Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%.
Njengoba kuthenjisiwe, nansi indaba ye-athikili mayelana ne-phosphorus ephuzi nokuthi yavutha kanjani ngokukhazimulayo eduze kwaseLvov e-Ukraine muva nje.
Yebo, ngiyazi - I-Google inikeza ulwazi oluningi mayelana nale ngozi. Ngeshwa, okuningi kwalokho akunikezayo akulona iqiniso, noma, njengoba ofakazi bokuzibonela besho, umbhedo.
Ake sikuthole!
Okokuqala, ayikho i-hardware ethandwayo yomuntu, kodwa ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu!
Njengoba iWikipedia eyisicefe isho, i-phosphorus ingenye yezinto ezijwayelekile zoqweqwe lomhlaba: okuqukethwe kwayo kungu-0,08-0,09% wesisindo sayo. Ayitholakali esimweni esikhululekile ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kwamakhemikhali aphezulu. Yakha amaminerali angaba ngu-190, okubaluleke kakhulu okuyi-apatite Ca5(PO4)3 (F,Cl,OH), i-phosphorite Ca3(PO4)2 nezinye. I-Phosphorus iyingxenye yezinto eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu - phospholipids. Iqukethwe ezicutshini zezilwane, iyingxenye yamaprotheni nezinye izinto ezibalulekile eziphilayo (ATP, DNA), futhi iyingxenye yokuphila. Khumbula lokhu, %username%, futhi sizoqhubeka.
I-Phosphorus ngesimo sayo esihlanzekile imhlophe, ibomvu, imnyama kanye nensimbi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-allotropic - ubulili obubuthakathaka bubazi kahle kakhulu, ngoba ngokuthinta bangakwazi ukuhlukanisa idayimane ne-graphite - futhi lezi zibuye zibe ukuguqulwa kwe-allotropic, kuphela ku-carbon. Ngokuvamile, i-phosphorus iyafana.
Iqhawe lendaba yethu - i-phosphorus ephuzi - empeleni imhlophe engahluziwe. Imvamisa, elithi “unrefined” lisho ingxube ye-phosphorus ebomvu, hhayi izakhi zangaphandle ezisabekayo.
I-phosphorus ephuzi (njenge-phosphorus emhlophe) iyisihogo sangempela: inobuthi obuphezulu (umkhawulo wokugxilisa ingqondo omkhulu emoyeni osemkhathini 0,0005 mg/m³), into eyikristalu evuthayo esuka kokuphuzi ngokukhanyayo ukuya ensundu ngokumnyama. Amandla adonsela phansi athile 1,83 g/cm³, ancibilika ku-+43,1 °C, abila ku-+280 °C. Ayincibiliki emanzini, i-oxidizes kalula emoyeni futhi ivutha ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ivutha ngelangabi eliluhlaza ngokukhazimulayo futhi ikhipha intuthu emhlophe ewugqinsi - izinhlayiya ezincane ze-tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10. Le i-Wikipedia eyisicefe futhi, kodwa sicela, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ukhumbule nalolu lwazi.
Manje ake sikuthole.
Okokuqala, naphezu kobuthi be-phosphorus, kunzima kakhulu ukungenwa ubuthi ngenxa yesizathu esilula: ivutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni. Ngokushesha. Futhi iyasha, njengoba sekushiwo, ngelangabi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokusebenza, kubonakala kanje: ubeka ucezu etafuleni futhi kancane kancane luqala ukubhema. Bese ngokushesha. Bese ngaphezulu. Bese liyavutha bese liyasha. Isikhathi se-flash sincike kusayizi wesiqephu: esincane, esisheshayo. Yingakho kunzima kimi ukucabanga uthuli oluhle lwe-phosphorus ephuzi emoyeni - luzovutha nje.
