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Encwadini ethi The Wealth of Nations, u-Adam Smith ubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi kuba kanjani umthombo oyinhloko wokukhula kokukhiqiza. Isibonelo ulayini wokuhlanganisa wefekthri yamaphini: “Esinye isisebenzi sidonsa ucingo, esinye siyaluqondisa, esesithathu siyalusika, esesine silola iphetho, esesihlanu sigaya enye ingxenye ukuze ilingane nekhanda.” Ngenxa yobungcweti obugxile emisebenzini ethile, isisebenzi ngasinye siba uchwepheshe oqeqeshwe kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe omncane, okuholela ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Okukhiphayo ngomsebenzi ngamunye kuyanda izikhathi eziningi, futhi ifektri iba nekhono kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izikhonkwane.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa komsebenzi ngokusebenza kugxilile ezingqondweni zethu ngisho nanamuhla kangangokuthi sisheshe sahlela amaqembu ethu ngendlela efanele. Isayensi Yedatha ayinjalo. Amakhono ayinkimbinkimbi ebhizinisi le-algorithmic adinga imisebenzi eminingi, ngakho izinkampani ngokuvamile zenza amaqembu ochwepheshe: abacwaningi, onjiniyela bedatha, onjiniyela bokufunda ngomshini, ososayensi bembangela nomthelela, njalo njalo. Umsebenzi wochwepheshe uhlanganiswa ngumphathi womkhiqizo ngokudluliswa kwemisebenzi ngendlela efana nemboni yephini: "umuntu oyedwa uthola idatha, omunye uyamodela, owesithathu uyawenza, izilinganiso zesine" njalonjalo,
Maye, akufanele sithuthukise amaqembu ethu Esayensi Yedatha ukuze sithuthukise ukukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, yilokhu okwenzayo uma uqonda lokho okukhiqizayo: izikhonkwane noma enye into, futhi mane nje ulwele ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle. Inhloso yemigqa yokuhlanganisa ukuqedela umsebenzi. Sazi kahle esikufunayo - izikhonkwane (njengesibonelo sikaSmith), kodwa noma yimuphi umkhiqizo noma isevisi ingashiwo lapho izidingo zichaza ngokugcwele zonke izici zomkhiqizo nokuziphatha kwawo. Iqhaza labasebenzi ukufeza lezi zidingo ngendlela efanele ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kodwa inhloso yeDatha Science akukhona ukuqeda imisebenzi. Kunalokho, umgomo uwukuhlola nokuthuthukisa amathuba aqinile ebhizinisi. Imikhiqizo ye-algorithmic namasevisi afana nezinhlelo zokuncoma, ukusebenzisana kwamakhasimende, ukuhlukaniswa kwesitayela okuthandwayo, ubukhulu, idizayini yezingubo, ukulungiselelwa kahle kwezinto, ukutholwa kwethrendi yesizini nokunye okuningi akukwazi ukuthuthukiswa kusengaphambili. Kumele zifundwe. Awekho amapulani angaphindaphindwa, lawa amathuba amasha anokungaqiniseki okungokwemvelo. Ama-coefficients, amamodeli, izinhlobo zamamodeli, ama-hyperparameter, zonke izakhi ezidingekayo kufanele zifundwe ngokuhlolwa, ukuzama namaphutha, nokuphindaphinda. Ngezikhonkwane, ukuqeqeshwa nokuklama kwenziwa ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa. NgeSayensi Yedatha, ufunda njengoba wenza, hhayi ngaphambili.
Embonini yamaphini, lapho ukuqeqeshwa kuza kuqala, asilindele futhi asifuni ukuthi abasebenzi bathuthuke kunoma yisiphi isici somkhiqizo ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Imisebenzi eyisipesheli inengqondo ngoba iholela ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nokuvumelana kokukhiqiza (ngaphandle kwezinguquko emkhiqizweni wokugcina).
