Ziningi izifundo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni wezemfundo yobunjiniyela, kodwa imvamisa ikharikhulamu eyakhiwe eduze kwazo iba nephutha elilodwa elibi kakhulu - ukuntuleka kokubumbana okuhle phakathi kwezihloko ezahlukahlukene. Omunye angase aphikise: kungenzeka kanjani lokhu?
Lapho kwakhiwa uhlelo lokuqeqesha, izinto ezidingekayo kanye nokuhleleka okucacile okufanele kufundwe ngazo izifundo kuyakhonjiswa esifundweni ngasinye. Isibonelo, ukuze wakhe futhi uhlele irobhothi leselula lakudala, udinga ukwazi i-mechanics encane ukuze udale isakhiwo sayo somzimba; izisekelo zikagesi ezingeni lemithetho ye-Ohm/Kirchhoff, ukumelwa kwezimpawu zedijithali ne-analog; ukusebenza ngama-vectors kanye namatrices ukuze kuchazwe ukuxhumanisa amasistimu nokunyakaza kwerobhothi emkhathini; izisekelo zokuhlela ezingeni lokwethulwa kwedatha, ama-algorithms alula kanye nezakhiwo zokudlulisa ukulawula, njll. ukuchaza ukuziphatha.
Ngabe konke lokhu kufakwa ezifundweni zasenyuvesi? Yebo babe. Nokho, ngemithetho ka-Ohm/Kirchhoff sithola i-thermodynamics kanye nethiyori yasensimini; ngaphezu kokusebenza ngomatikuletsheni nama-vector, umuntu kufanele abhekane namafomu aseJordani; ekuhleleni, funda i-polymorphism - izihloko ezingadingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuxazulula inkinga elula esebenzayo.
Imfundo yasenyuvesi ibanzi - umfundi uhamba phambili futhi ngokuvamile akayiboni incazelo kanye nokubaluleka okungokoqobo kolwazi alutholayo. Sinqume ukuguqula i-paradigm yemfundo yaseyunivesithi ku-STEM (kusuka kumagama Isayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela, Izibalo) futhi sakha uhlelo olusekelwe ekuhambisaneni kolwazi, okuvumela ukwanda kokuphelela esikhathini esizayo, okungukuthi, kusho ukuphumelela okukhulu kwezifundo.
Ukufunda indawo yesifundo esisha kungafaniswa nokuhlola indawo yendawo. Futhi nansi izinketho ezimbili: noma sinemephu enemininingwane eminingi enenani elikhulu lemininingwane edinga ukufundwa (futhi lokhu kuthatha isikhathi esiningi) ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu zomhlaba eziyinhloko nokuthi zihlobana kanjani. ; noma ungasebenzisa uhlelo lwakudala, lapho kuphela amaphuzu ayinhloko kanye nezikhundla zabo ezihambisanayo kuboniswa - imephu enjalo yanele ukuqala ngokushesha ukuhamba ngendlela efanele, icacisa imininingwane njengoba uhamba.
Sihlole indlela ejulile yokufunda ye-STEM esikoleni sasebusika, esasibambe ndawonye nabafundi be-MIT ngokusekelwa
Ukulungiswa kwezinto
Ingxenye yokuqala yohlelo lwesikole kwakuyisonto lamakilasi ezindaweni eziyinhloko, ezazihlanganisa i-algebra, amasekhethi kagesi, ukwakhiwa kwamakhompiyutha, uhlelo lwePython kanye nesingeniso seROS (I-Robot Operating System).
Izikhombisi-ndlela azikhethwanga ngenhlanhla: ukuphelelisana, bekufanele zisize abafundi babone ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ezibonakala zihlukile uma uthi nhlá - imathematics, electronics kanye nezinhlelo.
Yiqiniso, umgomo oyinhloko kwakungekhona ukunikeza izinkulumo eziningi, kodwa ukunikeza abafundi ithuba lokusebenzisa ulwazi olusanda kuthola ngokwabo ekusebenzeni.
Esigabeni se-algebra, abafundi babengazijwayeza ukusebenza kwe-matrix kanye nezinhlelo zokuxazulula izibalo, ezaziwusizo ekutadisheni amasekhethi kagesi. Ngemva kokufunda ngesakhiwo se-transistor kanye nezinto ezinengqondo ezakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sayo, abafundi bangabona ukusetshenziswa kwabo kudivayisi yokucubungula, futhi ngemva kokufunda izisekelo zolimi lwePython, bhala uhlelo lwerobhothi langempela kulo.