Nakuba, ungase uphikise, babhala: isilinganiso esibulalayo se-phosphorus ephuzi kubantu singamagremu angu-0,05-0,15, incibilika kahle emanzini omzimba futhi imuncwa ngokushesha lapho idliwe (ngendlela, i-phosphorus ebomvu ayincibiliki futhi ngenxa yalokho inobuthi obuphansi kakhulu. ). Ubuthi obunamandla kwenzeka lapho umhwamuko we-phosphorus ophuzi uhogelwa kanye/noma uma ungena emgudwini wamathumbu. Ubuthi bubonakala ngobuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza, ubuhlanzo obuhle obukhazimulayo ebumnyameni obunuka njengegalikhi, nesifo sohudo. Olunye uphawu lwe-acute yellow phosphorus poisoning ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo.
Ngemva kokufunda lokhu, ngesizathu esithile ngakhumbula ngobuthi be-phosphine (izimpawu zazifana kakhulu) futhi ngacabanga kanzima - kodwa hhayi ngokuba khona komhwamuko ophuzi we-phosphorus, kodwa mayelana nokwanela komuntu obone ugwayi, ocwebezelayo esiqeshini esimnyama. wento engaziwa - futhi ngokushesha wadla. Awu, yilokho kuphela.
Ngendlela, ukuthola isisombululo se-phosphorus emanzini ka-3 mg / l - futhi lesi yisisombululo esigcwele, asisancibiliki - udinga unyakazisa ucezu lwe-phosphorus emanzini isonto lonke. Hhayi-ke, angizange ngiqhamuke nalokhu, i-GOST 32459-2013 isho njalo - futhi lokhu akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-inthanethi kuwe!
Ngokuvamile, ngokubona kwami, ubuthi be-phosphorus buyihaba kakhulu. Kodwa inamanye ama-nuances. Mayelana nabo - ngezansi.
I-Phosphorus iyasha, njengoba ochwepheshe abasebenza nayo bethanda ukusho, ngokomthetho we-gimlet: okungukuthi, ucezu oluvuthayo ludla endaweni lapho luvutha khona. Phezulu kwetafula. Ngensimbi. Esicathulweni. Esandleni. Isizathu silula: umkhiqizo ovuthayo - i-phosphorus oxide - empeleni i-acidic oxide, edonsa amanzi ngokushesha, yakha i-phosphoric acid. I-Phosphoric acid, nakuba ingembi njenge-sulfuric noma i-hydrofluoric acid, ithanda ukudla kancane - futhi ngenxa yalokho igqwalisa yonke into. Ngendlela, ngezinye izikhathi yengezwa ku-toilet bowl yokuhlanza uketshezi. Inhlanganisela enhle yokuvutha kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (kufika ku-1300 °C) ne-asidi eshisayo inikeza izimbobo ezengeziwe etafuleni lakho, futhi uma uneshwa, emzimbeni wakho. Futhi yebo, %igama lomsebenzisi% Libuhlungu Kakhulu.
Sengike ngaphikisana kaningi futhi ngizoqhubeka nokugcina ukuthi asikho isitha esikhulu kumuntu kunaye: yebo, izakhiwo ze-phosphorus eziphuzi azizange zibonwe - futhi abantu abalungile beza nomqondo wokuyengeza ekushiseni. izinhlamvu, ngoba kulula kakhulu lapho okuthile kungazelelwe kubamba umoya womlilo!
Kubukeka kukuhle kakhulu - ungakuncoma
Kodwa abantu ababukeki bebahle kakhulu ngemva kokuhlaselwa okunjalo - ngakho-ke kungcono ukungabheki
Njengoba konke lokhu kuthandeka kakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuhlolwa, ukuthuthwa, ukuhweba, ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kwezinhlamvu ze-phosphorus kwenziwa kucatshangelwa izivumelwano nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise:
- Petersburg Isimemezelo “Ekuqedweni kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu eziqhuma nezishisayo” sango-1868.
