwe ubuthi uma umfascist efika eLeningrad. Uma kwenzeka okuthile, ukucekelwa phansi kuzokwenziwa umphathi omkhulu wophisi lwefektri.
• Ubhiya wawuphuzwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad. Leningrad Brewery "Red Bavaria", ngokusho imibhalo yokugcina umlando, ikwazile ukukhiqiza amalitha kabhiya angaba yisigidi ngamaholidi kaMeyi ka-1942, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze wonke amaLeningrad inkomishi yemikhosi yesiphuzo esinegwebu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yaleli qoqo yayifakwe ebhodleleni izisebenzi zasefemini ngesandla, njengoba lesi sikhungo sasingenawo ugesi izinyanga ezintathu.
• Usuku Lokunqoba lokuqala nalo lwalugujwa ngobhiya. Ngo-May 9, 1945, ukunqoba kwamaNazi kwakugujwa yonke indawo: kokubili e-USSR nasemazweni aseYurophu lapho amasosha ethu esekhona. Abanye, yiqiniso, bagubha umcimbi omkhulu nge-vodka, kanti abanye ngobhiya: ikakhulukazi, amasosha e-Red Army ayeseCzechoslovakia ngaleso sikhathi agubha ukunqoba ngobhiya wendawo (bheka isithombe ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko).
• I-Lida Brewery edumile manje ikhiqize ubhiya we-Wehrmacht. Lokhu kwenzeka, yiqiniso, hhayi ngentando yabanikazi bezitshalo: ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaNazi, ukukhiqizwa kwaba ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwamaJalimane, aqala ukukhiqiza ubhiya lapho amasosha amaNazi. Yiqiniso, izakhamuzi zendawo zaseBelarusian edolobheni laseLida nezifunda ezizungezile azizange ziphuze lo bhiya, ngoba wonke amaqoqo asakazwa phakathi kwamayunithi ezempi aseJalimane abekwe kulezo zindawo.
• Ubhiya wamaNazi wenziwa amaJuda. Okuthakazelisayo: ukusebenza kwesitshalo kwakuqondiswa unjiniyela we-SS u-Joachim Lochbiller, okwathi, ngokuphambene nemikhuba eyaziwayo yangaleso sikhathi, akazange nje ahehe amaJuda ekukhiqizeni ubhiya, kodwa futhi wawavikela ngenkuthalo kwamanye amadoda angama-SS. Ngesinye isikhathi, waze waxwayisa amacala akhe ngokuthi basengozini yokufa futhi kwakudingeka babaleke. Ngo-September 1943, kwafika amadoda angama-SS esitshalweni futhi abopha wonke amaJuda, ewasola ngokufaka ushevu kubhiya. Abantu abampofu balayishwa esitimeleni, kodwa endleleni, abanye babathumbi bakwazi ukuphuma esitimeleni: phakathi kwalabo abagcina bephunyukile kumaNazi kwakukhona abanikazi bokuqala be-Lida brewery, uMark noSemyon Pupko.
• Ingxenye ehlala eJalimane yenzela i-USSR ubhiya. Amakhasimende anjalo kwakuyiQembu Lamasosha aseSoviet eJalimane. Ngisho namalebula esiRashiya alo bhiya aye alondolozwa. Ubiza malini lo bhiya, ubani owawuthola nokuthi wawumnandi kangakanani - umlando, ngeshwa, awukhulumi ngala maqiniso.
  
• Phakathi kwezindondo zempi kwakunemishini yokuphisa utshwala yaseJalimane. Njengengxenye yesinxephezelo somonakalo owabangelwa iJalimane lamaNazi kanye nabalingani bayo, i-USSR yanikezwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinto zokusebenza zenkampani eyodwa enkulu yaseBerlin. Lo mshini othathiwe wafakwa enkampanini yotshwala yaseStepan Razin. Inkampani ekhiqiza utshwala eMoscow eKhamovniki nayo yathola i-hardware efanayo yendondo.
  
• Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kwamukelwa indinganiso kabhiya esaqhubeka isebenza kuze kube namuhla. I-GOST 3473-46 yamukelwa ngo-1946 futhi, ngezinguquko ezithile, yasinda kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yathathelwa indawo entsha, nakuba ingeyona eyesimanje kakhulu, indinganiso. Nakanjani sizokhuluma ngakho ngokwehlukana

Hhayi-ke, manje ake sibuyele ezithakweni zethu. Eyokugcina esele futhi lena -

Izithasiselo.

Ngizoqala indaba yami mayelana nezithasiselo ngeqiniso lokuthi ngokusemthethweni akufanele zibe kubhiya. Kodwa empeleni, ikuwo wonke umuntu. Futhi azibi nakancane ukunambitheka, ikhwalithi, noma ukubaluleka kwesiphuzo - zivele zembule ezinye zezimfanelo zaso. Ake sizame ukuqonda okuthandwa kakhulu kubo, bese sikhuluma ngesidingo sabo nokungabi nalusizo ngokuningiliziwe.

• Isithako esidume kakhulu phakathi kwabaphisi botshwala, esingafakwanga ohlwini lwezithako eziphoqelekile, yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “okusanhlamvu okungavuthwanga” - lezi yizinhlamvu ezingazange zidlule esigabeni sokuhluma, okungukuthi, azizange zibe yi-malt. Kungaba ukolweni, irayisi noma ummbila. Ummbila nelayisi yizona ezivame kakhulu, ngokuvamile ziwufulawa noma eminye imikhiqizo. Isizathu silula: ziwumthombo oshibhile woshukela olula ukuthi imvubelo idinga ukukhiqiza i-carbon dioxide notshwala, ngakho-ke indlela yokwandisa amandla esiphuzo. Ummbila uvame ukutholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zobhiya waseMelika okhiqizwa ngobuningi (ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi ummbila), kanti irayisi livame ukutholakala kubhiya wase-Asia, okunengqondo: i-United States ngenkuthalo futhi ngobuningi itshala ummbila, futhi amazwe ase-Asia akhula. irayisi. Irayisi nommbila kunikeza ubhiya ubumnandi obuhlukile obuzobonwa yinoma ubani. Ukolweni ongavuthwanga nawo uvame ukusetshenziswa: ungenye yezithako zokwenza ubhiya kakolweni. Yizinto eziqukethwe ukolweni ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukufeza izithunzi ezithile zokunambitha nephunga.
• Ushukela ungesinye isithako esengeziwe esivame ukutholakala kubhiya. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imimoya: ukungezwa koshukela kunikeza imvubelo ngokudla okungeziwe okulula ukucubungula kube utshwala. Ushukela ungangezwa ngendlela yemithombo equkethe ushukela: isiraphu yommbila, isiraphu ye-maltose, njll. Ungasebenzisa futhi uju, kodwa ukukhiqiza kuzobiza kakhulu. Ngendlela, udayi wemvelo uvame ukusetshenziswa: umbala weshukela (E150), okuyi-sugar caramel. Uma ubona i-E150 ebhodleleniа - ngokujwayelekile, phumula, ngoba lena ushukela wemvelo oshile ongawudla nezinkezo. Nge-E150b, E150c kanye ne-E150d - aziyona imvelo kangako, kodwa nokho, akekho ozowathela ngaphezu kuka-160 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba ovunyelwe kumuntu ophuza ubhiya.
• Ake sihlaziye enye yezinganekwane: lapho kukhiqizwa ubhiya, cishe abakaze basebenzise imibala yokufakelwa yamakhemikhali nezivimbelakuvunda - izithako zemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo yabo yokuvutshelwa, kanye nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezifakazelwe (okuningi kuzo kamuva), zanele impela. Kungani uchitha imali kumakhemikhali engeziwe futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uwabonisa ekubunjweni, lapho konke kungenziwa ngeresiphi? Kodwa noma kunjalo, uma uthola ubhiya “wezithelo” obushibhile (“onomcako”, “ngehalananda”, njll.) - khona-ke lo bhiya omusha empeleni uqukethe izinambitheka nemibala, kodwa kunzima kakhulu kimi ukuwubiza ngokuthi ubhiya. Bangakwazi futhi ukwengeza i-ascorbic acid (E300) kubhiya, okuyinto ngokusemthethweni engeyona ikhemikhali yokwenziwa, kodwa umkhiqizo wokuvutshelwa (yebo, yindlela ohlanganiswa ngayo). Ukwengezwa kwe-ascorbic acid kukhulisa ukumelana nobhiya ekukhanyeni nomoya-mpilo - futhi kuvumela ubhiya ukuthi uthululwe emabhodleleni asobala (okuningi kulokhu kamuva, kodwa usuvele ukhumbule uMiller noCorona).
• Ezinhlotsheni ezithile zobhiya, umenzi angasebenzisa izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene: ama-clove, i-cardamom, i-anise, i-orange zest, i-pepper, i-puree yesithelo noma isithelo ngokwaso nokunye okuningi. Zonke ziklanyelwe ukunikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka okwengeziwe, iphunga kanye nezici ezibonakalayo. Ama-Cherries, ama-raspberries, amajikijolo amnyama - konke lokhu ngendlela yakho yemvelo nakho kungagcina ku-vat efanayo nobhiya obilayo. Abakhiqizi be-lambic baseBelgium bathanda kakhulu lezi zithako.
• Usawoti ungafakwa kubhiya! Futhi lokhu akuyona i-whim, kodwa isithako esidingekayo sokwenza ubhiya ngesitayela se-gose yesiJalimane yendabuko - ukolweni omuncu we-ale, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okusebenzisa i-coriander ne-lactic acid (njengomkhiqizo wokuvutshelwa kwe-lactic). Lesi sitayela, ngendlela, sineminyaka engaba yinkulungwane ubudala, ngakho-ke sesivele sidala kabili njengomthetho odumile waseJalimane "Beer Purity Law," esizokhuluma ngawo kamuva. Ngendlela, ukwengeza usawoti kwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium nama-chloride - khumbula Ingxenye 1, eyayikhuluma ngamanzi kanye nezakhiwo zalezi ion.
• Abanye abaphisi botshwala bakwazile ukusebenzisa izithasiselo eziqondile kakhulu: amakhowe, amagxolo esihlahla, amadandelion, uyinki we-squid ngisho “ne-whale burp” - inqwaba eyakhiwe esiswini semikhomo.

