Namuhla sishicilela indaba yokushintsha kuka-Andrey Vukolov ku-IT. Ukuthanda kwakhe indawo kwasebuntwaneni kwake kwamenza wafunda isayensi ye-rocket e-MSTU. Iqiniso elibuhlungu langenza ngakhohlwa ngephupho, kodwa yonke into yaba mnandi nakakhulu. Ukufunda i-C++ ne-Python kwangivumela ukuba ngenze umsebenzi othokozisayo ngokufanayo: ukuhlela ingqondo yezinhlelo zokulawula amarobhothi.
Начало
Ngibe nenhlanhla ngokujaha indawo yonke ebuntwaneni bami. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuphuma kwesikole, angizange ngingabaze umzuzu lapho kufanele ngiyofunda khona, futhi ngangena ku-MSTU. Bauman, eMnyangweni Wezobunjiniyela be-Rocket Propulsion. Kodwa-ke, igatsha lesifundo ngokwalo - izinjini eziyimpuphu noma eziwuketshezi zamarokhethi asemkhathini - bekungadingeki ukuthi zikhethwe nhlobo: ngo-2001, ikhomishana yobuhlakani ekhethekile isabalalisa amaqembu ahlosiwe abafakizicelo. Ngabanjwa egujini lesibhamu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, “i-rocket boom” yayikhona ezinhlelweni kuphela; onjiniyela bathola amaholo amancane futhi basebenza ezikhungweni ezikhethekile zokuklama ezivaliwe kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ezingenawo amathemba omsebenzi nokukhula kochwepheshe. Noma kunjalo, amarokhethi empushana eRussia ayimikhiqizo yezempi kuphela.
Manje le ndawo iyadingeka, kodwa phakathi nezifundo zami ngabona ukuthi kusayensi ye-rocket noma yimuphi umsebenzi ngokuzihambela kwakhe cishe akunakwenzeka. Eqinisweni, lena inkonzo yezempi. Isibonelo, ukusebenza embonini ye-rocket, ngizophucwa ngokuphelele ithuba lokuthuthukisa isofthiwe ngokuzimela, ngisho nami, ngoba lo msebenzi ulawulwa ngokuqinile.
Yonke imikhiqizo ye-software ithuthukiswa ngokukhethekile nge-oda elikhethekile futhi ngemvume yekhomishana yezimfihlo (manje eyingxenye ye-FSTEC). Umthuthukisi lapho kudingeka ukuthi abhalise futhi anikeze ilayisense ngokoqobo yonke imigqa yekhodi. Wonke ama-software ekuqaleni ayimfihlo ezingeni lomsebenzi. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kuchaza ukuthi kungani isoftware esetshenziswa manje ukuqeqesha abafundi besayensi yerokhethi yasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-90s.
Ngesikhathi ngiphothula kulesi sikhungo, ngakwazi ukusebenza emnyangweni wethiyori yemishini futhi ngaqala ukwakha isifanisi senqubo yezemfundo ku-C++, ngakho ngaba nesibonelo sokuqhathanisa futhi ngangikwazi ukukala okuhle nokubi. Ukukhetha kwakusobala, futhi kancane kancane ngaqala ukukhukhuleka ngibheke e-IT kanye namarobhothi. Imishini esetshenziswayo yayijabulisa kakhulu kunesayensi yerokhethi: izinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululiwe, indawo evulekile, ukuntuleka kwemboni yokuthuthukisa, isidingo esiphuthumayo sesoftware yokulingisa. Kumarobhothi, kukhona ukwakheka okungahleliwe kwesoftware ejwayelekile kanye nesidingo sokuphindaphinda ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ukucabanga okungaqondakali kanye nokuqala kwe-AI. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwezinhlelo zami zokuqala zokucubungula idatha yokuhlola, cishe angizange ngibuyele kumarokhethi (ngaphandle kwephrojekthi yami yokuthweswa iziqu).
Ngenxa yalokho, ngathola ithuba lokusebenza ku-specialty yami izinyanga ezine kuphela ngaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu embonini eseduze neMoscow yezakhiwo eziyinhlanganisela zemboni ye-aerospace. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zami, akuzange kudingeke ngisho nokuba ngifune umsebenzi—ngashesha ngeza ngizofundisa ukukhanda imishini emnyangweni wamarobhothi.