Kodwa lapho umkhiqizo usathuthuka futhi inhloso kuwukuqeqeshwa, ubuchwepheshe buphazamisa izinhloso zethu kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:
1. Kwenyusa izindleko zokuxhumanisa.
Okungukuthi, lezo zindleko ezinqwabelana phakathi nesikhathi esichithwe kukhulunywa, kuxoxiswane, kuthethelelwa futhi kubekwe phambili umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe. Lezi zindleko zilingana kakhulu nenani labantu abahilelekile. (Njengoba u-J. Richard Hackman asifundisa, inani lobudlelwano r likhula ngokufana nomsebenzi wenombolo yamagama n ngokwalesi sibalo: r = (n^2-n)/2. Futhi ubuhlobo ngabunye buveza inani elithile ubudlelwano bezindleko.) Lapho ososayensi bedatha bahlelwa ngomsebenzi, kuzo zonke izigaba, ngalo lonke ushintsho, ukunikezwa ngakunye, njll., ochwepheshe abaningi bayadingeka, okwandisa izindleko zokuxhumanisa. Isibonelo, abamodela bezibalo abafuna ukuhlola izici ezintsha kuzodingeka baxhumanise nonjiniyela bedatha abengeza kumasethi wedatha njalo lapho befuna ukuzama okuthile okusha. Ngokunjalo, imodeli entsha ngayinye eqeqeshiwe isho ukuthi umthuthukisi oyimodeli uzodinga othile azosebenzisana naye ukuze ayifake ekukhiqizeni. Izindleko zokuxhumanisa zisebenza njengenani lokuphindaphinda, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu futhi kubize kakhulu futhi okungenzeka kubangele ukuba ucwaningo luyekwe. Lokhu kungase kuphazamise ukufunda.
2. Kwenza izikhathi zokulinda zibe nzima.
Okwesabisa kakhulu kunezindleko zokuhlanganisa isikhathi esilahlekile phakathi kwamashifu omsebenzi. Nakuba izindleko zokuxhumanisa ngokuvamile zilinganiswa ngamahora - isikhathi esisithathayo ukuqhuba imihlangano, izingxoxo, ukubuyekezwa kwemiklamo - isikhathi sokulinda sivame ukukalwa ngezinsuku, amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga! Amashejuli ochwepheshe abasebenzayo anzima ukulinganisa ngoba uchwepheshe ngamunye kufanele asatshalaliswe kumaphrojekthi amaningi. Umhlangano wehora elilodwa wokuxoxa ngezinguquko ungathatha amasonto ukuze kusheleleke ukuhamba komsebenzi. Futhi ngemva kokuvumelana ngezinguquko, kuyadingeka ukuhlela umsebenzi wangempela ngokwawo kumongo weminye imisebenzi eminingi ethatha isikhathi sokusebenza sochwepheshe. Umsebenzi ohilela ukulungiswa kwekhodi noma ucwaningo oluthatha amahora ambalwa noma izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela ukuqedwa kungase kuthathe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba izinsiza zitholakale. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukuphindaphinda nokufunda kumisiwe.
3. Inciphisa umongo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezabasebenzi kungakhawulela ukufunda ngokuzenzela abantu ngokuklomelisa ngokuhlala bekhethekile. Isibonelo, usosayensi ocwaningayo okufanele ahlale ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusebenza kwakhe uzogxilisa amandla akhe ekuhloleni izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-algorithms: ukuhlehla, amanethiwekhi emizwa, ihlathi elingahleliwe, njalonjalo. Yebo, ukukhetha okuhle kwe-algorithm kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulayo, kodwa ngokuvamile kunokuningi okungazuzwa kweminye imisebenzi, njengokuhlanganisa imithombo emisha yedatha. Ngokufanayo, kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa imodeli esebenzisa wonke amandla achazayo atholakala kudatha. Kodwa-ke, amandla ayo angahle alele ekuguquleni umsebenzi wenhloso noma ukuphumuza izithiyo ezithile. Lokhu kunzima ukukubona noma ukukwenza uma umsebenzi wakhe unomkhawulo. Ngenxa yokuthi usosayensi wezobuchwepheshe ugxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ama-algorithms, mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi enze noma yini enye, noma ngabe iletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile.