Ngingathanda ukusho egameni lami: ngokusemthethweni, awukho ubhiya ongenazo izithasiselo. Uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi udinga ukulungisa amanzi, bushelelezi ukwakheka kwawo amaminerali kanye ne-pH. Futhi lezi izithasiselo. uma kuphela ngoba udinga ukusebenzisa igesi - sikhulume ngakho. Futhi lezi izithasiselo. Kodwa ake sikhulume ngokuthi izithasiselo ziphathwa kanjani ngokombono wezomthetho.

Yiqiniso, wonke umuntu uzokhumbula ngokushesha umthetho kabhiya odume kakhulu - "Umthetho Wokuhlanzeka kukabhiya" noma i-Reinheitsgebot, kakade iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500. Lo mthetho waziwa kakhulu, uthandwa futhi uyabonakala kangangokuthi umbozwe ngesendlalelo esiphelele sezinganekwane kanye nemibono eyiphutha abathengisi abavame ukuyisebenzisa. Ikakhulukazi, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubhiya kuphela lokho okungokukaReinheitsgeboth, kanti okunye kuwumkhiqizo womsebenzi wezinso zomkhaya owodwa ofuywayo we-equine. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe ngokuvamile abaqondi kahle ukuthi yini ebhalwe kulo mthetho nokuthi ivelaphi ngokujwayelekile. Ake sikuthole.