Kusukela ekufundiseni kuya ekuhleleni
Ku-IFTOMM World Congress enamalungu abafundi beqembu locwaningo (mina kwesokudla)
Ngisebenze kwa-MSTU emnyangweni wamasampula iminyaka eyi-10, ngifundisa isifundo sethiyori yezinqubo. Ushicilele imisebenzi yesayensi (bheka isiphetho sesihloko), kancane kancane wasuka kumakhenikha waya ku-CAD namarobhothi. Futhi ekugcineni wanquma ukushiya ukufundisa. Ukukhombisa ngokucacile izizathu zalesi sinqumo, ngizothi eminyakeni eyishumi isifundo engangisifundisile asizange siguqule indawo eyodwa yedesimali. Nakuba ama-mechanics asetshenzisiwe, ngokubheka izincwadi, aqhubekela phambili kakhulu, ngempumelelo kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wawufana nomsebenzi we-bureaucracy - imibiko, izinhlelo, izindinganiso namathani wephepha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, injabulo yokufundisa yathathelwa indawo ukubika ngokuthola le njabulo, futhi lokhu kungaphezu kokungathandeki kuchwepheshe osebenzayo.
Futhi ekugcineni ngafika kuma-robotics afana nalokhu: ngo-2007-2009, kanye namaprofesa A. Golovin no-N. Umnov, saqala ukulungiselela imisebenzi yokuqala yesayensi. Lapho kwakudingeka ngisebenzise ama-algorithms ukuze nginqume izindlela zezinto ezivela ezithombeni ze-strobe. Kusukela kulesi sihloko kuyisinyathelo esisodwa sokuya embonweni womshini, i-OpenCV ne-Robotic Operating System (nakuba ngaleso sikhathi angizange ngicabange ngisho nesikali esinjalo). Ngemva kwalokho, ekugcineni ngagxila ekusebenziseni imishini namarobhothi ocwaningweni, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwaba umsebenzi osekelayo.
Nokho, ukuze ngithole umsebenzi omusha kumarobhothi, kwakudingeka ngithuthukise futhi ngengeze ulwazi lwami lokuhlela. Phela, angikaze ngifunde i-IT ngokuqondile, ngaphandle kwezifundo zasenyuvesi ezithatha unyaka wonke (ObjectPascal kanye ne-Borland VCL ku-C ++), futhi ngithembele kwizibalo ngezici zethiyori zentuthuko.
Ekuqaleni ngicabangele izinketho zezifundo zesikhathi esigcwele esikhungweni sami somdabu. Yiqiniso, kwasheshe kwacaca ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa izifundo ezinjalo nomsebenzi emnyangweni ngenxa yesimiso esingavamile kanye nomsebenzi ovamile ngaphandle kwesimiso somuntu siqu (ukufaka esikhundleni, njll.). Ngakho kancane kancane ngafika emcabangweni wokuqeda izifundo ezikhokhelwayo ngikude. Ngize kwa-GeekBrains ngezincomo zoprofesa abavela esikhungweni sokuqeqesha i-Mail.ru Technopark, esise-Baumanka, futhi ngabhalisa esifundweni sePython Programmer.
Lezi zifundo azibanga bunzima, inkinga nje ukuthi ngangihlale ngizihlanganisa nomsebenzi emnyangweni, imisebenzi yesayensi nemicimbi. Isikhathi sasiqinile kangangokuthi ukuxhumana okuningi komphakathi ngaphandle kwekhaya kwakudingeka kwenziwe umhlatshelo (ngenhlanhla, okwesikhashana).
Nansi indlela engabhekana ngayo nomsebenzi: Ngaxazulula izinkinga emgwaqeni. Leli khono, elithuthukiswe ohambweni lwebhizinisi oluningi, laba usizo kakhulu, ngoba ngaphandle kwalo bengingeke ngikwazi nokuqeda wonke umsebenzi wami wesikole (futhi lithatha indawo yokuzindla...). Ngifunde ukwenza amakhodi ngisohambeni ngisebenzisa ikhompuyutha yami ephathekayo, i-smartphone, namakhibhodi e-smartphone angenantambo.
I-laptop yami iyi-Dell Latitude 3470, futhi noma iyiphi i-smartphone enediagonal engu-5.5 amayintshi noma ngaphezulu ebhangqwe nekhibhodi ye-Logitech K 810 BT izokwenza. Ngokuvamile, ngincoma imikhiqizo ye-Logitech kuwo wonke umuntu; ithembekile kakhulu futhi ingamelana nezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokusetshenziswa (futhi lesi akusona neze isikhangiso).
