Ngokuzayo, lapho uzithola usesiteshini, thatha umzuzu wokunaka kwakho bese uwukhokhela embhalweni, phakathi nendawo ezansi kakhulu nemoto yesitimela, lapho uzokhishelwa khona uye kwakho okulandelayo obulindelwe isikhathi eside. iholidi. Lo mbhalo awukho ngenhlanhla; usitshela inombolo efanayo engaqondakali, evamile ye-brake air distributor efakwe kule moto.
Umbhalo uyabonakala ngisho noma isitimela simi endaweni ephakeme, ngakho ungaphuthelwa.

Kule moto - "Ammendorf", eyalungiswa kabusha (KVR) eTver Carriage Works, umsabalalisi womoya (VR) conv. No. 242 uhlobo lwabagibeli. Manje isifakiwe kuzo zonke izimoto ezintsha “nezingagqokile”, ingena esikhundleni se-VR engama-292 yangaphambili. Yilawa madivayisi angawomndeni wemishini yokubhuleka esizokhuluma ngayo namuhla.

1. I-Westinghouse Heirs

Izisabalalisi zomoya zohlobo lwabagibeli ezisetshenziswa kojantshi wegeji engu-1520 mm ziwuhlobo lokuyekelela phakathi komklamo olula ozuzwe njengefa kumavalvu amathathu ase-Westinghouse kanye nezidingo zokuphepha zomgwaqo. Abazange badlule emgudwini omude futhi omangalisayo njengozakwabo bempahla.

Njengamanje, kusetshenziswa amamodeli amabili: i-air distributor conv. No. 292 kanye ne-conv. ye-air distributor, eyishintsha ngokushesha (okungenani emikhunjini ye-Russian Railways). Inombolo 242.

Lawa madivaysi ahlukene ngesakhiwo, kodwa acishe afane ngezakhiwo zawo zokusebenza Zombili lezi zisetshenziswa zisebenza ngokuhlukana kwezingcindezi ezimbili - kulayini wamabhuleki (TM) kanye nereservoir (R). Zombili zinikeza ukukhishwa okwengeziwe komugqa wamabhuleki ngesikhathi sokubhuleka: i-292 ikhipha i-TM ekamelweni elikhethekile elivaliwe (igumbi lokukhipha uketshezi), elinomthamo we-1 litre, kanye ne-242 - ngqo emkhathini. Womabili amadivayisi afakwe isisheshisi esiphuthumayo sokubhuleka. Womabili amadivaysi awanakho ukukhishwa okuhamba kancane - adedela ngokushesha lapho ingcindezi ku-TM ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwengcindezi endaweni yokuthungela esungulwe lapho ngemuva kokubhuleka kokugcina; njengoba besho, banokukhululwa "okuthambile".

Ukuntuleka kokukhishwa okuhamba kancane kunxeshezelwa yiqiniso lokuthi zombili izisetshenziswa azisebenzi zodwa emotweni (yize zingakwazi), kodwa kanye ne-electric air distributor conv. Inombolo 305, eyethula ukulawulwa kwamabhuleki kagesi, kanye negumbi lokusebenza eline-relay yomoya, enikeza ikhono lokukhipha isinyathelo.

Njengesibonelo, cabanga nge-VR 242, njengeyesimanjemanje, kanye ne-EVR 305.

I-VR 242 entsha sha kuphaneli ye-pneumatic ekamelweni lenjini ye-EP20 locomotive kagesi


Yona efanayo ifakwe enqoleni yabagibeli


Manje ake siphendukele kumklamo kanye nesimiso sokusebenza sale divayisi.