• I-Beer Purity Law inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 - uMthetho Wokuhlanzeka Kabhiya waseBavaria ka-1516 ungomunye wemithetho emidala kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla. Okucasule kakhulu abaseBavaria, umthetho omdala kunayo yonke ophathelene nokuhlanzeka kukabhiya watholakala eThuringia futhi wawumdala ngeminyaka engu-82 kunomthetho waseBavaria owakhishwa - emuva ngo-1351, kwakhishwa umyalo wangaphakathi e-Erfurt wokuba kusetshenziswe izithako ezithile kuphela lapho kwenziwa khona utshwala. Umasipala waseMunich waqala ukulawula izindawo zokuphisa utshwala kuphela ngo-1363, futhi ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokusetshenziswa kwe-malt yebhali kuphela, ama-hops namanzi lapho kugaywa khona kusukela ngo-1453. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-oda laseThuringian lase lisebenze cishe iminyaka engama-20. Umyalo wango-1434 futhi wakhishwa e-Weissensee (Thuringia) watholakala e-Runneburg yasendulo eduze kwase-Erfurt ngo-1999.
• Inguqulo yokuqala yomthetho ayizange ilawule ukwakheka kukabhiya njengezindleko zayo. Umthetho osayinwe uDuke Wilhelm VI waseBavaria ngokuyinhloko wawulawula izindleko zikabhiya kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sonyaka, futhi iphuzu elilodwa kuphela elishiwo ukwakheka kwezithako: akukho lutho ngaphandle kwebhali, amanzi namahops. Umthetho kaDuke wawuhloselwe kakhulu ukonga ukudla. Evumele okusanhlamvu kwebhali kuphela ukuba kusetshenziselwe ukupheka, uWilhelm wenqabela ukusetshenziswa kukakolweni lapho kutshalwa utshwala ngoba kwakubalulekile ekwenzeni isinkwa.
• Imvubelo ayizange ifakwe ohlwini lwezithako ezivunyelwe ngokomthetho. kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthi akusho lutho: amaJalimane ayazi kahle imvubelo, kodwa njengoba asuswa esiphuzweni esiphelile, awazange akhulunywe emthethweni.
• Isethi yemithetho yathola igama layo lesimanje - Reinheitsgebot, okungukuthi, ngokwezwi nezwi "izidingo zokuhlanzeka" - muva nje - cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Le nguqulo, ngezinguquko ezithile, iyasebenza eJalimane kuze kube namuhla futhi empeleni iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: eyodwa ilawula ukukhiqizwa kwama-lager, enye ilawula ukukhiqizwa kwama-ales. Ngenxa yokukhululeka kwemakethe yangaphakathi yaseYurophu, umthetho wamukelwa emthethweni waseYurophu.
• Inguqulo yesimanje ye-Reinheitsgeboth ayikuvimbeli ukungeniswa kwanoma yimuphi ubhiya eJalimane futhi ayivimbeli abaphisi botshwala bendawo ukuthi baphambuke emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho uyabuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokulandela izitayela zesimanje zokuphisa, nakuba usalokhu udla ngoludala.
• Ngasikhathi sinye, umthetho waseJalimane uhlukanisa ubhiya wasendaweni, owenziwe ngokomthetho kabhiya, kwezinye izinhlobo zawo: laba bakamuva abanalo ilungelo lokubizwa ngegama elithi bier, noma kunjalo, ababizwa ngegama elithi "isiphuzo sikabhiya" .
• Naphezu kwayo yonke imikhawulo ekhona kanye ne-conservatism yayo, i-Reinheitsgebot iyashintsha, ivumela abaphisi botshwala baseJalimane ukuthi bakhiqize ubhiya ohluke kakhulu futhi ayibeki abaphisi botshwala bokuhlola esigabeni sabahwebi. Kodwa ngisho nakulesi simo, abakhiqizi abaningi baseJalimane nabathandi bobhiya, uma kungenjalo ngokumelene nomthetho, okungenani bavumelana nokuwushintsha.