Ikhibhodi ye-Logitech K810
I-Python isiza kakhulu emsebenzini onjalo - uma unomhleli omuhle. Okunye ukugqekeza kwezinhlelo: sebenzisa ukuxhumana okukude kudeskithophu noma endaweni yesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngiqedele imisebenzi eminingana ngisebenzisa iseva yewebhu evikelekile esebenzisa i-Django kukhompyutha yami yasekhaya. Ngasebenza esitimeleni, ngisebenzisa isoftware yePyDroid, DroidEdit, Maxima.
Kungani i-Python?
Akubanga isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi ngizame ukusebenzisa i-PHP njengolimi lokubhala uhlelo. Ngaqale ngafundela iPython ngedwa futhi kancane kancane “ngangifundela”. Nginqume ukutadisha ngokujulile ngemva kokufunda ngokuba khona kokuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwePython ne-C++ ezingeni lemojuli - kubonakale kuthakazelisa ukwabelana ngama-algorithms athuthukisiwe kanye nezinqubo zokulungiselela idatha ngaphakathi kolimi olufanayo.
Isibonelo esilula: kukhona uhlelo lokulawula lwedrayivu enamandla engajwayelekile, esetshenziswa emshinini oshumekiwe onephrosesa ye-RISC, ku-C++. Ukuphatha kwenzeka nge-API yangaphandle encike emshinini, esekela, isibonelo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasistimu angaphansi kunethiwekhi. Ezingeni eliphezulu, i-algorithm yokusebenza kwedrayivu ayilungiswanga iphutha noma ayihlali njalo (kuyadingeka ukulayisha ama-algorithms ahlukene kuye ngenqubo yomsebenzi).
Enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokufeza uhlelo olunjalo ukusebenzisa i-API yesistimu engaphansi ye-C++ eqondene nomshini njengesisekelo sesethi yamakilasi e-Python asebenza kumhumushi we-cross-platform. Ngakho-ke, umthuthukisi wezinga eliphezulu ngeke kudingeke acabangele izici zomshini oshumekiwe kanye ne-OS yawo; uzomane asebenze namakilasi ePython asebenza “njengabasonga” be-API esezingeni eliphansi.
Kwadingeka ngifunde i-C++ ne-Python ebopha cishe kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi amakhono agxile entweni ezingeni eliphezulu ayebaluleke kakhulu kunezinga eliphansi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kudingeke ukuthi sishintshe ngokuphelele indlela yokuklama nokusebenzisa i-API, sikhethe amakilasi ezingeni lePython futhi sabelane ngedatha yomhlaba wonke ku-C/C++. Zijwayeze ukukhiqiza amakhodi: isibonelo, uhlaka lwe-ROS ngokwalo lukhiqiza amagama nezinto ku-Python, ngakho-ke kufanele ucabangele umehluko wezilimi, ikakhulukazi ekubhaleni, lapho uklama i-interfaces yakho.
Ukusebenza Okwamanje: I-Python ne-Robot Control Logic
Manje ngisebenza njengomhleli wePython no-C++ eRobotics Research and Education Center eMoscow State Technical University. Sisebenzisa amaphrojekthi ocwaningo namathuluzi esofthiwe agunyazwe iminyango kahulumeni: sakha izikhohlisi ezinamasistimu ombono wobuchwepheshe owakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nama-algorithms okulawula okuzenzakalelayo wezinga eliphezulu azimele kumasistimu.
Njengamanje, ngihlela indlela enengqondo yezinga eliphezulu yezinhlelo zokulawula amarobhothi ePython; lolu limi luxhumanisa amamojula athuthukiswe kakhulu abhalwe nge-C++, isihlanganisi, kanye ne-Go.
Ekuhleleni ama-algorithms okulawula amarobhothi, kusetshenziswa amaqembu amabili amakhulu ama-algorithms. Eyokuqala yazo isetshenziswa ngokuqondile kumishini, ezingeni eliphansi - lena isofthiwe eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yezilawuli zedrayivu, ama-concentrator emigqa yokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi zokusebenzisana no-opharetha.
