Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, imboni yomculo “yayiyikilabhu evaliwe.” Kwakunzima ukungena, futhi ukunambitheka komphakathi kwakulawulwa iqembu elincane."ekhanyiselwe»ochwepheshe.
Kodwa unyaka nonyaka umbono wabaqokiwe uya ngokuya uncipha, futhi abagxeki bathathelwe indawo izinhlu zokudlalayo nama-algorithms. Ake sikutshele ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani.
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Imboni yomculo ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19
Isikhathi eside, emhlabeni womculo waseYurophu kwakungekho mithetho, ubuholi kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwemisebenzi esiyijwayele. Kwakungekho ngisho nemodeli yethu evamile yemfundo yomculo. Indima yezikole zomculo yayivame ukudlalwa amasonto, lapho izingane zafunda khona ngaphansi kokuqondisa komculi - yile ndlela uBach oneminyaka eyishumi wathola ngayo imfundo yakhe.
Igama elithi "Conservatory" lavela ngekhulu le-16 futhi lalisho , lapho abafundi babefundiswa khona umculo. Ama-Conservatories ahlangabezana nencazelo yesimanje yaleli gama - ngomncintiswano wokungenela, uhlelo olucacile lwezemfundo namathemba emisebenzi - asabalale kulo lonke elaseYurophu kuphela ngekhulu le-19.
Isikhathi eside, ukuqamba kwakungeyona into ehlonishwayo ngokukhethekile. Abaningi bama-classicist abadumile manje baziphilisa njengabadlali, abaqhubi kanye nothisha.
Ngaphambi kokuthi uMendelssohn amemezele umculo kaBach, umqambi wayekhunjulwa ngokuyinhloko njengothisha ovelele.
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Amakhasimende amakhulu omculo kwakuyisonto nezicukuthwane. Eyokuqala yayidinga imisebenzi engokomoya, eyesibili yayidinga ezokuzijabulisa. Yibo ababelawula ukuthi ukukhanya kulalela muphi umculo - ngisho noma bona benesimo sengqondo esikha phezulu ngomculo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi umjikelezo wokuphila wokuqanjwa ngakunye wawumfushane kakhulu, ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla. Ngaleso sikhathi “izihlabani zomculo we-rock” zaziyizingcweti—abaculi abajikelezayo ababebonisa ikhono elivelele lobuchwepheshe. Babuyekeza i-repertoire yabo minyaka yonke - bekulindeleke ukuba benze imisebenzi emisha ngesizini entsha.
Kungakho, kanjani Uprofesa waseCambridge nomshayi wopiyano uJohn Rink, endabeni yakhe evela eqoqweni elithi “Umlando Womculo WaseCambridge,” abaqambi babevame ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi wabo ube “amahithi” esikhathi esifushane ochungechunge lwabadlali bamakhonsathi kanye “nokungaboli” okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ukukhiqizwa komculo kulo mongo kwafakwa emgqeni wokuhlanganisa.
Ukuzalwa komculo wezemfundo
Uhlelo olumisiwe lwaqala ukushintsha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 nele-19, lapho isimo sengqondo sabantu baseYurophu abafundile emculweni sishintsha. Ngenxa yezitayela zothando, umqondo . Ama-elite aqala ukubona isiko laseYurophu lokudlala okuthile okuhlukile, okuhlukile kuzitayela zokushintsha imfashini.
Namuhla le ndlela siyibiza ngemfundo yomculo.
Njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzi omuhle, umculo “ophakeme” wawudinga izinhlelo ezazizogcina futhi zivikele ubumsulwa bawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngabaxhasi abacebile bezobuciko (kusukela ezicukuthwaneni nosozimboni kuya emakhosini), selidume kakhulu kunakuqala.
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Kwaba ngemali yabo lapho kwakhiwa khona izikhungo zemfundo kanye nezikhungo zamasiko, manje eseziwumgogodla womculo we-classical. Ngakho-ke, i-elite ayizange nje ivikele indawo yayo emasikweni omculo aseYurophu, kodwa futhi yalawula ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Ukugxekwa komculo kanye nobuntatheli
Amaphephandaba okuqala ashicilela ukubuyekezwa kwemisebenzi yomculo nawo aqala ukushicilelwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 - cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuvela kwama-conservatories, imiphakathi ye-philharmonic kanye nezikole zomculo esizijwayele. Uma izikhungo zemfundo zibeka umgoqo wokwenza nokuqamba izinga, abagxeki bayakungabaza.
Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlukanisa okuphakade nokudlulayo wagcizelela ukungaphelelwa yisikhathi komculo ophezulu esikweni lezemfundo. Kakade ekhulwini lama-20, umshayi wesiginci uFrank Zappa waphawula ngokudabukisayo ukuthi “ukukhuluma ngomculo kufana nokudansa mayelana nezakhiwo.” Futhi ngokufanelekile.
Ukugxekwa komculo kunezimpande zako ku-musicology, aesthetics nefilosofi. Ukuze ubhale isibuyekezo esihle, udinga ukuba nolwazi kuzo zontathu lezi zindawo. Umgxeki kufanele aqonde izici zobuchwepheshe zomsebenzi womculi nomqambi, enze izinqumo zobuhle futhi ezwe ukuxhumana komsebenzi "ngokuphelele" - ngale kwemininingwane. Konke lokhu kwenza ukugxekwa komculo kube uhlobo oluthile kakhulu.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvela kwayo, ukugxekwa komculo kwaphuma ezincwadini ezikhethekile kuya emakhasini omagazini abadumile - abagxeki bomculo bakwazi ukuzibonakalisa njengengxenye ebalulekile yesiko lobuntatheli. Ngaphambi kokwanda kokuqoshwa kwemisindo, izintatheli zomculo bezibuyekeza imidlalo, ikakhulukazi imidlalo yokuqala.
Ukusabela kwabagxeki kumdlalo wokuqala wokuqanjwa kunganquma isiphetho salo sesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva I-symphony yokuqala kaRachmaninov emakhasini encwadi yaseSt. Petersburg ethi “News and Exchange Newspaper”, umsebenzi awuzange wenziwe kwaze kwaba sekufeni komqambi.
Uma kubhekwa isidingo sokuqonda uhlangothi lobuchwepheshe lokuqanjwa, indima yabagxeki yayivame ukudlalwa abaqambi bomculo ngokwabo. Ukubuyekezwa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kubhalwe ngu - Ilungu le-"Mighty Handful". Nabo babedume ngezibuyekezo zabo kanye noSchumann.
Ubuntatheli bomculo bube yinto ebalulekile yemvelo entsha yomculo yekhulu le-19. Futhi njengezinye izici zale "mboni" esencane, nayo yayilawulwa yizifundiswa, izicukuthwane ezinelungelo elinamazinga emfundo.
Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili isimo sizoshintsha kakhulu: Ama-Elite azothathelwa indawo ubuchwepheshe, abaqambi abagxekayo bathathelwa indawo izintatheli zomculo ezingochwepheshe kanye no-DJ.
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Sizokhuluma ngalokho okuthakazelisayo okwenzeka ngokugxekwa komculo phakathi nalenkathi esihlokweni sethu esilandelayo. Sizozama ukuyilungiselela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
P.S. Uchungechunge lwethu lwakamuva lwezinto zokwakha "".
Source: www.habr.com