"Ngolunye usuku empilweni yengwejeje" noma kusukela ekumodeleni kuya ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yokubala ingcebo ezenzakalelayo "Belka-1.0" (Ingxenye 1)
“Ingwejeje” ihlangene ngani nayo?
Ngizochaza ngokushesha ukuthi "i-squirrel" ihlangene ngani nayo. Ukuhlangabezana namaphrojekthi ajabulisayo ku-inthanethi okufunda i-UML esekelwe esifundweni esibolekwe ezinganekwaneni (isibonelo, [1]), ngiphinde nganquma ukulungiselela isibonelo esifanayo kubafundi bami ukuze bafunde izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zemidwebo ukuze baqale ngazo: Umdwebo Womsebenzi, Umdwebo Osetshenziswayo kanye Nomdwebo Wekilasi. Angiwahumushi ngamabomu amagama emidwebo kusi-Russian ukuze ngigweme izingxabano “mayelana nobunzima bokuhumusha.” Ngizochaza ukuthi ngeyani kamuva. Kulesi sibonelo ngisebenzisa uhlaka lwe-Enterprise Architect oluvela enkampanini yase-Australia [2] – ithuluzi elihle lenani elifanele. Futhi njengengxenye yezikhathi zami zokuqeqesha ngiyazisebenzisa [3], ithuluzi elihle lamahhala lokuklama okuqondiswe entweni elisekela i-UML2.0 kanye namazinga e-BPMN, ngaphandle kwezinsimbi ezingadingekile namakhwelo ngokwamakhono okubuka, kodwa anele ngokwanele ekufundeni izisekelo zolimi.
Sizokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo umsebenzi wokubala wezimpahla ezibonakalayo, ovela kulezi zinqubo.
...
Isiqhingi sisolwandle, (E1, E2)
Kukhona isichotho esiqhingini (E3, E1)
Ngamasonto aphethwe yigolide, (E4)
Nemibhoshongo nezingadi; (E5, E6)
Isihlahla se-spruce simila phambi kwesigodlo, (E7, E8)
Futhi ngaphansi kwayo kunendlu yekristalu; (E9)
Ingwejeje ethambile ihlala lapho, (A1)
Yebo, yeka i-adventure! (A1)
Ingwejeje icula izingoma, (P1, A1)
Yebo, ulokhu edla amantongomane, (P2)
Kodwa amantongomane awalula, (C1)
Wonke amagobolondo ayigolide, (C2)
Umnyombo uyi-emerald ehlanzekile; (C3)
Izinceku zigada ingwejeje, (P3, A2)
Bamsebenzela njengezinceku ezahlukahlukene (P4)
Futhi kwabelwa umabhalane (A3)
I-akhawunti eqinile yamantongomane yizindaba; (P5, C1)
Ibutho liyambingelela; (P6, A4)
Uhlamvu lwemali luthululwa emagobolondweni, (P7, C2, C4)
Mabahambe emhlabeni wonke; (P8)
Amantombazane athulula isimaragidu (P9, A5, C3)
Ezingomeni nangaphansi kwesembozo; (E10, E11)
...
(A.S. Pushkin "I-Tale of Tsar Saltan, yeqhawe lakhe elikhazimulayo nelinamandla uPrince Guidon Saltanovich kanye neNkosazana Swan enhle", - Iminyaka eyi-10 ukusuka emcabangweni kuye ekushicilelweni, ngendlela!)
Okuncane mayelana namakhodi abhalwe kwesokudla semigqa. “A” (kusuka “kumlingisi”) kusho ukuthi ulayini uqukethe ulwazi mayelana nombambiqhaza ohlelweni. "C" (kusuka "ku-Class") - ulwazi mayelana nezinto zekilasi ezicutshungulwa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwezinqubo. "E" (kusuka "Emvelweni") - ulwazi mayelana nezinto zekilasi ezibonisa indawo ezungezile yokwenza izinqubo. "P" (kusuka "Inqubo") - ulwazi mayelana nezinqubo ngokwazo.
Ngendlela, incazelo eqondile yenqubo nayo ithi iyimbangela yezingxabano ze-methodological, uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi kunezinqubo ezahlukene: ibhizinisi, ukukhiqiza, ezobuchwepheshe, njll. njalo njalo. (ungathola, isibonelo, [4] futhi [5]). Ukuze sigweme izingxabano, masivumelane lokho Sinentshisekelo kule nqubo ngokombono wokuphindaphinda kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nesidingo sokuzenzakalela, i.e. ukudlulisa ukwenziwa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yemisebenzi yenqubo kusistimu ezenzakalelayo.