Umdwebo ochaza idivayisi ye-VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 - izimbobo ezilinganisiwe; 2,4 - izihlungi; 5 - i-piston yomkhawulo wokukhipha owengeziwe we-TM;
7, 10, 13, 21, 22 - iziphethu; 8 - i-valve yokukhipha; 9 - induku engenalutho; 11 - i-piston eyinhloko; I-12 - i-valve yokukhipha eyengeziwe; 14 — ukuma kweswishi yemodi yokusebenza; 15 - i-piston yokushintsha imodi yokusebenza; 17. 28 - izinduku; 18 - i-valve yokubopha; 19 - i-valve yokudayisa; 20 — ukuma kweswishi yokubhuleka yesimo esiphuthumayo; 23, 26 - ama-valve; 24 - umgodi; 25 - i-piston ye-accelerator ye-brake ephuthumayo; 27 - i-valve yokunciphisa ukukhishwa okwengeziwe; I-UK - igumbi lokusheshisa; I-ZK - igumbi le-spool; MK - igumbi eliyinhloko; I-TM - i-brake line, i-ZR - ithangi eliyisipele; TC - isilinda brake


Uqala kuphi umsabalalisi womoya? Iqala ngokushaja, okungukuthi, ukugcwalisa amagumbi okusabalalisa umoya ngokwawo kanye ne-reserve tank ngomoya ocindezelwe ovela kulayini wamabhuleki. Lezi zinqubo zenzeka lapho i-locomotive iqalwa edepho, lapho imi ngaphandle komoya, kanye nakuzo zonke izimoto, lapho ihlanganiswa ne-locomotive, futhi i-valve yokugcina ivuliwe - isitimela sithathwa "somoya". Ake siyibhekisise le nqubo

Isenzo se-BP 242 lapho ishaja


Ngakho-ke, umoya ovela kulayini wamabhuleki, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-0,5 MPa, ugijimela kudivayisi, ugcwalisa igumbi le-U4 ngaphansi kwepiston esheshayo, bese ukhuphuka esiteshini (esiboniswe ngokubomvu), ngesihlungi 4, ngesiteshi A ungene ekamelweni elikhulu. (MK), eyisekela ngaphansi kwe-piston 11 eyinhloko, iyaphakama, ngentonga yayo engenalutho engu-9 ivula i-valve yokukhipha 8, exhumanisa umgodi we-cylinder yebhuleki nomkhathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umoya ovela kusihlungi, eduze kwesiteshi se-axial yenduku 28, ngembobo elinganisiwe engu-3, ​​ungena ethangini lokugcina (elikhonjiswe ngombala ophuzi), futhi ukusuka lapho udlule esiteshini ungene egumbini le-spool (SC) ngenhla. ipiston enkulu 11.

Le nqubo iqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ukucindezela ku-reserve tank, amakamelo amakhulu kanye ne-spool ilingana nokucindezela kokushaja kulayini wamabhuleki. I-piston eyinhloko izobuyela endaweni engathathi hlangothi, ivale i-valve yokukhipha. Umsabalalisi womoya usulungele ukusebenza.

Ngizobhala futhi - ingcindezi ku-TM ayizinzile, kukhona ukuvuza kuyo, ukuvuza okuncane, kodwa kuhlala kukhona. Okusho ukuthi, ingcindezi ku-TM ingase yehle. Uma ingcindezi iyancipha ngesilinganiso esingaphansi kwesilinganiso sesevisi, khona-ke umoya ovela ekamelweni le-spool unesikhathi sokugeleza ekamelweni eliyinhloko nge-throttle 3, i-piston eyinhloko ihlala endaweni futhi i-braking ayenzeki.