Duckietown
Omunye wemigomo yesikole kwakuwukunciphisa ukusebenza kwezilingisi lapho kungenzeka khona. Ngakho-ke, kwalungiswa iqoqo elikhulu lamasekethe e-elekthronikhi, abafundi okwakudingeka bahlangane ebhodini lokudla kusuka ezingxenyeni zangempela futhi bazihlole ngokusebenza, futhi i-Duckietown yakhethwa njengesisekelo samaphrojekthi.
I-Duckietown iphrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile ehilela amarobhothi amancane azimele abizwa ngokuthi ama-Duckiebots kanye namanethiwekhi emigwaqo ahamba ngayo. I-Duckiebot iyinkundla enamasondo efakwe i-Raspberry Pi microcomputer nekhamera eyodwa.
Ngokusekelwe kukho, silungiselele isethi yemisebenzi engenzeka, njengokwakha imephu yomgwaqo, ukucinga izinto nokuma eduze kwazo, kanye nenani leminye. Abafundi bangaphinde baphakamise eyabo inkinga futhi bangabhali uhlelo lokuyixazulula kuphela, kodwa futhi balusebenzise ngokushesha erobhothini langempela.
Ukufundisa
Phakathi nenkulumo, othisha bethula indaba besebenzisa izintshumayelo ezilungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Amanye amakilasi aqoshwa ngevidiyo ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuwabuka ekhaya. Phakathi nezinkulumo, abafundi babesebenzisa izinto ezikumakhompyutha abo, babuze imibuzo, futhi baxazulule izinkinga ndawonye futhi ngokuzimela, ngezinye izikhathi ebhodini. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yomsebenzi, isilinganiso somfundi ngamunye sibalwa ngokwehlukana ezifundweni ezahlukene.
Ake sicabangele ukuziphatha kwamakilasi esifundweni ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe. Isihloko sokuqala bekuyi-algebra yomugqa. Abafundi bachitha usuku olulodwa befunda ama-vectors kanye nomatikuletsheni, amasistimu ezibalo zomugqa, njll. Imisebenzi engokoqobo yahlelwa ngokuhlanganyela: izinkinga ezihlongozwayo zaxazululwa ngazodwana, futhi uthisha nabanye abafundi banikeza imibono namathiphu.
Isifundo sesibili ugesi namasekhethi alula. Abafundi bafunde izinto eziyisisekelo ze-electrodynamics: i-voltage, yamanje, ukumelana, umthetho ka-Ohm kanye nemithetho kaKirchhoff. Imisebenzi engokoqobo ngokwengxenye yenziwa kusifanisi noma yaqedwa ebhodini, kodwa isikhathi esiningi sachithwa kwakhiwa amasekhethi angempela afana namasekhethi anengqondo, amasekhethi a-oscillating, njll.
Isihloko esilandelayo sithi I-Computer Architecture - ngomqondo othile, ibhuloho elixhumanisa i-physics nezinhlelo. Abafundi bafunde isisekelo esiyisisekelo, ukubaluleka kwaso okungokwetiyori kakhulu kunokusebenza. Njengomkhuba, abafundi baklame ngokuzimela amasekhethi e-arithmetic ne-logic kusifanisi futhi bathola amaphuzu emisebenzi eqediwe.
Usuku lwesine wusuku lokuqala lwezinhlelo. I-Python 2 ikhethwe njengolimi lokuhlela ngoba yilo olusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-ROS. Lolu suku lwaluhlelwe kanje: othisha bethula indaba, banikeza izibonelo zokuxazulula izinkinga, kuyilapho abafundi bezilalela, behlezi kumakhompyutha abo, futhi baphindaphinda lokho okubhalwe uthisha ebhodini noma ku-slide. Abafundi babe sebezixazulula ngokwabo izinkinga ezifanayo, futhi izixazululo kamuva zahlolwa othisha.
Usuku lwesihlanu lwanikezelwa ku-ROS: abafana bafunda ngohlelo lwamarobhothi. Usuku lonke lwesikole, abafundi babehlezi kumakhompyutha abo, besebenzisa ikhodi yohlelo uthisha ayekhuluma ngayo. Bakwazi ukuqhuba amayunithi e-ROS ayisisekelo ngokwabo futhi baphinde bethulwa kuphrojekthi yase-Duckietown. Ekupheleni kwalolu suku, abafundi base belungele ukuqala ingxenye yephrojekthi yesikole - ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo.