- Amaphrothokholi Engeziwe ka-1977 ku-Geneva Convention for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949, evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezimhlophe ze-phosphorus uma kubeka izakhamuzi engozini. Kodwa-ke, i-USA no-Israel abazange babasayine.
- Ngokuvumelana ne-Third Protocol ye-1980 UN Convention on Some Weapons, izikhali ezivuthayo akufanele zisetshenziswe ngokumelene nezakhamuzi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, azikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokumelene nezinjongo zempi ezitholakala endaweni lapho izakhamuzi zigcwele khona.
Ngokuvamile, kunamaphepha amaningi, kodwa anesimo esiseduze nendlu yangasese, ngoba lezi zinhlamvu zisetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi - iPalestine neDonbass izoqinisekisa.
Njengoba i-phosphorus isabela emanzini kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-500 degrees Celsius, ukucisha i-phosphorus, sebenzisa amanzi ngobuningi (ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa lomlilo futhi uguqule i-phosphorus ibe yisimo esiqinile) noma isisombululo se-copper sulfate (i-copper sulfate), ngemva kwalokho. ukucisha i-phosphorus imbozwe isihlabathi esimanzi. Ukuze uvikele ekushiseni okuzenzakalelayo, i-phosphorus ephuzi igcinwa futhi ihanjiswe ngaphansi kongqimba lwamanzi (isixazululo se-calcium chloride, ukunemba, kodwa amanzi azokwenza). Lokhu nakho kubalulekile!
Ubani okhiqiza i-phosphorus? Futhi lapha, %igama lomsebenzisi%, othile uzogcwala ukuziqhenya: umphakeli oyinhloko we-phosphorus, i-phosphoric acid yebanga lokudla, i-hexaphosphate ne-sodium tripolyphosphate iyaziqhenya i-Kazakhstan!
Eqinisweni, kusukela ezikhathini ze-USSR, inkampani Kazphosphate yakhiwa edolobheni elikhazimulayo laseDzhambul (yebo, eliqanjwe ngalo Dzhambul Dzhabayev ofanayo). Khona-ke i-Dzhambul yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Taraz - kuhle, ake sixoxe ngokufaneleka, amaKazakh azi kangcono - kodwa ibhizinisi lahlala. Ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavuthiwe namandla, kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokusebenza (futhi empeleni akukho ndawo lapho kungasebenza khona eTaraz/Dzhambul) kunqume ukuthi i-phosphorus ephuzi ikhiqizwa lapha.
Ngenkathi ngikule bhizinisi, kwakukuhle! I-Southern Kazakhstan, i-300 km ukuya e-Uzbekistan - efudumele! Izinyoni ziyacula! Konke kuluhlaza! Kukhona izintaba emkhathizwe! Nobuhle!
Ngendlela, isitshalo se-Kazphosphate asiphazamisi le-idyll nganoma iyiphi indlela: konke kuluhlaza, izimbali, emthambekeni wentaba encane.
Kuhle impela lapho
Isizathu sobuhle silula - izinto zokusetshenziswa, imfucuza yomkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqizwa yizinto eziqukethe i-phosphorus, okuyizinto zomanyolo. Ngakho yonke into iyakhula futhi iqhakaze.
Ngendlela, ukuphathwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesitshalo akuthandi ngempela ama-dandelions. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuvakasha kweziphathimandla eziphakeme, abasebenzi bahlelwa usuku lokuhlanza ukuze bakhiphe ama-dandelions. Yebo, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kunjani ukulwa nama-dandelions kusuka ku-dachas / izingadi zabo zemifino; ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinxushunxushu ze-phosphorus, lokhu akunangqondo ngokuphelele: kwanele usuku, ezimbili kakhulu. Kodwa ubuholi buyikho.
Ngahlatshwa umxhwele ngokukhethekile umsebenzi welabhorethri yale nkampani. Kunabantu abahlakaniphile ngempela abahlezi lapho. Futhi ukuze uqonde, %igama lomsebenzisi%, amaqiniso ambalwa.