Lapho ingcindezi kulayini wamabhuleki iyancipha ngesilinganiso sokubhuleka kwesevisi, ingcindezi kuvalvu yebhuleki iyehla ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze i-piston enkulu iye phansi, ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezela okukhulu ekamelweni le-spool. Iya phansi, ivula i-valve yokukhipha eyengeziwe engu-12.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngesikhathi sokubhuleka: isigaba sokukhishwa okwengeziwe kwe-TM


Umoya osuka ekamelweni elikhulu, ngevalvu engu-12 ngeshaneli K, ngokusebenzisa umzila we-axial wenduku engu-28, uphumela emkhathini. Ingcindezi kulayini wamabhuleki kanye negumbi elikhulu lehla ngokushesha okukhulu futhi i-piston 11 iyaqhubeka nokuya phansi kwayo.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngesikhathi sokubhuleka: ukugcwaliswa kokuqala kwesilinda sebhuleki


Induku engenalutho yepiston 9 isuka kude nophawu kuvalvu yokukhipha umoya, ngaleyo ndlela ivule indlela yomoya ovela ethangini le-reserve, ogeleza ngesiteshi B ungene egumbini le-spool, umzila we-axial wenduku 9, isiteshi D kanye isishintshi semodi sidlulela kusilinda sebhuleki ngesiteshi L. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umoya ofanayo udlula esiteshini D ungene ku-U2, ucindezela i-piston 6, enqamula ishaneli yokukhipha eyengeziwe emkhathini. Ukuma kokukhipha okwengeziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, induku engu-28 ye-piston 6 yehla, iziteshi ze-radial ezikuyo zivinjelwe ama-rubber cuffs, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni amakamelo amakhulu kanye ne-spool. Lokhu kwandisa ukuzwela komsabalalisi womoya ekubhulekeni - manje ukwehlisa ingcindezi kulayini wamabhuleki nganoma isiphi isilinganiso kuzoholela ekwehlisweni kwepiston eyinhloko futhi kugcwalise isilinda sebhuleki.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngesikhathi sokubhuleka: ukushintsha izinga lokugcwalisa lesikhungo sokuthenga


Ekuqaleni, i-cylinder yebhuleki igcwaliswa ngokushesha, ngeshaneli ebanzi, ngevalve yebhuleki evulekile engu-18. Njengoba isilinda sebhuleki sigcwaliswa, i-chamber U16 ye-mode switch nayo igcwaliswa ngembobo elinganisiwe engu-1. Lapho ingcindezi iba yanele ukucindezela isiphethu ngaphansi kwe-piston 15, i-valve yebhuleki iyavaleka bese i-TC igcwaliswa ngembobo elinganisiwe ku-valve yebhuleki ngenani eliphansi. Lokhu kwenzeka uma isibambo se-mode switch 14 siphendulelwa endaweni ethi "D" (ijoyinti elide). Le ndlela isetshenziswa uma inani lezimoto esitimeleni lingaphezu kuka-15. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukunciphisa ijubane ukugcwala kwezitolo ezimotweni, kuqinisekiswe ukufana okukhulu kwamabhuleki esitimeleni.

Ezitimeleni ezimfushane, isibambo esingu-14 sibekwe endaweni “K” (isitimela esifushane). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ivula ngokuzenzakalelayo i-valve ye-brake 18, futhi ukugcwaliswa kwesikhungo sokuthenga kwenzeka ngesivinini esisheshayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Lapho umshayeli ebeka i-valve endaweni yokuvala, ukwehla kwengcindezi kumugqa wamabhuleki kuyama. Ukugcwaliswa kwe-cylinder ye-brake kuzokwenzeka kuze kube yilapho, ngenxa yokugeleza komoya wokugcwalisa, ingcindezi ethangini lokugcina, ngakho-ke ekamelweni le-spool, lehla, lilingana nokucindezela ekamelweni eliyinhloko, ngakho-ke emgqeni we-brake. I-piston eyinhloko izobuyela endaweni engathathi hlangothi. Ukugcwaliswa kwenxanxathela yezitolo kuyama, kuvimbekile.