Ama-algorithms lapha aklanyelwe isivinini sokwenza esilawulwayo nokwethembeka okudlula ukusebenza kwerobhothi lilonke. Lokhu kokugcina kuyisibopho, njengoba ukuphepha kwalo lonke uhlelo kuncike kwisoftware yokulawula esezingeni eliphansi.
Iqembu lesibili lama-algorithms linquma ukusebenza kwerobhothi lilonke. Lezi izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okugcizelelwa ekuthuthukisweni kwazo okusekucaceni nasekushesheni kokuqaliswa kwe-algorithm, evame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isofthiwe yezinga eliphezulu erobhothini ivamise ukushintshwa ngesikhathi sokusetha nokuhlola. Ekuthuthukisweni okunjalo, izilimi ezihunyushwa ngenjongo evamile zibalulekile.
Iluphi ulwazi oludingekayo emsebenzini onjalo?
Kuyoba isibopho ukufunda ulimi lwesifanekiso se-C++ kanye namakhono agxile entweni ePython. Ikhono elicishe lingenakuthathelwa indawo yikhono lokuklama nokubhala ama-API. Kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuhlola amakhono emitapo yolwazi ekhethekile njenge-Boost::Python. Labo abasebenza nge-software esezingeni eliphansi nakanjani kuzodingeka babhekane nokuhlanganisa okuningi (ezingeni le-kernel) kanye nezingcingo zesistimu ye-Linux/UNIX/QNX. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda kwakho izimiso zamarobhothi, kuyasiza kakhulu ukuzijwayeza ngohlaka lweRobotic Operating System.
Ngizama ukuba okungenani nolimi olulodwa oluhlanganisiwe nolulodwa olutolikiwe oluthuthukayo noludingeka kakhulu. Leli yisu eliwinayo lokusebenza kubunjiniyela, lapho kunesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuthuthukisa ama-algorithms akhethekile (funda: angavamile) futhi uwasebenzise ekuhlanganiseni izilimi. Umsebenzi wokulungiselela idatha yesoftware enjalo muhle kakhulu ukuxazulula usebenzisa izilimi ezihunyushiwe. Ekuqaleni, isethi yami yayihlanganisa i-C ++, i-Pascal ne-BASIC, kamuva i-PHP ne-BASH yengezwe.
Amathuluzi okuthuthukisa angaba wusizo kanjani ekufundiseni abafundi
Uhlelo oluyinhloko lokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe manje wukuzama ukunikeza isisekelo sesayensi sokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuthuthukisa isofthiwe ochwepheshe ekufundiseni, ukuthuthukisa nokuhlola izindlela zokufundisa.
Kusukela ngo-2016, ngaqala ucwaningo olukhulu lokwethula amathuluzi okuthuthukisa - izilimi zokuhlela, ama-IDE, amajeneretha amadokhumenti, izinhlelo zokulawula inguqulo - ekusebenzeni kokufundisa emfundweni ephakeme. Manje sesiphumelele ukuthola imiphumela engabuyekezwa ngokwekhwalithi.
Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kokuguqulwa kwezinto enqubweni yemfundo kuthuthukisa kakhulu izinga lomsebenzi wabafundi, nokho, ngaphansi kwesimo esiyisibopho: abafundi abasebenza ndawonye kumaphrojekthi okwabelwana ngawo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokufundisa iziyalo zobuchwepheshe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuthuthukisa isofthiwe ochwepheshe manje kwenziwa ngenkuthalo iqembu lami locwaningo, elihlanganisa abafundi, abafaki izicelo kanye nabafundi bezinhlelo zemfundo eyengeziwe e-MSTU.
Nokho, angizange ngiwuyeke umkhuba wami wokufundisa - ngithuthukise eyami isifundo sesikhathi esigcwele esijulile mayelana nokuklama nokuphatha i-Linux ye-Institute of Advanced Studies e-MSTU, futhi ngizifundisa mina ngokwami.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Imisebenzi yakuqala
(2010/XNUMX/XNUMX)
(2012/XNUMX/XNUMX)
Kusukela kokugcina
(2019/XNUMX/XNUMX)
(2018/XNUMX/XNUMX)
Eminye imisebenzi ekhonjwe izizindalwazi ezicashuniwe zesayensi ingabonwa kuphrofayela yami kokuthi . Iningi lama-athikili linikezelwe ekuhambeni kwemishini, kunemisebenzi yokufundisa ngobunjiniyela kanye nesoftware yezemfundo.
Source: www.habr.com