Amanothi ngokusebenzisa idayagramu Yomsebenzi
Ake siqale ukwenza imodeli yenqubo yethu futhi sisebenzise umdwebo woMsebenzi kulokhu. Okokuqala, ake ngichaze ukuthi amakhodi angenhla azosetshenziswa kanjani kumodeli. Kulula ukuchaza ngesibonelo esiyingcaca, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sizohlaziya ezinye (cishe zonke esizidingayo) izici zomdwebo womsebenzi.
Ake sihlaziye isiqeshana esilandelayo:
...
Ingwejeje icula izingoma, (P1, A1)
Yebo, ulokhu edla amantongomane, (P2)
Kodwa amantongomane awalula, (C1)
Wonke amagobolondo ayigolide, (C2)
Umnyombo uyi-emerald ehlanzekile; (C3)
...
Sinezinyathelo ezimbili zenqubo u-P1 no-P2, umhlanganyeli A1, kanye nezinto zezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene: into yekilasi C1 ifakwa esinyathelweni, izinto zamakilasi C2 kanye ne-C3 ziyaphuma ngenxa yomsebenzi walesi sinyathelo P2 yethu. inqubo. Ngomdwebo sisebenzisa izakhi ezilandelayo zokumodela.
Ingxenye yenqubo yethu ingamelwa into efana nale (Umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1. Ucezu lomdwebo womsebenzi
Ukuhlela isikhala nokuhlela umdwebo womsebenzi, sizosebenzisa indlela engajwayelekile, ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwakudala kombhalo we-UML. Kodwa kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Okokuqala, ngaphambi nje kokuqala ukumodela sizohlanganisa okuthiwa isivumelwano sokumodela, lapho siqopha khona zonke izici zokusebenzisa i-notation. Okwesibili, le ndlela yasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngempumelelo esigabeni sokumodela kwebhizinisi kumaphrojekthi wangempela wokudala izinhlelo zesoftware; imiphumela yaqoshwa ithimba lethu elincane lababhali entweni ye-copyright ehambisanayo [6], futhi yasetshenziswa encwadini yokuqeqesha [ 7]. Ngomdwebo womsebenzi, sichaza ukuthi inkambu yomdwebo yakhiwe kusetshenziswa “imizila yokubhukuda”. Igama lethrekhi lizohambisana nohlobo lwezinto zeshadi ezizobekwa kuleyo threkhi.
"Ama-artifact okokufaka nokuphumayo": Le threkhi izoqukatha izakhi Zezinto - izinto ezisetshenziswayo noma eziwumphumela wokwenza isinyathelo esithile senqubo.
"Process izinyathelo": Lapha sizobeka izici Zomsebenzi - izenzo zabahlanganyeli benqubo.
"Abahlanganyeli": indlela yama-elementi azobonisa indima yabadlali besenzo enqubweni yethu; kubo sizosebenzisa into efanayo yokumodela Into - into, kodwa sizofaka i-stereotype ethi "Umlingisi" kuyo.
Ingoma elandelayo ibizwa "Imithetho Yebhizinisi" futhi kule threkhi sizobeka ngendlela yombhalo imithetho yokwenza izinyathelo zenqubo, futhi kulokhu sizosebenzisa isici sokumodela Qaphela - inothi.
Sizoma lapha, nakuba singasebenzisa nendlela "Amathuluzi" ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezinga lenqubo ye-automation. Umzila ungase futhi ube usizo "Izikhundla nokuhlukaniswa kwabahlanganyeli", ingasetshenziswa ukuxhumanisa izindima nezikhundla kanye neminyango yabahlanganyeli benqubo.
Konke engisanda kukuchaza kuyingxenyana izivumelwano zokumodela, le ngxenye yesivumelwano iphathelene nemithetho yokuhlela umdwebo owodwa futhi, ngokufanelekile, imithetho yokuwubhala nokufunda.
"Iresiphi"
Manje ake sicabangele inketho yokumodela isistimu ngokuqondile kusukela kumdwebo womsebenzi. Lokhu kungenye yezinketho, ngiyaqaphela ukuthi, yiqiniso, akuyona yodwa. Umdwebo Womsebenzi uzosithakasela ukusuka endaweni yokubuka indima yawo ekuguqukeni ukusuka ekubumbeni inqubo ukuya ekwakhiweni kwesistimu ezenzakalelayo. Ukuze senze lokhu, sizonamathela ezincomo ze-methodological - uhlobo lweresiphi oluhlanganisa izigaba ezinhlanu kuphela futhi luhlinzekele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zemidwebo. Ukusebenzisa le recipe kuzosisiza ukuthi sithole incazelo esemthethweni yenqubo esifuna ukuyenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi siqoqe idatha yokwakhiwa kwesistimu. Futhi kubafundi ekuqaleni kokufunda i-UML, lolu wuhlobo lwesilondolozi sempilo olungeke lubavumele ukuthi bacwile kuzo zonke izindlela ezibonwayo nezindlela ezitholakala ku-UML namathuluzi esimanje wokumodela.