Ukuze akhulule amabhuleki, umshayeli ubeka isibambo se-crane endaweni yoku-I. Umoya ovela ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ugijimela kulayini wamabhuleki, ukhulisa kakhulu ukucindezela kuwo (kufika ku-0,7 - 0,9 MPa, kuye ngobude besitimela). Ukucindezela ekamelweni elikhulu le-BP nakho kuyanda, okuholela ekutheni i-piston enkulu iqhubekele phezulu, ivule i-valve yokukhipha 8, lapho umoya ovela kumasilinda amabhuleki, kanye ne-chamber U2, ubalekela emkhathini. Ukwehla kwengcindezi ku-chamber U2 kubangela ukuthi i-piston 6 kanye ne-rod 28 iphakame, i-brake line kanye ne-reservoir ye-reservoir kuxhumane futhi nge-throttle 3 - indawo yokugcina amanzi iyashajwa.

Lapho ingcindezi yokushaja ku-surge tank (UR) ifinyelela ilingana nokucindezela kokushaja, umshayeli ubeka i-valve endaweni II (indawo yesitimela). Ingcindezi ku-TM ibuyiselwa ngokushesha ezingeni lokucindezela ku-UR. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa ye-throttle 3, ingcindezi ku-reserve tank ayikabi naso isikhathi sokukhuphukela kokushaja, ukushaja ukuzivikela komoya kuyaqhubeka, kodwa ngesivinini esincane. Kancane kancane, ukucindezela ku-reserve tank, main kanye nama-spool chambers kusethwa kulingana naleyo eshajayo. I-air distributor isiphinde isilungele ukuqhubeka nokubhuleka.

Ngokombono womshayeli, izinqubo ezichaziwe zibukeka kanjena:

Ingxenye ehlukile ye-VR 242 i-accelerator ye-braking ephuthumayo; kumdwebo itholakala ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwedivayisi. Lapho ushaja, kanye nokugcwalisa ingxenye eyinhloko yokusabalalisa umoya, i-accelerator nayo ikhokhiswa - i-cavity ngaphansi kwepiston 25 kanye nomgodi ongaphezulu kwepiston ugcwele umoya ngekamelo lokusheshisa (AC). I-brake line kanye nekamelo elisheshayo lixhumana nge-throttle hole 1, ububanzi bayo obufana nokuthi ngesikhathi sokubhuleka kwesevisi, ingcindezi ekamelweni elisheshayo likwazi ukulingana nokucindezela komugqa we-brake futhi i-accelerator ayisebenzi.

Ukusebenza kwe-accelerator yebhuleki eliphuthumayo


Kodwa-ke, lapho ukucindezela kwehla ngezinga eliphuthumayo - umoya uphuma emgqeni we-brake ngemizuzwana engu-3 - 4, izingcindezi azinaso isikhathi sokulingana, umoya ovela ekamelweni elisheshayo ucindezela i-piston 25, futhi ivule. i-valve ye-stall 19, ivula imbobo ebanzi emgqeni wamabhuleki lapho umoya ungena khona emkhathini, okwenza inqubo ibe nzima. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokubhuleka okuphuthumayo, lapho i-accelerator isebenza, iwindi kumugqa wamabhuleki liyavuleka emotweni ngayinye.

Ukucisha i-accelerator (isibonelo, uma ingasebenzi kahle), sebenzisa ukhiye okhethekile ukuvula i-stop 20, evimbela i-piston ye-accelerator endaweni ephezulu.

Naphezu kwamagama amaningi abhaliwe nezinhlamvu, empeleni le divayisi inomklamo olula nothembekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa neyandulelayo, i-BP 292, lena ayinawo ama-spools, asasebenza kahle, adinga ukugaya esibukweni kanye nokugcotshwa, futhi angaphansi kokugqoka.

I-Air distributor 242 iyidivayisi ezimele futhi ingasebenza ngaphandle kwabasizi. Eqinisweni, ezimotweni zabagibeli nezitimela, isebenza ngokuhlanganyela nenye into ebizwa ngokuthi

2. Umsabalalisi womoya kagesi (EVR) cond. Inombolo 305

Lolu cingo luklanyelwe ukusebenza kusistimu yebhuleki ye-electro-pneumatic esitokisini esiginqikayo sabagibeli. Kufakwe kumakalishi nezitimela kanye ne-VR 242 noma i-VR 292. Lena yindlela iyunithi yempahla yamabhuleki ebukeka ngayo enqoleni yabagibeli.