Incazelo yamaphrojekthi akhethiwe
Abafundi bacelwa ukuba bakhe amaqembu amathathu futhi bakhethe isihloko sephrojekthi. Ngenxa yalokho, amaphrojekthi alandelayo amukelwa:
1. Ukulinganisa umbala. I-Duckiebot idinga ukulinganisa ikhamera lapho izimo zokukhanyisa zishintsha, ngakho kunomsebenzi wokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo. Inkinga ukuthi ububanzi bemibala buzwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni. Abahlanganyeli basebenzise insiza ezogqamisa imibala edingekayo kuhlaka (obomvu, omhlophe nophuzi) futhi bakhe ububanzi bombala ngamunye ngefomethi ye-HSV.
2. Itekisi Ledada. Umbono wale phrojekthi ukuthi i-Duckiebot ingama eduze kwento, iyithathe bese ilandela umzila othile. Idada eliphuzi elikhanyayo lakhethwa njengento.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwegrafu yomgwaqo. Kunomsebenzi wokwakha igrafu yemigwaqo nezimpambano zomgwaqo. Umgomo wale phrojekthi ukwakha igrafu yomgwaqo ngaphandle kokunikeza idatha yemvelo ephambili ku-Duckiebot, kuncike kuphela kudatha yekhamera.
4. Imoto yokugada. Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ngabafundi ngokwabo. Bahlongoza ukufundisa enye i-Duckiebot, “umlindi,” ukuxosha omunye, “umphulamthetho.” Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswe indlela yokuqashelwa okuqondiwe kusetshenziswa umaka we-ArUco. Lapho nje ukuqashelwa sekuqediwe, isignali ithunyelwa “kumhlaseli” ukuze aqedele umsebenzi.
Ukulinganiswa kombala
Umgomo wephrojekthi ye-Colour Calibration bekuwukulungisa ububanzi bemibala ephawulekayo yokumaka ukuze ibe nezimo ezintsha zokukhanya. Ngaphandle kokulungiswa okunjalo, ukuqashelwa kwemigqa yokuma, izihlukanisi zemizila nemingcele yemigwaqo akulungile. Abahlanganyeli bahlongoze isixazululo esisekelwe ekucubunguleni amaphethini ombala wemakhaphu: obomvu, ophuzi nomhlophe.
Ngamunye wale mibala unobubanzi obumisiwe bamanani e-HSV noma e-RGB. Ngokusebenzisa lolu hlu, zonke izindawo zohlaka oluqukethe imibala efanelekile zitholakala, futhi enkulu kunazo zonke ikhethiwe. Le ndawo ithathwa njengombala odinga ukukhunjulwa. Amafomula ezibalo afana nokubala incazelo kanye nokuchezuka okujwayelekile abe esesetshenziswa ukulinganisa ububanzi bombala obusha.
Lobu bubanzi burekhodwa kumafayela okulungiselelwa kwekhamera ye-Duckiebot futhi angasetshenziswa kamuva. Indlela echaziwe isetshenziswe kuyo yomithathu imibala, ekugcineni kwakha ububanzi bombala ngamunye wemakhaphu.
Ukuhlola kubonise cishe ukuqashelwa okuphelele kwemigqa yokumaka, ngaphandle kwasezimweni lapho izinto zokumaka zisebenzisa itheyiphu ecwebezelayo, ebonisa imithombo yokukhanya ngamandla kangangokuthi nge-engeli yokubuka yekhamera izimpawu zazibonakala zimhlophe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala wayo wangempela wawumuphi.
Itekisi Ledada
Iphrojekthi ye-Duck Taxi yayihilela ukwakha i-algorithm yokusesha umgibeli wedada edolobheni, bese ilihambisa endaweni edingekayo. Ababambiqhaza bahlukanise le nkinga kabili: ukutholwa nokunyakaza eduze kwegrafu.
Abafundi bathole amadada ngokwenza kucatshangwe ukuthi idada linoma iyiphi indawo ohlakeni engabonakala njengephuzi, enonxantathu obomvu (uqhwaku) kulo. Lapho nje indawo enjalo itholwa ohlakeni olulandelayo, irobhothi kufanele lisondele kulo bese lime imizuzwana embalwa, lilingisa ukuhla komgibeli.