Baphila kanje e-Europe nase-Germany, lapho baqala khona ukukhiqiza ubhiya kudala kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eBelgium, lapho bexhumana nemvubelo ngokukhululekile kakhulu, futhi abanamahloni ngokungeza noma yini abafuna ubhiya, abahlukumezi nhlobo. Futhi benza ubhiya osezingeni eliphezulu, odayiswa emhlabeni wonke.

Kuthiwani ngeRussian Federation? Kuyadabukisa lapha.

Ngoba e-Russian Federation kunemithetho emibili, noma kunalokho izindinganiso: GOST 31711-2012, okuwubhiya, kanye ne-GOST 55292-2012. okusho ukuthi “iziphuzo zikabhiya”. Ngikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi izishayamthetho ezifuywayo nababhali of Russian izindinganiso zokuphisa babefuna ukubhala Reinheitsgebot yabo ngokuthanda nezifebe - kodwa kwavele kwavela njengoba njalo. Ake sibheke amaparele amakhulu.

Yilokhu okufanele kube kubhiya ngokuya nge-GOST 31711-2012

kodwa lokhu konke - isiphuzo sikabhiya ngokusho kwe-GOST 55292-2012

Pho ngingathini? Eqinisweni, isiphuzo sikabhiya siwubhiya ogcwele, ojwayelekile, lapho kukhiqizwa khona enye into ngaphandle kwezithako zakudala: isibonelo, i-citrus zest, i-seasoning noma izithelo. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngaphansi kwegama elimangalisayo elithi "isiphuzo sikabhiya", ubhiya wabonakala emashalofini esitolo omdala kunawo wonke ama-GOSTs, i-Russian Federation kanye ne-Reinheitsgebot. Izibonelo: I-Hoegaarden - ukhokho wayo uphekwe endaweni yaseFlemish enegama elifanayo (manje eyiBelgium) kusukela ngo-1445, futhi nalapho wasebenzisa i-coriander ne-orange zest. Ingabe u-Hoegaarden ukhathazeka ngokubizwa kanjalo? Ngicabanga ukuthi usenkingeni. Kepha umthengi wethu ongaboni kahle, esefunde okubhalwe ebhodleleni, ngokushesha ucubungula ukusebenza kwengqondo okuyinkimbinkimbi maqondana netulo lomhlaba wonke kanye neqiniso lokuthi "ubhiya abawuletha esikhungweni sokwelashwa AKUKHO IMPELA!" Ngendlela, eRussia Hoegaarden yenziwa eRussia ngokwayo - kodwa ngaphezulu kwalokho kamuva.

Ngakho-ke uma ubona amagama athi “isiphuzo sikabhiya” kuthegi yentengo noma ilebula, yazi-ke ukuthi cishe lo ubhiya othokozisa kakhulu okufanele okungenani uzame ukuwuzama. Kuphela uma ubona ama-flavour amakhemikhali akhumbulekayo kanye nodayi ekwakhiweni - lokhu kungumchamo onjenge "Garage", okungcono ukungawuphathi nhlobo.

Kodwa asiqhubeke! Njengoba ukucekelwa phansi kweSoviet Union kungekho emakamelweni, kodwa emakhanda, i-GOST izama ukukhawulela ngokuqinile izinhlobo zobhiya kanye nokwakheka kwayo. Nokho, “njengeziphuzo zikabhiya”. Yazi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuthi:

Eqinisweni, yonke into iqine nakakhulu






Okusho ukuthi, isinyathelo kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla siwumzamo wokubalekela, ukugxuma kuwumzamo wokundiza.

Kunzima kimina ukuxoxa ngamandla nokujula kwalobu buhlanya, kodwa ngizothinta kuphela amayunithi e-EBC - lona umbala kabhiya ngokwe-European Brewing Convention. Yile ndlela esetshenziswa ku-GOST, nakuba umhlaba wonke usushintshele ku-Standard Reference Method entsha (SRM). Kodwa lokhu akunandaba - amanani aguqulwa kalula abe elinye kwelinye kusetshenziswa ifomula kaMoray: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (esikalini esisha se-EBC) noma i-EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (esikalini esidala se-EBC - futhi yebo , nge-SRM yonke into ilula kakhulu).