Ngaphambili kukhona isilinda sebhuleki. Ukuqhubekela phambili kancane, igumbi elisebenzayo i-EVR 305 liboshwe odongeni olungemuva lwesikhungo sokuthenga. Ingxenye kagesi ye-EVR kanye neswishi yokucindezela inamathiselwe kuyo kwesokunxele, futhi isisabalalisi somoya 292 sinamathiselwe kuso kwesokudla. I-outlet evela kulayini wamabhuleki (ependwe ngokubomvu) ixhunywe kuwo ngevalvu yokunqamula.

Idivayisi ye-EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 - iziteshi zomoya; 4 - i-valve yokukhulula; 5 - i-valve yokubopha; 7 - i-valve yasemkhathini; 8 - valve yokuhlinzeka; 11 - i-diaphragm; 13, 17 - imigodi ye-valve yokushintsha; I-15 - i-valve yokushintsha; 16 - uphawu lwe-valve yokushintsha; TC - isilinda brake; I-RK - igumbi lokusebenza; I-OV - i-valve yokukhululwa; I-TV - i-valve yokubopha; I-ZR - ithangi lokugcina; I-VR - umsabalalisi womoya

I-EVR 305 iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: igumbi lokusebenza (RC), i-valve yokushintsha (i-PC) kanye nomshini wokucindezela (RD). Izindlu zokushintsha umfutho ziqukethe ama-valve okukhululwa 4 nama-brake valves 5, alawulwa ngozibuthe kagesi.

Lapho ishaja, amandla awanikeziwe kuma-valve, i-valve yokukhulula ivula umgodi wegumbi lokusebenza emkhathini, futhi i-valve yebhuleki ivaliwe. Umoya ophuma kulayini wamabhuleki, ngokusebenzisa umsabalalisi womoya eziteshini ezingaphakathi kwe-EVR, udlulela ethangini eliyisipele, ulishaje, kodwa awuyi ndawo kwenye indawo, njengoba indlela yawo yokungena emgodini ongaphezulu kwe-diaphragm ye-switch switch ivinjwe i-valve yamabhuleki evaliwe.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 uma ishaja


Lapho i-valve yomshayeli isethelwe endaweni engu-Va, amandla amahle (okuhlobene namareyili) asetshenziswa ocingweni lwe-EPT futhi womabili ama-valve athola amandla. Ivalvu yokukhulula ihlukanisa igumbi lokusebenza emkhathini, kuyilapho i-valve yebhuleki ivula indlela yomoya embotsheni engaphezulu kwe-diaphragm ye-RD iqhubeke iye egumbini lokusebenza.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 ngesikhathi sokubhuleka


Ukucindezela ekamelweni lokusebenza nasemgodini ongaphezulu kwe-diaphragm kuyanda, i-diaphragm igoba, ivule i-valve yokuhlinzeka 8, lapho umoya ovela ethangini lokugcina ungena kuqala emgodini ongakwesokudla we-valve yokushintsha. Ipulaki ye-valve iya kwesokunxele, ivula indlela yomoya ku-cylinder yebhuleki.

Uma i-crane yomshayeli ibekwe ophahleni, i-voltage enikezwa ocingweni lwe-EPT ishintsha i-polarity, i-diode esebenza ngayo i-valve yebhuleki iyakhiywa, i-valve yebhuleki iphelelwa amandla, futhi i-valve yebhuleki iyavaleka. Ukwanda kokucindezela ekamelweni lokusebenza kuyeka, futhi isilinda se-brake sigcwaliswa kuze kube yilapho ingcindezi kuyo ilingana nokucindezela ekamelweni lokusebenza. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-membrane ibuyela endaweni engathathi hlangothi futhi i-valve yokuphakelayo iyavala. Uphahla luyeza.