Nansi, empeleni, iresiphi ngokwayo, bese ulandela imidwebo eyakhelwe indawo yethu yesihloko "inganekwane".
Isigaba 1. Sichaza inqubo ngendlela yomdwebo womsebenzi. Ngenqubo enezinyathelo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa isimiso sesinyathelo sokubola ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufundeka komdwebo.
Isiteji sesi-2. Khetha lokho okungazenzakalela (izinyathelo zingagqanyiswa kumdwebo, isibonelo).
Isigaba 3. Isinyathelo esizenzakalelayo kufanele sihlotshaniswe nomsebenzi noma imisebenzi yesistimu (ubudlelwano bungaba baningi kuye kwabaningi), dweba umdwebo we- Use-case diagram. Lena imisebenzi yohlelo lwethu.
Isigaba 4. Ake sichaze inhlangano yangaphakathi ye-AS sisebenzisa umdwebo wekilasi - Ikilasi. “Izinto Zokokufaka Nokuphumayo (Amadokhumenti)” kumdwebo womsebenzi isisekelo sokwakha imodeli yento kanye nemodeli yobudlelwane bebhizinisi.
Isigaba 5. Ake sihlaziye amanothi kuthrekhi "Imithetho Yebhizinisi"., bahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhawulo nezimo, eziguqulwa kancane kancane zibe izidingo ezingasebenzi.
Isethi ewumphumela yemidwebo (Umsebenzi, Ikesi Lokusetshenziswa, Ikilasi) isinika incazelo esemthethweni ngombhalo oqinile, i.e. inokufunda okungaqondakali. Manje usungakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe, ucacise izimfuneko zokucaciswa, njll.
Ake siqale ukumodela.
Isigaba 1. Chaza inqubo ngendlela yomdwebo womsebenzi
Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi sihlele inkambu yomdwebo sisebenzisa imizila “yokubhukuda”; umzila ngamunye uqukethe izinto zohlobo olufanayo (Umfanekiso 2). Ngaphezu kwezakhi zomdwebo ezichazwe ngenhla, sizosebenzisa izakhi ezengeziwe, ake sizichaze.
Isinqumo (Isinqumo) sibonisa iphuzu legatsha lenqubo yethu kumdwebo, kanye nezintambo zokuhlanganisa (Hlanganisa) - iphuzu lokuhlangana kabusha kwazo. Izimo zoshintsho zibhalwa kubakaki abayisikwele uma kunezinguquko.
Phakathi kwama-synchronizers amabili (I-Fork) sizobonisa amagatsha enqubo efanayo.
Inqubo yethu ingaba nesiqalo esisodwa kuphela - indawo eyodwa yokungena (Eyokuqala). Kodwa kungase kube nokuqedwa okuningana (Okokugcina), kodwa hhayi kumdwebo wethu othize.
Miningi impela imicibisholo; ngenani elikhulu lezinto nokuxhumana, ungakwazi ukuhlonza izigaba zenqubo, bese wenza ukubola kwalezi zigaba. Kodwa ukuze kucace, ngingathanda ukukhombisa inqubo yethu "yezinganekwane" ngokuphelele kumdwebo owodwa, kuyilapho, kunjalo, sidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imicibisholo "ayihlanganisi ndawonye", singakwazi ukulandelela ngokunembile lokho okuxhunyiwe. kuyini.
Umfanekiso 2. Umdwebo womsebenzi - umbono ojwayelekile wenqubo
Ngoba emigqeni yezinkondlo, eminye imininingwane yenqubo ishiywe, kwakudingeka ibuyiselwe, iboniswa yizakhi ezinesizinda esimhlophe. Le mininingwane ihlanganisa isinyathelo Sokudlulisa/Ukwamukela Isitoreji Nokucubungula kanye nama-artifact ambalwa okokufaka nokukhiphayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sinyathelo futhi asivezi ngokugcwele inqubo, ngoba sizodinga ukuqoka ngokwehlukana isinyathelo sokudlulisela kanye nesinyathelo sokwamukela, futhi singeze nesinyathelo esihlukile samagobolondo, futhi sicabange ukuthi kuqala wonke lawa manani wezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele agcinwe isikhashana ndawana thize, njll. njalo njalo.
Masiqaphele futhi ukuthi umbuzo wemvelaphi yamantongomane awukaphendulwa - avelaphi futhi afika kanjani kusquirrel? Futhi lo mbuzo (ugqanyiswe ngefonti ebomvu kunothi - isici seNothi) udinga ukufunda okuhlukile! Yile ndlela umhlaziyi osebenza ngayo - ukuqoqa ulwazi kancane kancane, enze ukucabangela futhi athole ukuthi "kulungile" noma "akulungile" kochwepheshe bezihloko - abantu ababaluleke kakhulu nabangenakushintshwa esigabeni sokumodela ibhizinisi lapho kwakhiwa amasistimu.