Ngendlela, i-SRM ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa nangokuthi isikali se-Lovibond ngokuhlonishwa komtholi uJoseph Williams Lovibond, owathi, ekubeni umshini wokuphuza utshwala, weza nomqondo wokusebenzisa i-colorimeter ukuveza umbala kabhiya nesikali. uqobo.

Ngamafuphi, kubonakala kanje:

Uma ufunde ngokucophelela futhi wabheka %igama lomsebenzisi%, kusho ukuthi uyaqonda. ukuthi yonke into engaphansi kwe-EBC 31 ingubhiya obulula, futhi yonke into engaphezulu ingubhiya omnyama. Leyo:


Ngayo yonke inhlonipho efanele, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuwubuhlanya, kude neqiniso - kodwa kusuka kubadali begama elithi "isiphuzo sikabhiya". Iyiphi kulezi zibuko ezimbili zikabhiya ocabanga ukuthi iqukethe ubhiya olula?

Impendulo nansiKwesokunxele yiGuinness Nitro IPA, kwesokudla yiSaldens Pineapple IPA. Zombili izinhlobo zikabhiya zibhalwe “ubhiya obulula” emathinini.
Futhi-ke, i-English Pale Ale (ngokwezwi nezwi: i-ale yesiNgisi ephaphathekile) I-Fuller's London Pride, ngokusho kwe-GOST, ubhiya omnyama. Ngizizwa sengathi angiboni umbala.

Ngendlela, ekuphetheni ingxoxo mayelana nezithako futhi ngaphambi kokudlulela engxenyeni elandelayo, lapho sizokhuluma khona ngobuchwepheshe, ake sibheke esinye isifinyezo esibalulekile ekuchazeni ukwakheka kanye nekhwalithi yobhiya. Usuvele wazi nge-IBU, SRM/EBC. Sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma nge-ABV.

I-ABV akuwona neze umzamo wokukukhumbuza izinhlamvu lapho, ngemva kwamalitha amathathu, unquma ukufunda okuthile - bese kuvela ilebula - lena i-Alcohol By Volume (ABV). Ilebula ingase ibe no-4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. noma 4,5% vol. - konke lokhu kusho iphesenti levolumu ye-ethanol esiphuzweni, futhi "ivolumu" akuyona "inzuzo" yasenganekwaneni, kodwa ngokuqondile "ivolumu". Futhi yebo - kukhona futhi "amadigri amandla" - izindinganiso zomlando okungekho muntu ozisebenzisayo manje, ngakho-ke "ubhiya 4,5 degrees" kumane nje ku-4,5% vol. okwenziwa nguMkhulu noMandla wethu.

Uma unentshisekelo kumlando wamadigri futhi uhloniphe i-D.I. MendeleevUphuzo oludakayo luhlale lukhathaza abantu, ikakhulukazi uma kuphakama udaba lwezindleko. UJohann-Georg Tralles, isazi sefiziksi saseJalimane, esidume ngokusungulwa kwemitha yotshwala, wabhala incwadi eyisisekelo ethi “Untersuchungen über die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser” (“Ucwaningo mayelana namandla athile adonsela phansi izingxube zotshwala namanzi”) ngo-1812.
Ama-Degree of Tralles ahambisana nephesenti lesimanje lotshwala ngevolumu yesiphuzo. Isibonelo, i-40 degrees Tralles kufanele ihambisane no-40% wotshwala ngevolumu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba u-D. I. Mendeleev abonisa, lokho uTralles akuthathela "utshwala" - utshwala obuhlanzekile, empeleni kwakuyisixazululo saso samanzi, lapho kwakukhona kuphela u-88,55% utshwala obungenamanzi, ukuze isiphuzo esingama-degree angu-40 ngokusho kweTralles sihambisane no-35,42% "ngokusho Mendeleev”. Ngakho-ke, ngokokuqala ngqá emhlabeni, usosayensi waseRussia ngokomlando wathola ukugcwala okuncane konxiwankulu baphesheya kwezilwandle.