Ukuqamba izimpawu ezivelayo lapho amaqembu esayensi yedatha esebenza njengezimboni zokuphina (ngokwesibonelo, ezibuyekezweni ezilula zesimo): “ukulinda izinguquko zepayipi ledatha” kanye “nokulindela izinsiza ze-ML Eng” kuyizivimbi ezivamile. Kodwa-ke, ngikholwa ukuthi ithonya eliyingozi kakhulu yilokho ongaliboni, ngoba awukwazi ukuzisola ngalokho ongakakwazi. Ukwenza okungenaphutha kanye nokunethezeka okuzuzwe ekufezeni impumelelo yenqubo kungafihla iqiniso lokuthi izinhlangano azizazi izinzuzo zokufunda eziphuthelwa kuzo.
Isixazululo sale nkinga, yiqiniso, ukususa indlela yephini yefekthri. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukufunda nokuphindaphinda, izindima zikasosayensi wedatha kufanele zibe yizinselele kodwa zibe nezibopho ezibanzi ezizimele ngaphandle komsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, okungukuthi, ukuhlela ososayensi bedatha ukuze bathuthukiselwe ukufunda. Lokhu kusho ukuqasha “ochwepheshe bezitaki ezigcwele”—ochwepheshe abajwayelekile abangakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukene, kusukela kumqondo kuye ekumodeleni, ukuqaliswa kuya ekukaleni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi angiphakamisi ukuthi ukuqasha ithalente eligcwele kufanele kwehlise isibalo sabasebenzi. Kunalokho, ngizovele ngicabange ukuthi uma zihlelwa ngendlela ehlukile, izisusa zazo zihambisana kangcono nezinzuzo zokufunda nokusebenza. Isibonelo, ake sithi uneqembu labantu abathathu abanamakhono amathathu ebhizinisi. Embonini yamaphini, uchwepheshe ngamunye uzonikela ingxenye yesithathu yesikhathi sakhe emsebenzini ngamunye, njengoba akekho omunye ongenza umsebenzi wakhe. Esitakini esigcwele, i-generalist ngayinye izinikele ngokugcwele kuyo yonke inqubo yebhizinisi, ukukhuphula, nokuqeqeshwa.
Njengoba abantu abambalwa abasekela umjikelezo wokukhiqiza, ukusebenzisana kuyehla. I-generalist ihamba kancane phakathi kwezici, inweba ipayipi ledatha ukuze ingeze idatha eyengeziwe, izama izici ezintsha kumamodeli, ikhiphe izinguqulo ezintsha ekukhiqizeni ukuze kulinganiswe imbangela, futhi iphinda izinyathelo ngokushesha lapho kuvela imibono emisha. Kunjalo, inqola yesiteshi yenza imisebenzi ehlukene ngokulandelana hhayi ngokufana. Phela ngumuntu oyedwa nje. Nokho, ukuqeda umsebenzi ngokuvamile kuthatha ingxenye encane yesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ufinyelele enye insiza ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokuphindaphinda siyancipha.
I-generalist yethu ingase ingabi nekhono njengochwepheshe emsebenzini othile, kodwa asilweli ukwenza umsebenzi oncomekayo noma ukuthuthukiswa okuncane okukhuphukayo. Kunalokho, silwela ukufunda futhi sithole izinselele ezengeziwe zochwepheshe ezinomthelela kancane kancane. Ngomongo ophelele wesixazululo esiphelele, ubona amathuba uchwepheshe angawageja. Unemibono eminingi kanye namathuba amaningi. Naye uyehluleka. Nokho, izindleko zokwehluleka ziphansi futhi izinzuzo zokufunda ziphezulu. Le asymmetry ikhuthaza ukuphindaphinda okusheshayo futhi ivuze ukufunda.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inani lokuzimela kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamakhono elinikezwa ososayensi abayinqwaba lincike kakhulu ekuqineni kwenkundla yedatha okufanele kusetshenzwe kuyo. Inkundla yedatha eklanywe kahle ikhipha ososayensi bedatha kusukela kunkimbinkimbi yokuqukatha, ukucubungula okusatshalaliswayo, ukuhluleka okuzenzakalelayo, neminye imiqondo yekhompuyutha ethuthukisiwe. Ngokungeziwe ekukhipheni, inkundla yedatha eqinile inganikeza ukuxhumana okungenazihibe kungqalasizinda yokuhlola, ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo nokuxwayisa, inike amandla ukukala okuzenzakalelayo nokuboniswa kwemiphumela ye-algorithmic kanye nokulungisa iphutha. Lezi zingxenye ziklanywe futhi zakhiwe onjiniyela benkundla yedatha, okusho ukuthi azidluliswanga zisuka kusosayensi wedatha ziye eqenjini lokuthuthukisa inkundla yedatha. Nguchwepheshe we-Data Science onesibopho sayo yonke ikhodi esetshenziswa ukuqhuba inkundla.