Umthelela we-EVR 305 uma ugqagqene


Ivalvu yokukhulula iyaqhubeka nokuthola amandla, igcina ivalvu yokukhulula ivaliwe, ivimbela umoya ukuba ungaphumi egumbini lokupheka.

Ukuze ukhululwe, umshayeli ubeka isibambo se-crane endaweni I ukuze sikhululwe ngokugcwele, futhi sibe sesimweni II ukuze sikhishwe ngokwesinyathelo. Kuzo zombili izimo, ama-valve alahlekelwa amandla, i-valve yokukhulula iyavuleka, ikhiphe umoya ekamelweni lokusebenza emkhathini. I-diaphragm, esekelwe ngaphansi ngenxa yokucindezela kusilinda sebhuleki, iya phezulu, ivula i-valve yokukhipha umoya okuphumela kuyo umoya ku-cylinder yebhuleki.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 ngesikhathi seholide


Uma, lapho ikhishwa endaweni yesibili, isibambo sibuyiselwa ophahleni, umoya uzoyeka ukuphuma ekamelweni lokusebenza, futhi ukuchithwa kwe-TC kuzokwenzeka kuze kube yilapho ingcindezi kuyo ilingana nokucindezela okusele ekusebenzeni. igumbi. Lokhu kufeza ithuba lokukhululwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.

Le brake ye-electro-pneumatic inezici eziningi. Okokuqala, uma umugqa we-EPT uphuka, amabhuleki azokhulula. Kulokhu, umshayeli, ngemva kokwenza inani lezenzo eziphoqelekile ezinqunywe yiziqondiso, ushintshela ekusebenziseni ibhuleki le-pneumatic. Okusho ukuthi, i-EPT akuyona ibhuleki elizenzakalelayo. Lokhu ukuhlehla kwalolu hlelo.

Okwesibili, lapho i-EPT isebenza, umsabalalisi womoya ovamile usendaweni yokukhululwa, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucwilisa ukuvuza okuvela ku-reserve tank. Lokhu kuhlanganisa, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukungapheli kwebhuleki le-electro-pneumatic.

Okwesithathu, lo mklamo awuphazamisi ukusebenza komsabalalisi womoya ojwayelekile nhlobo. Uma i-EPT icishiwe, khona-ke i-BP, egcwalisa isilinda sokubhuleka, izoqale igcwalise umgodi wesokunxele we-valve yokushintsha, ihambise ipulaki kuyo kwesokudla, ivule indlela yomoya osuka endaweni yokugcina amanzi ukuze ungene ku-cylinder yebhuleki. .

Nansi indlela ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ezichaziwe kubukeka kanjani kukhebhu yomshayeli:

isiphetho

Bengifuna ukuminyanisa amadivaysi okubhuleka wezimpahla esihlokweni esifanayo, kodwa cha, lesi sihloko sidinga ingxoxo ehlukile, njengoba ama-VR wezimpahla eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, asebenzisa izixazululo zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu namaqhinga, ngenxa yemininingwane yokusebenza kwempahla. isitoko.

Ngokuqondene nebhuleki lomgibeli, ubudlelwano bayo ne-Westinghouse brake bunxeshezelwa ngezixazululo ezengeziwe zobuchwepheshe, okuthi esitokisini esiginqikayo sasekhaya sinikeze izinkomba zokusebenza ezamukelekayo, izinga lokuphepha kanye nokwenziwa kokugcinwa nokulungiswa. Kuzothakazelisa ukuqhathanisa nokuthi “kuhamba kanjani lapho” phesheya. Sizoqhathanisa, kodwa kamuva. Ngiyabonga ukulalela kwenu!

PS: Ngibonga u-Roman Biryukov ngezithombe, kanye nesayithi www.pomogala.ru, lapho kuthathwe khona ukwaziswa okungokomfanekiso.

Source: www.habr.com