Ngawo-1840, i-Academician G.I. Hess, eyagunyazwa uhulumeni waseRussia, yenza izindlela kanye nethuluzi lokunquma inani lotshwala ewayinini. Ngaphambilini, amandla ayekalwa kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-Tralles, kanye “no-annealing”. Isibonelo, ingxube yotshwala namanzi, eyalahlekelwa uhhafu wevolumu yayo ngesikhathi sokudonsa (cishe u-38% wotshwala) yayibizwa ngokuthi i-polugar (ngokusho "Ukuqoqwa Okuphelele Kwemithetho Yombuso WaseRussia" ka-1830: "kuchazwa kuleso simo. ngaleyo ndlela, ethelwe emshinini wokuthungatha onegama likahulumeni, isampula ye-onago eshile uhhafu phakathi nokuhushulwa”). Esethulweni sikaNgqongqoshe Wezezimali uKankrin ngo-1843, kwathiwa i-wine annealing kanye ne-English hydrometers ayinikezi ukufundwa okunembile, futhi imitha yotshwala yeTralles idinga izibalo ukuze inqume amandla, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukunikeza uhlelo lweTralles ifomu elilungele iRussia.

Ngo-1847, u-Hess washicilela incwadi ethi "Accounting for Alcohol," eyayichaza imithetho yokusebenzisa imitha yotshwala namatafula okunquma amandla kanye nezilinganiso zokuphuza utshwala. Uhlelo lwesibili lwango-1849 nalo lwaluqukethe uhlaka lomlando kanye nethiyori yokulinganisa inqaba. Amatafula emitha yotshwala ka-Hess ahlanganise izilinganiso ngokuya nge-Tralles nesiko lesi-Russian lokubala kabusha utshwala nge-half-gar. Imitha yotshwala kaHess ayizange ikhombise ubungako botshwala, kodwa inani lamabhakede amanzi anezinga lokushisa elingu-12,44 °R (degrees Reaumur, 15,56 °C), okwakudingeka lifakwe emabhakedeni ayi-100 otshwala ahlolwayo ukuze kutholwe uhhafu. -gar, kuchazwa ngokuthi 38% utshwala (nakuba Ngisho nalapha kukhona izingxabano). Uhlelo olufanayo lwasetshenziswa eNgilandi, lapho ubufakazi (57,3% utshwala) babuyindinganiso.

Ngamafuphi, uHess wahlanganisa yonke into kuphela, ngakho-ke ngenxa kaDmitry Ivanovich, owethula umqondo wephesenti levolumu elilungile lotshwala.

Yebo, lapho utshwala buvela khona kucacile kuwo wonke umuntu: kungumkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuvutshelwa kotshwala, ngakho-ke kuvela ekudleni kwemvubelo - ushukela. Ushukela ekuqaleni uvela kumalt. Kuyenzeka ukuthi kusele ushukela, kodwa imvubelo isivele yafiphala. Kulokhu, umdidiyeli webhiya wengeza enye ingxenye yemvubelo. Kodwa esimweni lapho ufuna ukwenza ubhiya uqine ngokuphawulekayo, kungase kungabi khona ushukela ocutshungulwayo owanele ku-wort, futhi lokhu kakade kuyinkinga. Asikho isizathu sokwengeza i-malt, ngoba isilinganiso sezinhlobo ze-malt asithinti utshwala kuphela - futhi sesixoxile ngalokhu. Eeeee?

