Sonke sijwayele ukuthi imibhoshongo yokuxhumana nezinsika zibukeka ziyisicefe noma zingabukeki. Ngenhlanhla, emlandweni kwakukhona - futhi kukhona - izibonelo ezithakazelisayo, ezingavamile zalezi, ngokujwayelekile, izakhiwo ze-utilitarian. Sihlanganise ukukhetha okuncane kwemibhoshongo yokuxhumana esiyithole iphawuleka kakhulu.
Umbhoshongo waseStockholm
Ake siqale "ngekhadi le-trump" - idizayini engajwayelekile futhi endala ekukhetheni kwethu. Kunzima ngisho ukuyibiza ngokuthi "umbhoshongo". Ngo-1887, kwakhiwa umbhoshongo oyisikwele ngezinsimbi zensimbi eStockholm. Ngama-turrets emakhoneni, izigxobo zefulegi kanye nemihlobiso ezungeze umjikelezo - ubuhle!
Lo mbhoshongo wawubukeka unomlingo ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho izintambo zaziqandisiwe.
Ngo-1913, lo mbhoshongo wayeka ukuba isikhungo socingo, kodwa awuzange ubhidlizwe futhi ushiywe njengophawu lwedolobha. Ngeshwa, ngemva kweminyaka engu-40 impela kwaqubuka umlilo esakhiweni, kwadingeka ukuba ubhidlizwe umbhoshongo.
Inethiwekhi ye-Microwave
Ngo-1948, inkampani yaseMelika i-AT&T yethula iphrojekthi ebizayo yokwakha inethiwekhi yemibhoshongo yokuxhumana yomsakazo ebangeni le-microwave. Ngo-1951, inethiwekhi ehlanganisa imibhoshongo engu-107 yaqala ukusebenza. Ngokokuqala ngqa, kwaba nokwenzeka ukushaya izingcingo ezweni lonke futhi kudluliselwe isignali ye-TV emoyeni kuphela, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi anezintambo. Izinsimbi zama-antenna azo athi ukukhumbuza amagramafoni noma izipikha zomklami ezakhiwe ngokuya ngomklamo wophondo olubuyela emuva.
Kodwa-ke, inethiwekhi kamuva yashiywa ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana kwe-microwave radio relay kwathathelwa indawo yi-optical fiber. Isiphetho semibhoshongo siye sahluka: ezinye ziyagqwala zingenzi lutho, ezinye zisikwe zibe yizinsimbi ezilahliwe, ezinye zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukuxhumana kwezinkampani ezincane; Eminye imibhoshongo isetshenziswa izakhamuzi zendawo ngezidingo zazo.
Wardenclyffe Tower
U-Nikola Tesla wayengungqondongqondo, futhi mhlawumbe namanje usathathwa kancane. Mhlawumbe kwakukhona ubuhlanya obuthile obuhilelekile. Mhlawumbe, ukube abatshalizimali abazange bamphoxe, ubengangena emlandweni njengomuntu owashintsha impilo yaso sonke isintu. Kodwa manje singaqagela kuphela ngalokhu.
Ngo-1901, uTesla waqala ukwakha i-Wardenclyffe Tower, okwakuzoba yisisekelo somugqa wokuxhumana we-atlantic. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngosizo lwayo, uTesla wayefuna ukufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudluliswa kukagesi okungenantambo - umsunguli waphupha ngokudala uhlelo lomhlaba wonke lokudlulisa ugesi, ukusakazwa komsakazo kanye nokuxhumana ngomsakazo. Maye, izifiso zakhe zazingqubuzana nezithakazelo zebhizinisi zabatshalizimali bakhe, ngakho uTesla wamane wayeka ukunikeza imali ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi, okwakumelwe uvalwe ngo-1905.
Umbhoshongo wakhiwe eduze kwelabhorethri kaTesla:
Maye, i-brainchild ye-genius ayizange isinde kuze kube yilolu suku - umbhoshongo wadilizwa ngo-1917.
Umdondoshiya onezimpondo ezintathu
Kodwa lo mbhoshongo uyaphila futhi uphilile, usetshenziswa ngenkuthalo futhi uwusizo. Isakhiwo esingamamitha angu-298 ubude sakhiwe egqumeni eSan Francisco. Yakhiwa ngo-1973 futhi isasetshenziselwa ukusakazwa kwethelevishini nomsakazo. Kuze kube ngu-2017, i-Sutro Tower yayiyisakhiwo sezakhiwo eside kunazo zonke edolobheni.
Ukuchofoza lesi sithombe kuzovula isithombe esinosayizi ogcwele:
Ukubuka kwe-San Francisco kusuka kumbhoshongo:
Emanzini angashoni
I-US Air Force yake yakha imibhoshongo eminingi yomsakazo eGulf of Mexico.
Khona kanye ezansi, emanzini angashoni, ama-tripods ensimbi ayegxunyekwe ezisekelweni zikakhonkolo, nezinsika ezizacile zezinti ezinezinkundla zemishini lapho indlu encane yayingangena khona ukuphakama ngaphezu kwamanzi. Umbono ongajwayelekile - insika evulekile ebonakala phakathi nolwandle.
Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kwenze imibhoshongo ingadingeki, futhi namuhla amasosha akazi ukuthi enzeni ngayo: noma ayigawule, ayikhukhule, noma ayishiye njengoba injalo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka yokuba khona kwazo, izimpondo ziphenduke zaba uhlobo lwezixhobo zokwenziwa ezinemvelo yazo emincane, futhi ziye zakhethwa abathandi bokudoba olwandle nokuntywila, abaze bafaka isicelo sokuthi imibhoshongo ifinyeleleke. hhayi ukubhujiswa.
Ngaphambi komsakazo
Futhi ukuphetha ukukhetha kwethu, sifuna ukukhuluma ngokusungulwa kwamaFulentshi amabili, izelamani zakwaChappe. Ngo-1792, babonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-semaphore" - umbhoshongo omncane onenduku ejikelezayo ejikelezayo, ekugcineni lapho kwakukhona nemigoqo ejikelezayo. Abazalwane bakwaShapp bahlongoza ukuba kubhalwe izinhlamvu nezinombolo zezinhlamvu kusetshenziswa izindawo ezihlukene zezinti nemigoqo.
Amabha kanye nebha bekufanele kuzungeziswe mathupha. Namuhla konke lokhu kubonakala kuhamba kancane futhi kungenangqondo, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, uhlelo olunjalo lwalunephutha elikhulu: lwaluncike ngokuphelele esimweni sezulu kanye nesikhathi sosuku. Kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, lokhu kwaba impumelelo emangalisayo - imilayezo emifushane yayingadluliswa phakathi kwamadolobha ngochungechunge lwemibhoshongo cishe imizuzu engama-20.
Futhi maphakathi nekhulu le-19, zonke izinhlobo zamatelegrafu optical - kuhlanganise nezinhlobonhlobo ezazisebenzisa amasignali okukhanya - zathathelwa indawo amatelegrafu kagesi, anezintambo. Futhi kwezinye izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo, ama-turrets okwakumi kuwo imibhoshongo ye-semaphore asalondolozwa. Isibonelo, ophahleni lwe-Winter Palace.
Source: www.habr.com