Iqoqo lezincwadi zokuthi ungafunda kanjani, ucabange futhi wenze izinqumo ezisebenzayo

Kubhulogi yethu ku-Habré asishicileli nje izindaba ezimayelana nayo intuthuko umphakathi we-ITMO University, kodwa futhi nohambo lwezithombe - ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho kwethu ama-laboratories amarobhothi, ilabhorethri yezinhlelo ze-cyberphysical и I-DIY coworking Fablab.

Namuhla sihlanganise iqoqo lezincwadi ezihlola amathuba okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi nokufunda ngokombono wamaphethini okucabanga.

Isithombe: g_u /flickr/ CC BY-SA

Imikhuba Yokucabanga

Kungani Abantu Abahlakaniphile Bengaba Iziwula Kangaka

URobert Sternberg (Yale University Press, 2002)

Abantu abahlakaniphile ngezinye izikhathi benza amaphutha ayisiphukuphuku. Labo abakholelwa ngobumpumputhe emandleni abo ngokuvamile bawela ezindaweni eziyimpumputhe bona ngokwabo abangazazi. Izindatshana ezikule ncwadi zihlola imikhuba emibi yezihlakaniphi, kusukela ekushayeni indiva ubudlelwano obusobala bembangela-nomphumela kuye ekuthambekeni kokweqisa ulwazi lwabo. Le ncwadi izokusiza ukuthi ucabange ngokujulile ngendlela esicabanga ngayo, esiyifundayo, nesisebenza ngayo.

Indlela Izingane Ezihluleka Ngayo

UJohn Holt (1964, Pitman Publishing Corp.)

Uthisha waseMelika uJohn Holt ungomunye wabagxeki abavelele bezinhlelo zemfundo ezimisiwe. Le ncwadi isekelwe kulokho abhekana nakho njengothisha kanye nokuqaphela kwakhe ukuthi abafundi bebanga lesihlanu babhekana kanjani nokuhluleka ukufunda. Izahluko zisikhumbuza okubhalwe kudayari - zizungeza izimo umbhali azihlaziya kancane kancane. Ukufunda ngokucophelela kuzokuvumela ukuthi ucabange kabusha ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho futhi uqonde ukuthi yimiphi imikhuba "yemfundo" egxilile kuwe kusukela ebuntwaneni. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngesiRashiya ngawo-90s, kodwa ayisanyatheliswa.

Ukufundisa Njengomsebenzi Wokubhidliza

UNeil Postman noCharles Weingartner (Delacorte Press, 1969)

Ngokusho kwababhali, izinkinga eziningi zabantu - ezifana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kanye nobhadane lokugula ngengqondo - zihlala zingaxazululeki ngenxa yendlela yokufunda eyafakwa kithi ebuntwaneni. Ukuze uphile impilo enenjongo futhi uguqule umhlaba ube ngcono, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuguqula isimo sakho sengqondo ngolwazi olunjalo kanye nenqubo yokuluthola. Ababhali baphikisana nokucabanga okujulile nokuhlela inqubo yemfundo emayelana nemibuzo kunezimpendulo.

Ukufunda ukufunda

Kwenze Kunamathele: Isayensi Yokufunda Okuphumelelayo

U-Peter C. Brown, u-Henry L. Roediger III, u-Mark A. McDaniel (2014)

Encwadini uzothola kokubili incazelo yenqubo yemfundo ngokombono wengqondo kanye namathiphu asebenzayo wokuyithuthukisa. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa kumasu okufundisa angasebenzi ekusebenzeni. Ababhali bazochaza ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka futhi bakutshele ukuthi yini engenziwa ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimfuneko zemfundo zomfundi akusizi. Ucwaningo luthi ukuthambekela ezindleleni ezithile zokufundisa akuphazamisi ukuphumelela kokutadisha.

Ukugeleza: IPsychology Yokuzizwisa Okufanelekile

Mihaly Cziksentmihalyi (Harper, 1990)

Umsebenzi odume kakhulu wesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Enkabeni yencwadi kunomqondo "wokugeleza." Umbhali uyaqinisekisa ukuthi ikhono “lokuhlanganisa nokugeleza” njalo lenza ukuphila komuntu kube nenjongo, kujabulise futhi kukhiqize. Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngokuthi abameleli bemisebenzi ehlukene - kusukela kubaculi kuya kwabaqwali bezintaba - bathola lesi simo, nokuthi yini ongayifunda kubo. Umsebenzi ubhalwe ngolimi olufinyelelekayo noludumile - eduze nezincwadi zohlobo "lokuzisiza". Kulo nyaka le ncwadi yaphinde yanyatheliswa ngesiRashiya.