Ku-phosphorus ephuzi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula ukungcola - ikakhulukazi i-arsenic, i-antimony, i-selenium, i-nickel, ithusi, i-zinc, i-aluminium, i-cadmium, i-chromium, i-mercury, i-lead, insimbi. Ukulawula konke lokhu, i-phosphorus idinga ukuchithwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, konke okulawulwayo akufanele kundiza.
Inombolo yokuqala yenkinga: ungayikala kanjani into ekhanyisa emoyeni? Benza lokhu: bagaxa ingot ye-phosphorus ngaphansi kongqimba lwamanzi, bakhiphe izingcezu ezinkulu—ezincane zivutha ngokushesha—bese bezidlulisela engilazini yamanzi. Bese belinganisa enye ingilazi yamanzi, bathathe i-phosphorus kusukela ekuqaleni, basule ngotshwala, balinde ize yome, bese beyiphonsa engilazini yamanzi enesisindo. Ubuningi be-phosphorus bunqunywa umehluko wesisindo.
Njengoba ingabamba umlilo - kunesixazululo se-copper sulfate eduze - uma ibamba umlilo, bese uyiphonsa kuwo.
Khona-ke i-phosphorus iyancibilika. Incibilika ku-nitric acid, egcwele umhwamuko we-bromine - into emnandi kakhulu futhi enephunga elimnandi. Ngiyincoma epulazini. Udinga ukuphonsa i-phosphorus kule ngxube, bese uyishisa kancane, futhi lapho ukusabela kuqala, uyidlulisele emgodini onamanzi abandayo, ngoba ukushisa kukhulu. Futhi gudluza, gudluza, gudluza - uma unganyakazi, izingcezu zizovele zigxume ziphume esobhoni elibhibhidlayo - imiphumela izobe inganembile! Banyakazisa ngezandla zabo, begqoke ama-mittens amabili: irabha yokuvikela i-asidi kanye nelinye elizwayo lokuvikela izinga lokushisa (eliyinjoloba liyancibilika nje, kodwa elizwayo alisindisi emathonsini e-asidi. Nokho, uma i-phosphorus ingena, kokubili ngeke kukusindise.
Umbukwane othakazelisayo wokuqedwa kwe-phosphorus ephuzi
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-nitrogen oxides ne-bromine fly - lena inothi. Intombazane yesaba le misila ebomvu nezingcezu ze-phosphorus ezingangena ezingutsheni zakhe noma i-mitten. Angikhumbuli ubuthi "ngemihwamuko" noma "izixazululo" ze-phosphorus.
Yebo, ngendlela, umholo wamantombazane enza lokhu awukho ngaphezu kwe-$ 200 (futhi impendulo ilula: akukho ndawo enye yokusebenza eTaraz, ngishilo kakade lokho). Ngakho-ke ngokuzayo, %igama lomsebenzisi%, lapho ukhala ngamaholo aphansi nomsebenzi oyingozi - khumbula i-Kazphosphate!
Manje, njengoba ulwazi oluyisisekelo seluqoqiwe, ake siqhubekele engozini yangempela eLvov.
Njengoba i-phosphorus idingeka e-Europe, i-Kazphosphate ithumela ngaphandle imikhiqizo ngozakwethu base-Czech. Ihamba ngamathangi agcwele amanzi, futhi kusobala ukuthi ngesitimela.
NgoMsombuluko, Julayi 16, 2007, ngo-16:55 esifundeni samabhasi esifundeni saseLviv e-Ukraine, esigabeni saseKrasnoye-Ozhidiv, amathangi ayi-15 ane-phosphorus ephuzi yesitimela sezimpahla esingu-2005 adilika futhi agingqika. Bekunamakalishi angama-58 esewonke. Lamathangi ayesuka esiteshini saseKazakh i-Asa (eTaraz, eKazakhstan) eya esiteshini sase-Oklesa (Republic of Poland). Ukuvuza kwe-phosphorus kwelinye ithangi kubangele ukuvutha okuzenzakalelayo kwamanye amathangi ayisithupha.
