Sikhuluma ngezinye izindlela ze-silicon.
/isithombe Unsplash
Umthetho kaMoore, uMthetho kaDennard kanye noMthetho ka-Coomey zilahlekelwa ukuhambisana. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi ama-silicon transistors asondela emkhawulweni wawo wezobuchwepheshe. Sixoxe kabanzi ngalesi sihloko . Namuhla sikhuluma ngezinto esikhathini esizayo ezingangena esikhundleni se-silicon futhi zandise ukufaneleka kwemithetho emithathu, okusho ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaphrosesa kanye nezinhlelo zekhompyutha ezizisebenzisayo (kuhlanganise namaseva ezikhungweni zedatha).
I-carbon nanotubes
Ama-nanotubes e-carbon angamasilinda anezindonga zawo ezihlanganisa ungqimba lwe-monatomic lwe-carbon. Irediyasi yama-athomu ekhabhoni incane kunaleyo ye-silicon, ngakho-ke ama-transistors asekelwe ku-nanotube anokunyakaza kwama-electron aphezulu kanye nokuminyana kwamanje. Ngenxa yalokho, ijubane lokusebenza le-transistor liyakhula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamandla kuncipha. Ngu onjiniyela abavela eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison, ukukhiqiza kukhula ngokuphindwe kahlanu.
Iqiniso lokuthi i-carbon nanotubes inezici ezingcono kune-silicon beyaziwa isikhathi eside - ama-transistors okuqala avela. . Kodwa muva nje ososayensi baye bakwazi ukunqoba imingcele eminingi yezobuchwepheshe ukuze bakhe umshini osebenza ngokwanele. Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, izazi zefiziksi ezivela eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin esezibalulwe kakade zethula isibonelo se-transistor esekwe ku-nanotube, esebenza kahle kakhulu kunemishini yesimanje ye-silicon.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi asekelwe ku-carbon nanotubes i-electronics flexible. Kodwa kuze kube manje ubuchwepheshe abukadluli ilabhorethri futhi akukho nkulumo yokuqaliswa kwayo ngobuningi.
Ama-nanoribhoni we-graphene
Ziyimicu emincane amashumi amaningana ama-nanometers ububanzi futhi enye yezinto eziyinhloko zokwakha ama-transistors wesikhathi esizayo. Impahla eyinhloko ye-graphene tape yikhono lokusheshisa lamanje eligeleza kuyo usebenzisa insimu kazibuthe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-graphene conductivity kagesi okukhulu kune-silicon.
Ngu , amaphrosesa asekelwe kuma-graphene transistors azokwazi ukusebenza kumafrikhwensi aseduze ne-terahertz. Ngenkathi imvamisa yokusebenza yama-chips anamuhla isethwe ku-4-5 gigahertz.
I-prototypes yokuqala ye-graphene transistors . Kusukela lapho onjiniyela izinqubo "zokuhlanganisa" amadivayisi ngokusekelwe kuzo. Muva nje, kutholwe imiphumela yokuqala - ithimba labathuthukisi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCambridge ngoMashi mayelana nokwethulwa ekukhiqizeni . Onjiniyela bathi umshini omusha ungasheshisa ukusebenza kwemishini kagesi ngokuphindwe kashumi.
I-Hafnium dioxide ne-selenide
I-Hafnium dioxide nayo isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-microcircuits . Isetshenziselwa ukwenza ungqimba oluvikelayo esangweni le-transistor. Kodwa namuhla onjiniyela bahlongoza ukuyisebenzisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwama-silicon transistors.
/isithombe PD
Ekuqaleni konyaka odlule, ososayensi baseStanford , ukuthi uma isakhiwo se-crystal se-hafnium dioxide sihlelwa kabusha ngendlela ekhethekile, khona-ke (obhekene nekhono le-medium ukudlulisa insimu kagesi) izokhula izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezine. Uma usebenzisa izinto ezinjalo lapho udala amasango e-transistor, unganciphisa kakhulu ithonya .
Futhi ososayensi baseMelika nciphisa usayizi wama-transistors wesimanje usebenzisa i-hafnium ne-zirconium selenides. Zingasetshenziswa njenge-insulator ephumelelayo yama-transistors esikhundleni se-silicon oxide. I-Selenides inogqinsi oluncane kakhulu (ama-athomu amathathu), kuyilapho igcina igebe elihle lebhendi. Lesi yinkomba enquma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-transistor. Onjiniyela sebevele sebenayo ama-prototypes ambalwa asebenzayo wamadivayisi asekelwe ku-hafnium ne-zirconium selenides.
Manje onjiniyela badinga ukuxazulula inkinga yokuxhuma ama-transistors anjalo - ukuthuthukisa othintana nabo abancane abafanelekile. Kuphela ngemva kwalokhu kuzokwazi ukukhuluma ngokukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
I-Molybdenum disulfide
I-Molybdenum sulfide ngokwayo iyi-semiconductor empofu, engaphansi kwezakhiwo kune-silicon. Kodwa iqembu lezazi zefiziksi ezivela eNyuvesi yaseNotre Dame lathola ukuthi amafilimu amancane e-molybdenum (ugqinsi lwe-athomu eyodwa) anezici eziyingqayizivele - ama-transistors asekelwe kuwo awadluli okwamanje lapho ecishiwe futhi adinga amandla amancane ukuze ashintshe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi basebenze ngama-voltage aphansi.
I-Molybdenum transistor prototype elabhorethri. Lawrence Berkeley ngo-2016. Idivayisi iyi-nanometer eyodwa kuphela ububanzi. Onjiniyela bathi ama-transistors anjalo azosiza ukwelula uMthetho kaMoore.
Futhi i-molybdenum disulfide transistor ngonyaka odlule onjiniyela abavela enyuvesi yaseNingizimu Korea. Ubuchwepheshe kulindeleke ukuthi buthole ukusetshenziswa kumasekethe okulawula we-OLED display. Kodwa-ke, akukakhulunywa okwamanje mayelana nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwama-transistors anjalo.
Naphezu kwalokhu, abacwaningi abavela eStanford ukuthi ingqalasizinda yesimanje yokukhiqiza ama-transistors ingabuye yakhiwe ukuze isebenze ngamadivaysi e-“molybdenum” ngezindleko ezincane. Ukuthi kuzokwazi yini ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi anjalo kusazobonakala esikhathini esizayo.
Esibhala ngakho esiteshini sethu seTelegram:
Source: www.habr.com