Qaphela futhi ukuthi inqubo yesinyathelo P5 iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili.
Futhi sizobola ingxenye ngayinye futhi siyicabangele ngokuningiliziwe (Umfanekiso 3, Umfanekiso 4), ngoba imisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphakathi kwalezi zinyathelo ezithile izozenzekela.
Umfanekiso 3. Umdwebo womsebenzi - onemininingwane (ingxenye 1)
Umfanekiso 4. Umdwebo womsebenzi - onemininingwane (ingxenye 2)
Isiteji sesi-2. Khetha lokho okungazenzakalela
Izinyathelo ezizozenzakalela zigqanyiswe ngombala emidwebeni (bheka Umfanekiso 3, Umfanekiso 4).
Zonke zenziwa ngumhlanganyeli oyedwa ohlelweni - umabhalane:
- Ifaka ulwazi mayelana nesisindo samantongomane esitatimendeni;
- Ifaka ulwazi mayelana nokudluliselwa kwamantongomane esitatimendeni;
- Irekhoda iqiniso lokuguqulwa kwentongomane ibe igobolondo kanye ne-kernel;
- Ifaka ulwazi mayelana ne-nut kernel esitatimendeni;
- Ifaka ulwazi mayelana namagobolondo amantongomane ohlwini.
Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi owenziwe. Yini elandelayo?
Ngakho-ke, senze umsebenzi omningi wokulungiselela: siqoqe ulwazi mayelana nenqubo esizoyenza ngokuzenzakalelayo; waqala ukwenza isivumelwano sokumodela (kuze kube manje kuphela mayelana nokusebenzisa umdwebo woMsebenzi); yenza ukulinganisa kwenqubo futhi yaze yabola izinyathelo zayo ezimbalwa; Sihlonze izinyathelo zenqubo esizozenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Manje sesilungele ukudlulela ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo futhi siqale ukuklama ukusebenza kwesistimu nokuhleleka kwangaphakathi.
Njengoba wazi, ithiyori ngaphandle kokusebenza ayilutho. Kufanele nakanjani uzame "ukumodela" ngezandla zakho, lokhu futhi kuyasiza ekuqondeni indlela ehlongozwayo. Isibonelo, ungasebenza endaweni yokumodela [3]. Sibole ingxenye kuphela yezinyathelo zomdwebo wenqubo yonke (bheka uMdwebo 2). Njengomsebenzi ongokoqobo, ungase ucelwe ukuthi uphinde yonke imidwebo endaweni ye-Modelion futhi wenze ukubola kwesinyathelo esithi "Dlulisa/Ukwamukela Isitoreji Nokucubungula".
Asikacabangi ukusebenza ezindaweni ezithile zokumodela, kodwa lokhu kungase kube isihloko sezindatshana ezizimele nezibuyekezo.
Engxenyeni yesibili ye-athikili, sizohlaziya izindlela zokumodela nezindlela zokuklama ezidingekayo ezigabeni 3-5; sizosebenzisa i-UML Use-case kanye nemidwebo Yekilasi. Kuzoqhutshwa.
Uhlu lwemithombo
- Iwebhusayithi "UML2.ru". Umhlaziyi weForamu Yomphakathi. Isigaba esijwayelekile. Izibonelo. Izibonelo zezinganekwane ezifomethwe njengemidwebo ye-UML. [Insiza ye-elekthronikhi] Imodi yokufinyelela: I-inthanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi yeSparx Systems. [Insiza ye-elekthronikhi] Imodi yokufinyelela: I-inthanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi ye-Model. [Insiza ye-elekthronikhi] Imodi yokufinyelela: I-inthanethi:
- I-Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Inqubo (ukuhumusha). [Insiza ye-elekthronikhi] Imodi yokufinyelela: I-inthanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi "Inhlangano Yokuphatha Okuphumelelayo". Ibhulogi. Isigaba "Ukuphathwa Kwenqubo Yebhizinisi". Incazelo yenqubo yebhizinisi. [Insiza ye-elekthronikhi] Imodi yokufinyelela: I-inthanethi:
- Isitifiketi No. 18249 sokubhaliswa kanye nediphozithi yomsebenzi wobuhlakani. Alfimov R.V., Zolotukhina E.B., Krasnikova S.A. Umbhalo wesandla wensiza yokufundisa enesihloko esithi “Ukumodela indawo yesifundo usebenzisa i-Enterprise Architect” // 2011.
- Zolotukhina E.B., Vishnya A.S., Krasnikova S.A. Ukumodela inqubo yebhizinisi. — M.: COURSE, SIC INFRA-M, EBS Znanium.com. - 2017.
Source: www.habr.com