Kunezindlela ezimbili ezidumile. Eyokuqala nesetshenziswa kakhulu: vele unikeze imvubelo i-malt extract elula (hhayi i-malt!), i-maltose, uju noma enye into emnandi. Izinhlobo ezishibhile ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ushukela nje ngobuwula - okungukuthi, i-sucrose, kodwa bese kuba mnandi kakhulu. Ukuze ugweme ukushukela ngokweqile ubhiya, umenzi wotshwala angase asebenzise uhlobo oluthile lwesiraphu yommbila noma i-dextrose ngoba ukungezwa kwabo kunomphumela omncane kuphrofayela yokugcina yokunambitheka. Ngokuvamile, sengeze ushukela olula futhi sathola utshwala obuningi. Kodwa kukhona enye inkinga.

Lapho ukuhlushwa okuthile kotshwala kufinyelelwa, imvubelo ayikwazi ukuyimela futhi ifa emikhiqizweni yayo yemfucuza - cha, izwakala imbi ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke: bayadakwa - futhi kukhona okungalungile - ngamafuphi: bayafa. yeka ukusebenza, noma ngisho nokufa ngokuphelele. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki, abakhiqizi bobhiya abaqinile basebenzisa amakoloni akhethekile emvubelo. Ngokuvamile, ngendlela, ezimweni ezinjalo, abakhiqizi basebenzisa imvubelo yewayini. Kodwa nakulokhu, ayikwazi ukuphakama ngaphezu kwe-12-13%. Futhi ngoba...

Indlela yesibili yokwandisa izinga ukukhulisa ukugxila kotshwala ngokususa amanye amanzi ngokuqhwaza. Lena yindlela ubhiya waseJalimane i-Eisbock okhiqizwa ngayo, isibonelo. Kodwa eqinisweni, ubhiya onamandla kuno-12-13% awuvamile ngempela.

Iphuzu elibalulekile: akekho ozoxuba utshwala kubhiya. Ungalokothi. Okokuqala, lokhu kuzodinga amalayisense engeziwe okusetshenziswa kotshwala bokudla, futhi okwesibili, i-stratifies futhi yenza ubhiya bungazinzi. Futhi kungani uthenga okuthile osekutholakele ngenxa yokuvutshelwa? Yebo, kwenzeka ukuthi ubhiya uphunga ngokucacile utshwala, kodwa lokhu akuwona umphumela wokwengezwa ngamabomu kwe-ethanol, kodwa kuphela ukuba khona kwama-ester athile kubhiya (khumbula ingxoxo mayelana ne-esters?)

Ngendlela, ngizophinda ngithumele imisebe yenzondo ku-GOST 31711-2012 yaseRussia:

Ngokwami, angiqondi ukuthi "okuncane" kanye "+-" - ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ngingathengisa ubhiya ngamandla ngaphakathi kuka-0,5% futhi ngingabi buthakathaka? Yebo, futhi inani elimangalisayo lamandla kabhiya angu-8,6% nalo livela kulo mbhalo. Ngakho-ke, konke okunamandla ngokuvamile akucaci. AmaJalimane ahleka kakhulu ngalokhu. Ngamafuphi, udeveli uyazi, futhi sawubona ku-State Scientific Institution "VNIIPBiVP" ye-Russian Agricultural Academy, umthuthukisi wezinga.

Noma kunjalo, kwaphuma isifundo eside. Kwanele!

Futhi kubonakala sengathi abantu banesizungu ngayo yonke le ndaba. Ngakho-ke, ngizothatha ikhefu, futhi uma kuvela ukuthi kunesithakazelo, ngokuzayo sizokhuluma kafushane ngobuchwepheshe bokuphuza utshwala, sifunde izimfihlo zobhiya obungenalo utshwala futhi, mhlawumbe, sihlakaze ezinye izinganekwane ezimbalwa. Njengoba ngingeyena uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe kuzoba yi-philistine ngokwedlulele, kodwa, ngithemba, izigaba eziyinhloko nemibuzo mayelana neziqukathi, ukuhlunga kanye ne-pasteurization kuzochazwa.

Sikufisela inhlanhla, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Umthombo: www.habr.com