Indlela Yokuxazulula: Isici Esisha Sendlela Yezibalo

UGeorge Polya (Princeton University Press, 1945)

Umsebenzi wakudala wesazi sezibalo saseHungary uGyorgy Pólya uyisingeniso sokusebenza ngendlela yezibalo. Iqukethe inani lamasu asetshenzisiwe angasetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo nezinye izinhlobo zezinkinga. Insiza ebalulekile yalabo abafuna ukuthuthukisa isiyalo sobuhlakani esidingekayo ukuze bafunde isayensi. ESoviet Union, le ncwadi yanyatheliswa emuva ngo-1959 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “How to Solve a Problem.”

Cabanga njengesazi sezibalo: Indlela yokuxazulula noma iyiphi inkinga ngokushesha nangempumelelo kakhudlwana

U-Barbara Oakley (TarcherPerigee; 2014)

Akubona bonke abantu abafuna ukufunda isayensi eqondile, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akukho abangakufunda kosolwazi bezibalo. UBarbara Oakley, uprofesa wase-Oakland University, unjiniyela, isazi sefilosofi nomhumushi, ucabanga kanjalo. Cabanga Njengesazi Sezibalo sihlola izinqubo zomsebenzi zochwepheshe be-STEM futhi wabelane nabafundi ngezifundo ezibalulekile abangazithatha kubo. Sizokhuluma nge-mastering material ngaphandle kwe-cramming, inkumbulo - yesikhashana neyesikhathi eside, ikhono lokululama ekuhlulekeni kanye nokulwa nokuhlehlisa.

Ukufunda ukucabanga

Izindikimba ze-Metamagical: Ukufuna Ingqikithi Yengqondo Nephethini

UDouglas Hofstadter (Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo, 1985)

Ngokushesha ngemva kwencwadi kaDouglas Hofstader kasosayensi onengqondo kanye nomnqobi wePulitzer PrizeGödel, Escher, Bach"yanyatheliswa, umlobi waqala ukunyathelisa njalo kumagazini i-Scientific American. Amakholomu awabhala kulo magazini kamuva anezelwa ngokuhlaziya futhi ahlanganiswa aba incwadi enesisindo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Metamagical Themas. I-Hofstader ithinta izihloko ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nemvelo yokucabanga komuntu, kusukela ekuboneni okubonakalayo kanye nomculo we-Chopin kuya kubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nezinhlelo. Imibono yombhali ikhonjiswa ngokuhlolwa kwemicabango.

I-Labyrinths of Reason: I-Paradox, Izindida, kanye Nobuthakathaka Bolwazi

UWilliam Poundstone (Anchor Press, 1988)

Kuyini "ingqondo evamile"? Lwakhiwa kanjani ulwazi? Umqondo wethu womhlaba uqhathaniswa kanjani neqiniso? Le mibuzo neminye iphendulwa umsebenzi kaWilliam Poundstone, isazi sefiziksi ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nomlobi ngobizo. UWilliam uhlola futhi aphendule imibuzo ye-epistemological ngokwembula izici ezixakayo zokucabanga komuntu ezinganakwa kalula. Phakathi kwabalandeli bale ncwadi kukhona usosayensi ohlakaniphile uDouglas Hofstader, okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni, umlobi wezinganekwane zesayensi u-Isaac Asimov, nesazi sezibalo uMartin Gardner.

Cabanga kancane...nquma ngokushesha

UDaniel Kahneman (Farrar, Straus noGiroux, 2011)

UDaniel Kahneman unguprofesa eNyuvesi yasePrinceton, owathola umklomelo kaNobel, futhi ongomunye wabasunguli bezomnotho wokuziphatha. Lena incwadi yesihlanu neyokugcina yombhali, evame ukulandisa okunye akutholile ngokwesayensi. Le ncwadi ichaza izinhlobo ezimbili zokucabanga: ukuhamba kancane nokushesha, kanye nomthelela wazo ezinqumweni esizenzayo. Kunakwa kakhulu izindlela zokuzikhohlisa abantu abahlanganyela kuzo ukuze benze ukuphila kwabo kube lula. Awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kweseluleko sokusebenza ngokwakho.

PS Ungathola ezinye izincwadi ezithakazelisayo ngesihloko kule nqolobane.

Source: www.habr.com