Sixoxa ngezinye izindlela zokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-semiconductor.
/isithombe Unsplash
Isikhathi sokugcina mayelana nezinto ezingangena esikhundleni se-silicon ekukhiqizeni ama-transistors futhi zandise amakhono abo. Namuhla sidingida ezinye izindlela zokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-semiconductor nokuthi izosetshenziswa kanjani ezikhungweni zedatha.
Ama-Piezoelectric transistors
Amadivayisi anjalo anezakhi ze-piezoelectric kanye ne-piezoresistive esakhiweni sazo. Owokuqala uguqula ama-impulses kagesi abe ama-sound impulses. Owesibili udonsa lawa maza omsindo, ucindezela futhi, ngokufanele, uvula noma uvale i-transistor. Samarium selenide () - kuye ngengcindezi kungaba njenge-semiconductor (ukumelana okuphezulu) noma njengensimbi.
I-IBM ibingomunye wabokuqala ukwethula umqondo we-piezoelectric transistor. Onjiniyela benkampani bamatasa nentuthuko kule ndawo . Ozakwabo base-UK National Physical Laboratory, i-University of Edinburgh kanye ne-Auburn nabo basebenza kulokhu.
I-piezoelectric transistor ichitha amandla amancane kakhulu kunamadivayisi e-silicon. Ubuchwepheshe kuqala kumagajethi amancane okunzima ukususa ukushisa kuwo - ama-smartphone, amadivaysi omsakazo, ama-radar.
Ama-Piezoelectric transistors angathola futhi uhlelo lokusebenza kumaphrosesa weseva wezikhungo zedatha. Ubuchwepheshe buzokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwehadiwe futhi kunciphise izindleko zabaqhubi besikhungo sedatha kungqalasizinda ye-IT.
Ama-transistors omhubhe
Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko zabakhiqizi bedivaysi ye-semiconductor ukuklama ama-transistors angashintshwa ngama-voltage aphansi. Ama-transistors emhubhe angaxazulula le nkinga. Imishini enjalo ilawulwa kusetshenziswa .
Ngakho, lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage yangaphandle, i-transistor ishintsha ngokushesha ngoba ama-electron maningi amathuba okuthi anqobe umgoqo we-dielectric. Ngenxa yalokho, idivayisi idinga i-voltage engaphansi izikhathi eziningana ukuze isebenze.
Ososayensi abavela ku-MIPT kanye nase-Japan's Tohoku University bakha ama-transistors emhubhe. Basebenzisa i-graphene enezingqimba ezimbili ukuze idivayisi esebenza ngokushesha izikhathi ezingu-10–100 kunozakwabo be-silicon. Ngokusho konjiniyela, ubuchwepheshe babo ukudizayina amaphrosesa azokhiqiza ngokuphindwe kamashumi amabili kunamamodeli aphambili esimanje.
/isithombe PD
Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ama-prototypes we-tunnel transistors asetshenziswa kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukahlukene - ngaphezu kwe-graphene, и . Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe abukashiyi izindonga zamalabhorethri, futhi akukho ukukhuluma ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwamadivayisi asekelwe kuwo.
Spin transistors
Umsebenzi wabo usekelwe ekuhambeni kwama-electron spins. Ama-spins ahamba ngosizo lwensimu kazibuthe yangaphandle, ewayala ohlangothini olulodwa futhi enze i-spin current. Amadivayisi asebenza nalokhu kwamanje adla amandla aphindwe kayikhulu kunama-silicon transistors, futhi ngesilinganiso sezikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ngomzuzwana.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yamadivayisi we-spin ukuguquguquka kwazo. Bahlanganisa imisebenzi yedivayisi yokugcina ulwazi, umtshina wokuwufunda, kanye neswishi yokuwudlulisela kwezinye izakhi ze-chip.
Kukholakala ukuthi uye waphayona umqondo we-spin transistor onjiniyela i-Supriyo Datta kanye ne-Biswajit Das ngo-1990. Kusukela lapho, izinkampani ezinkulu ze-IT zithathe intuthuko kule ndawo, . Nokho, kanjani onjiniyela, ama-spin transistors asesekude ukuvela emikhiqizweni yabathengi.
I-Metal-to-air transistors
Emgogodleni wayo, izimiso zokusebenza nokuklama kwe-transistor yomoya wensimbi kukhumbuza ama-transistors . Ngaphandle kokunye: i-drain kanye nomthombo we-transistor entsha ama-electrode ensimbi. I-shutter yedivayisi itholakala ngaphansi kwazo futhi ifakwe ifilimu ye-oxide.
I-drain kanye nomthombo kusethwe ebangeni lama-nanometer angamashumi amathathu ukusuka komunye nomunye, okuvumela ama-electron ukuba adlule ngokukhululekile endaweni yomoya. Ukushintshaniswa kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe kwenzeka ngenxa .
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-metal-to-air transistors ithimba elivela eNyuvesi yaseMelbourne - RMIT. Onjiniyela bathi ubuchwepheshe "buzophefumula impilo entsha" emthethweni kaMoore futhi kwenze kube nokwenzeka ukwakha wonke amanethiwekhi e-3D avela kuma-transistors. Abakhiqizi be-chip bazokwazi ukuyeka ukunciphisa ngokungapheli izinqubo zobuchwepheshe futhi baqale ukudala izakhiwo ezihlangene ze-3D.
Ngokusho kwabathuthukisi, imvamisa yokusebenza yohlobo olusha lwe-transistors izodlula amakhulu e-gigahertz. Ukukhululwa kobuchwepheshe kubantu abaningi kuzokwandisa amandla ezinhlelo zekhompiyutha futhi kwandise ukusebenza kwamaseva ezikhungweni zedatha.
Ithimba manje selibheke abatshalizimali ukuthi baqhubeke nocwaningo lwabo futhi baxazulule izinkinga zobuchwepheshe. I-drain kanye ne-electrode yomthombo iyancibilika ngaphansi kwethonya lensimu kagesi - lokhu kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-transistor. Bahlela ukulungisa ukuntula eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Ngemuva kwalokhu, onjiniyela bazoqala ukulungiselela ukuletha umkhiqizo emakethe.
Yini enye esibhala ngayo kubhulogi yethu yebhizinisi:
Source: www.habr.com