Bekubukeka kuyisimanga
Futhi-ke - ingxube yokwethuka, ekhushulwe abezindaba, ukungabi nalwazi ekusebenzeni nge-phosphorus ephuzi kanye nokungazi okuphelele kwamakhemikhali.
Ngenkathi ucisha umlilo, ifu lemikhiqizo evuthayo lakhiwa ngendawo yomonakalo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele angama-90. Le ndawo yayihlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala eziyi-14 zesifunda samabhasi, lapho kuhlala khona abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-11, kanye nezindawo ezihlukene zezifunda zaseRadekhiv naseBrodivo zesifunda. UMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wase-Ukraine wacela izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni aseduze ukuba ziphume futhi wazithumelela amabhasi angaba yishumi, kodwa abantu abaningi benqaba ukuphuma amakhaya abo. Iziphathimandla zaseLviv zaqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke zikhiphe muntu ngendluzula, nakuba zaxwayisa ngokungabikezeli kwemiphumela yengozi. Sekukonke, cishe izakhamizi ezingama-6 zahlaliswa kabusha isikhashana zisuka ezindaweni eziyisi-800 esifundeni samabhasi ngobusuku obubodwa.
NgoLwesibili, bekunezisulu ezingama-20 (ochwepheshe abayi-6 boMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, abameleli ababili boMnyango Wezangaphakathi, abasebenzi besitimela abangu-2 kanye nabantu abayi-2 bendawo), abayi-10 kubo balaliswe esibhedlela besesimweni esibucayi futhi esilinganiselwe. isikhungo sezokwelapha sezempi se-Western Operational Command eLviv. Abayisikhombisa kulaba abalaliswe esibhedlela ngabasebenzi boMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, ababili bangabasebenzi be-State Traffic Inspectorate, abane bangabahlali bendawo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaphakama ukuhhewula okunonya nokunonya kwabezindaba. Amanye amaparele:
- ...
Ukufunda konke lokhu kungiphatha kabi. Ngoba lokhu kukhombisa ukungazi ngokuphelele kwamakhemikhali phakathi koquqaba. Futhi futhi - kulula kangakanani ukukhohlisa abantu abangafundile (ngendlela, %username%, bewazi ukuthi abanikazi bezigqila e-USA babekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi izigqila kufanele zingafundile - ukuze zingakwazi ukwenza izitifiketi zeholide, amanye amaphepha, hambisana nezinye izindawo zokuhlala, hlanganisa izibhelu nokunye. - kuncane okushintshile).
Imicimbi eminingi noma emincane yenhloso ngokulandelana kwezikhathi iboniswa lapha (ngokucophelela - isi-Ukrainian, uma kuyihlazo ongalazi - i-Google Translate):
Yini engaqondwa kulokhu kulandelana kwezenzakalo?
- Akekho owayazi lutho.
- Wonke umuntu wayefuna ukuzithuthukisa.
- Izicishamlilo/EMERCOM bebethukile.
- Amasosha nawo.
- Kwaba nesiphithiphithi esiphelele kubantu bendawo.
- Kwaze kwaba yilapho abameleli beKazphosphate befika ngo-July 18, akekho owayeqonda ukuthi benzeni.
- Akekho owayefuna ukukhokhela noma yini.
Ngemva kokukhuluma nezisebenzi ezithile zeKazphosphate ezihileleke ngokuqondile ekuqedeni imiphumela yengozi, ngingasho okulandelayo.
Kwakungekho ukuqhuma/ukuvutha okuzenzakalelayo/ukuqhuma kwe-phosphorus - yagibela ngokuzolile ngaphansi kwamanzi athile. Futhi i-phosphorus ephuzi ayikwazi ukuziqhuma ngokwayo! Kodwa kwaba nomonakalo emzileni wesitimela, okwabangela ukuba amathange aphuke. Lapho amathangi eshaya, kwaqhekeka, kwaphuma amanzi - futhi i-phosphorus yavutha ngempumelelo. Izinga lokushisa nezici zomlilo zalibhubhisa ngokuphelele ithangi.