Nami, ngake ngaba nentshisekelo ekuhlukaniseni ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi besebenzisa inqubo esebenza kahle, kodwa ngokuzama nangephutha (ayikho indlela engcono yokufunda), ngathola ukuthi izindima ezijwayelekile zisiza kangcono ukufunda nokuqamba izinto ezintsha futhi zihlinzeka ngamamethrikhi afanele: ukuthola kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. ukwakha amathuba amaningi ebhizinisi kunendlela ekhethekile. (Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokufunda ngale ndlela yokuhlela kunesivivinyo nephutha engadlula kulo ukufunda incwadi ka-Amy Edmondson ethi Team Collaboration: How Organizations Learn, Innovate, and Competing in the Knowledge Economy).
Kukhona ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile okungenza le ndlela yokuhlela ithembeke kakhulu kwezinye izinkampani. Inqubo yokuphindaphinda inciphisa izindleko zokuzama nephutha. Uma izindleko zephutha ziphezulu, ungase ufune ukuzinciphisa (kodwa lokhu akunconyelwe izicelo zezokwelapha noma ukukhiqiza). Ukwengeza, uma usebenzisana nama-petabytes noma ama-exabyte edatha, kungase kudingeke ubungcweti bobunjiniyela bedatha. Ngokunjalo, uma ukugcina amakhono ebhizinisi eku-inthanethi nokutholakala kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuwathuthukisa, ukusebenza kahle kungase kukhuphule ukufunda. Ekugcineni, imodeli yesitaki esigcwele incike emibonweni yabantu abazi ngayo. Akuwona ama-unicorn; ungazithola noma uzilungiselele wena. Kodwa-ke, zifunwa kakhulu futhi ukuziheha nokuzigcina kuzodinga isinxephezelo esincintisanayo, amanani aqinile ezinkampani kanye nomsebenzi oyinselele. Qiniseka ukuthi isiko lenkampani yakho lingakweseka lokhu.
Ngisho nakho konke okushiwo, ngikholelwa ukuthi imodeli yesitaki esigcwele inikeza izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokuqala. Qala ngabo, bese uqonda esigabeni sokusebenza kuphela uma kunesidingo.
Kukhona okunye okungalungile kokusebenza okukhethekile. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni yisibopho kanye nokungenzi lutho ngabasebenzi. USmith ngokwakhe ugxeka ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi, ephakamisa ukuthi kuholela ekuthunjweni kwethalenta, i.e. abasebenzi baba nokungazi futhi bayahoxa njengoba indima yabo ilinganiselwe emisebenzini embalwa ephindaphindwayo. Nakuba ukukhethekile kungase kunikeze ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, mancane amathuba okuthi kukhuthaze abasebenzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindima eziguquguqukayo zinikeza zonke izinto eziqhuba ukwaneliseka komsebenzi: ukuzimela, ukuba namandla, kanye nenjongo. Ukuzimela ukuthi abancikile kunoma yini ukuze bathole impumelelo. I-Mastery ilele ezinhlelweni eziqinile zokuncintisana. Futhi umqondo wenhloso usethubeni lokuba nomthelela ebhizinisini abalidalayo. Uma singenza abantu bajabule ngomsebenzi wabo futhi sibe nomthelela omkhulu enkampanini, konke okunye kuzohamba kahle.
Source: www.habr.com