Bese, ukuba negrafu yomgwaqo yayo yonke i-duckietown nendawo ye-bot egcinwe enkumbulweni kusengaphambili, futhi futhi bethola indawo njengokufakwayo, ababambiqhaza bakhe indlela esuka endaweni yokusuka eya endaweni yokufika, besebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Dijkstra ukuze bathole izindlela kugrafu. . Okukhiphayo kuvezwa njengesethi yemiyalo - kuphenduka ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezilandelayo.
Igrafu Yemigwaqo
Inhloso yalo msebenzi bekuwukwakha igrafu - inethiwekhi yemigwaqo e-Duckietown. Amanodi egrafu ewumphumela ayizimpambanondlela, futhi ama-arcs ayimigwaqo. Ukwenza lokhu, i-Duckiebot kufanele ihlole idolobha futhi ihlaziye umzila wayo.
Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wephrojekthi, umqondo wokudala igrafu enesisindo wawucatshangelwa, kodwa wabe usulahlwa, lapho izindleko zomphetho zinqunywa ibanga (isikhathi sokuhamba) phakathi kweziphambano. Ukuqaliswa kwalo mbono kubonakale kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, futhi besingekho isikhathi esanele salokho esikoleni.
Uma i-Duckiebot ifika empambanweni yomgwaqo elandelayo, ikhetha umgwaqo ophuma empambanweni engakawuthathi. Lapho yonke imigwaqo kuzo zonke izimpambano zomgwaqo isidlulisiwe, uhlu olukhiqiziwe lwezindawo eziseduze komgwaqo luhlala lusenkumbulweni ye-bot, eguqulwa ibe isithombe kusetshenziswa umtapo wezincwadi we-Graphviz.
I-algorithm ehlongozwe abahlanganyeli ibingayifanele i-Duckietown engahleliwe, kodwa isebenze kahle edolobhaneni elincane elinezimpambanomgwaqo ezine ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwesikole. Umqondo bekuwukwengeza umaka we-ArUco empambanweni ngayinye equkethe isihlonzi sempambanomgwaqo ukuze kulandelelwe indlela izimpambanomgwaqo ezishayelwa ngayo.
Umdwebo we-algorithm owenziwe ngabahlanganyeli uboniswa esithombeni.
Patrol Car
Umgomo wale phrojekthi ukusesha, ukulandela kanye nokubopha i-bot ephula umthetho edolobheni lase-Duckietown. I-patrol bot kufanele ihambe eduze neringi yangaphandle yomgwaqo wedolobha, ibheke i-bot yesigebengu eyaziwayo. Ngemva kokuthola isigebengu, ibhothi yokugada kufanele ilandele umhlaseli futhi imphoqelele ukuba ame.
Umsebenzi waqala ngokuthungatha icebo lokuthola i-bot ohlakeni nokubona umuntu ongenela kuyo. Ithimba lihlongoze ukuhlomisa ibhothi ngayinye edolobheni ngomaka ohlukile ngemuva - njengezimoto zangempela zinezinombolo zokubhaliswa zezwe. Omaka be-ArUco bakhethelwe le njongo. Zike zasetshenziswa ngaphambilini e-duckietown njengoba kulula ukusebenza nazo futhi zikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuma komaka esikhaleni kanye nebanga laso.
Okulandelayo, kwakudingeka kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-patrol bot ihamba ngokuqinile embuthanweni wangaphandle ngaphandle kokuma ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-Duckiebot ihamba emzileni bese ima kulayini wokuma. Khona-ke, ngosizo lwezimpawu zomgwaqo, unquma ukumiswa kwempambanomgwaqo futhi enze ukukhetha mayelana nesiqondiso sokudlula empambanweni yomgwaqo. Esigabeni ngasinye esichazwe, esinye sezifunda zomshini wesimo esilinganiselwe werobhothi sinesibopho. Ukuze lisuse izitobhi ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo, ithimba lashintsha umshini wombuso ukuze kuthi lapho usondela emgqeni wokumisa, i-bot ishintshe ngokushesha esimweni sokushayela ngqo ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwakuwukuxazulula inkinga yokumisa i-bot yokungena. Ithimba lenze umbono wokuthi i-patrol bot ingaba nokufinyelela kwe-SSH ku-bot ngayinye edolobheni, okungukuthi, ibe nolwazi oluthile mayelana nokuthi iyiphi idatha yokugunyazwa nokuthi iyiphi i-id ngayinye enayo. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuthola isigebengu, i-patrol bot yaqala ukuxhuma nge-SSH ku-intruder bot futhi yavala uhlelo lwayo.
Ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umyalo wokuvala shaqa uqediwe, ibhothi yokugada nayo yema.
I-algorithm yokusebenza yerobhothi lokuqapha ingamelwa njengomdwebo olandelayo:
Ukusebenza kumaphrojekthi
Umsebenzi wawuhlelwe ngendlela efana ne-Scrum: njalo ekuseni abafundi bahlela imisebenzi yosuku lwamanje, futhi kusihlwa babika ngomsebenzi owenziwe.
Ngosuku lokuqala nelokugcina, abafundi balungiselela izethulo ezichaza umsebenzi nendlela yokuwuxazulula. Ukuze basize abafundi balandele izinhlelo zabo abazikhethile, othisha baseRussia naseMelika babehlala bekhona emakamelweni lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi wamaphrojekthi, bephendula imibuzo. Ukuxhumana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesiNgisi.
Imiphumela nokuboniswa kwayo
Umsebenzi wamaphrojekthi wathatha isonto elilodwa, ngemva kwalokho abafundi bethula imiphumela yabo. Wonke umuntu wayelungiselela izintshumayelo ayekhuluma kuzo ngalokho akufunde kulesi sikole, yiziphi izifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu azifundile, azithandayo noma angathandi. Ngemva kwalokho, iqembu ngalinye lethule iphrojekthi yalo. Wonke amaqembu ayiqedile imisebenzi yawo.
Ithimba elisebenzisa ukulinganiswa kombala liqede iphrojekthi ngokushesha kunabanye, ngakho futhi laba nesikhathi sokulungiselela imibhalo yohlelo lwalo. Futhi ithimba elisebenza kugrafu yomgwaqo, ngisho nangosuku lokugcina ngaphambi kokuboniswa kwephrojekthi, lazama ukucwenga nokulungisa ama-algorithms abo.
isiphetho
Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, sicele abafundi ukuthi bahlole imisebenzi edlule futhi baphendule imibuzo mayelana nokuthi isikole sihlangabezane kanjani nalokho ababekulindele, yimaphi amakhono abawatholile, njll. Bonke abafundi baqaphele ukuthi bafunde ukusebenza eqenjini, ukusabalalisa imisebenzi nokuhlela isikhathi sabo.
Abafundi baphinde bacelwa ukuthi balinganisele usizo nobunzima bezifundo abazithathile. Futhi lapha kwakhiwa amaqembu amabili okuhlola: kwezinye izifundo azizange ziveze ubunzima obuningi, abanye bazilinganise njengezinzima kakhulu.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikole sithathe isikhundla esifanele ngokuhlala sifinyeleleka kwabaqalayo emkhakheni othile, kodwa futhi sihlinzeke ngezinto zokuphindaphinda nokuhlanganiswa kwabafundi abanolwazi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inkambo yokuhlela (Python) yaphawulwa cishe yiwo wonke umuntu njengengeyona inkimbinkimbi kodwa ewusizo. Ngokusho kwabafundi, inkambo enzima kakhulu kwakuyi-"Computer Architecture".
Lapho abafundi bebuzwa mayelana namandla nobuthakathaka besikole, abaningi baphendula ngokuthi bayayithanda indlela yokufundisa ekhethiwe, lapho othisha benikeza usizo olusheshayo nolomuntu siqu futhi baphendule imibuzo.
Abafundi baphinde baphawula ukuthi bayathanda ukusebenza ngendlela yokuhlela imisebenzi yabo nsuku zonke futhi bazibekele ezabo izinsuku. Njengemibi, abafundi baqaphele ukuntula kolwazi olunikeziwe, okwakudingeka lapho usebenza ne-bot: lapho uxhuma, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo nezimiso zokusebenza kwayo.
Cishe bonke abafundi baphawule ukuthi isikole seqe ngaphezu kwalokho ababekulindele, futhi lokhu kubonisa indlela efanele yokuhlela isikole. Ngakho, izimiso ezivamile kufanele zigcinwe lapho kuhlelwa isikole esilandelayo, kucatshangelwa futhi, uma kungenzeka, kuqedwe ukushiyeka okuphawulwe abafundi nothisha, ngokunokwenzeka kushintshwe uhlu lwezifundo noma isikhathi sokufundisa kwabo.
Ababhali besihloko: ithimba в
PS Ibhulogi yethu yebhizinisi inegama elisha. Manje izonikezelwa kumaphrojekthi wokufundisa we-JetBrains.
Source: www.habr.com