- Intuthu emhlophe iyaqondakala - iyintuthu ye-phosphoric acid, kodwa hhayi i-phosphorus. Uma uphefumula kuzo, yebo, uzoqala ukukhwehlela okuqinile futhi ngokuvamile lokhu akusizi ikakhulukazi. Nokho, ayilimazi ngokubulalayo. Iningi lokulimala kwabantu bendawo kwakungenxa yokuthi abantu bagijima bayoqoqa izingcezu zokubhema ezithakazelisayo emabhodleleni amanzi, kodwa i-cordon ayizange imiswe ngokushesha - wonke umuntu wayesaba.
- Abacishi bomlilo bayesaba ukuthi “le nto isha ngenxa yamanzi!” ngenxa yokuthi indiza enamandla yamanzi yaphula i-phosphorus ibe yizicucu ezincane - kahle, bahlakazeka futhi babamba umlilo. Kwakudingeka noma ngomfudlana obuthakathaka noma ngegwebu, okwakwenziwa kamuva.
- Ngendlela, lapho yonke into icishiwe futhi izingcezu kuphela ezisele ngaphakathi ethangini, amaKazakh acisha. Hhayi-ke, sebeyicisha, bayiqoqa bayiphonsa emabhakedeni amanzi, iningi labo. Omunye wabo uchwepheshe oyinhloko wesitshalo, obhema kakhulu. Ngakho - wapheka futhi wabhema. Kwezinye izindawo kwakunezithombe “zomuntu ohlanyayo ongumKazakh naye obhema emlilweni omubi wamakhemikhali!” Manje?
- Kwakukhona futhi kwakungeke kube khona inhlekelele yemvelo noma "iChernobyl yesibili" - empeleni, imvelo yathola umthamo womanyolo we-phosphorus.
- Umuntu oyedwa owaziphatha ngokwanele, walalela amaKazakh futhi wenza okwakudingeka kwakungu-Vladimir Antonets, iPhini Lokuqala likaNgqongqoshe woMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo. Mhlawumbe yingoba ungujenene Colonel onenqwaba yezindondo.
Ngemva kokuba sekucacile ukuthi kwakungekho ukuzwa: kwakungekho ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, kwakungekho usongo lwenhlekelele yemvelo, akekho owafa futhi akukho mali eyayizonikezwa - ngokushesha balahlekelwa isithakazelo enhlekeleleni. Ngokomthetho, izimbangela zengozi kube:
- Isimo esinganele samathrekhi kulesi sigaba sikaloliwe.
- Ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokuphepha ngabasebenzi basezitimela.
- Ukunganaki (iziqondiso ngezimo zokushisa zokuthutha ikakhulukazi izimpahla eziyingozi azinakwa).
- Isimo sobuchwepheshe esinganele samathangi.
Eqinisweni, okuneqiniso kakhulu kulawa ngeyokuqala. Okunye kwenezelwa ukugwema ukukhokhela amaKazakh ngokulahleka kwempahla. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi umshwalense unxeshezelwe.
Ngakho wonke umuntu wahlala kowakhe.
Okokuziphatha, %igama lomsebenzisi%: funda i-chemistry. Ukhona yonke indawo. Kuzokusiza ukuthi uphile, usinde, futhi uqonde okuthile ngokwakho.
Futhi ekugcineni ...
Akuwona wonke amakhemikhali ayingozi. Ngaphandle kwe-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, ngokwesibonelo, bekungeke kwenzeke ukukhiqiza amanzi, ingxenye eyinhloko kabhiya.
- UDave Barry, akakaze abe ngusokhemisi
Source: www.habr.com