Ukudalula imfihlo ye-physics eneminyaka engu-140

Ukuhunyushwa kwesihloko ngababhali abavela ku-IBM Research.

Ukuphumelela okubalulekile kwe-physics kuzosivumela ukuthi sifunde izici zomzimba zama-semiconductors ngemininingwane eyengeziwe. Lokhu kungasiza ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor yesizukulwane esilandelayo.

Ababhali:
Oki Gunawan - Ilungu labasebenzi, Ucwaningo lwe-IBM
U-Doug Bishop - Unjiniyela Wokubalingiswa, Ucwaningo lwe-IBM

Ama-semiconductors ayizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zenkathi yanamuhla ka-elekthronikhi, esihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi azuzisa impilo yethu yesimanje, njengamakhompuyutha, ama-smartphone kanye namanye amadivaysi eselula. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwe-semiconductor nokusebenza nakho kunika amandla izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-semiconductor yesizukulwane esilandelayo kukhompyutha, ukuzwa, nokuguqulwa kwamandla. Abacwaningi kudala bezabalaza ukuze banqobe imikhawulo emandleni ethu okuqonda ngokugcwele izindleko zikagesi ngaphakathi kwemishini ye-semiconductor kanye nezinto ezithuthukisiwe ze-semiconductor ezibambezela ikhono lethu lokuqhubekela phambili.

Ocwaningweni olusha kujenali Nature Ukubambisana kocwaningo okuholwa yi-IBM Research kuchaza impumelelo ethokozisayo ekuxazululeni impicabadala yeminyaka engu-140 ku-physics, ezosivumela ukuthi sifunde izici zomzimba zama-semiconductors ngemininingwane ethe xaxa futhi sikwazi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe ze-semiconductor.

Ukuze siqonde ngempela i-physics yama-semiconductors, kufanele siqale siqonde izici eziyisisekelo zezinkampani zokushaja ngaphakathi kwezinto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyizinhlayiya ezingezinhle noma ezinhle, isivinini sazo endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo, nokuthi ziminyene kangakanani ngaphakathi kwempahla. Isazi sefiziksi u-Edwin Hall sathola indlela yokunquma lezi zakhiwo ngo-1879 lapho ethola ukuthi insimu kazibuthe izochezukisa ukunyakaza kwamashaji e-electron ngaphakathi komqhubi, nokuthi inani lokuchezuka lingalinganiswa njengomehluko ongaba khona ngokuhambisana nokugeleza kokuqondisa kokushaja. izinhlayiya, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 1a. La mandla kagesi, aziwa ngokuthi i-voltage yaseHholo, aveza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezithwali zokushaja ku-semiconductor, okufaka phakathi ukuthi ama-electron anegethivu noma ama-quasiparticles abizwa ngokuthi “izimbobo,” ukuthi ahamba ngokushesha kangakanani endaweni kagesi, noma “ukuhamba” kwawo (µ ) , nokugxilisa kwawo (n) ngaphakathi kwe-semiconductor.

Imfihlakalo eneminyaka engu-140 ubudala

Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokutholakala kuka-Hall, abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukuthi bangenza izilinganiso zomphumela weHholo ngokukhanya—izivivinyo ezibizwa nge-photo-Hall, bheka uMdwebo 1b. Ezivivinyweni ezinjalo, ukukhanya kokukhanya kukhiqiza abathwali abaningi, noma amapheya e-electron-hole, kuma-semiconductors. Ngeshwa, ukuqonda kwethu umphumela we-Hall oyisisekelo kunikeze ukuqonda ngezinkampani zenethiwekhi kuphela eziningi (noma iningi). Abacwaningi abakwazanga ukukhipha imingcele kusuka kokubili imidiya (enkulu nengeyona enkulu) ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ulwazi olunjalo luyisihluthulelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezihlobene nokukhanya, njengamaphaneli elanga namanye amadivaysi e-optoelectronic.

Ucwaningo lwephephabhuku i-IBM Research Nature yembula enye yezimfihlo ezigcinwe isikhathi eside zomphumela weHholo. Abacwaningi abavela eKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Duke University, kanye ne-IBM bathole indlela entsha nendlela esivumela ukuthi kanyekanye sikhiphe ulwazi mayelana nezisekelo nezingezona eziyisisekelo. abathwali, njengokugxila nokuhamba kwabo, kanye nokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nempilo yonke yenkampani yenethiwekhi, ubude bokusabalalisa kanye nenqubo yokuhlanganisa kabusha.

Ikakhulukazi, ekuhlolweni kwe-photo-Hall, zombili izinkampani zenethiwekhi zifaka isandla ekuguqulweni kokusebenza (σ) kanye ne-Hall coefficient (H, ngokulingana nesilinganiso sevoltheji yeHholo endaweni kazibuthe). Imininingwane engukhiye ivela ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kanye ne-Hall coefficient njengomsebenzi wokukhanya kokukhanya. Ifihlwe kusimo se-conductivity-Hall coefficient curve (σ-H) ibonisa ulwazi olusha ngokuyisisekelo: umehluko ekuhambeni kwakho kokubili abathwali. Njengoba kuxoxiwe esihlokweni, lobu budlelwano bungavezwa kahle:

$$display$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$display$$

Ukuqala ngokuminyana kwenkampani yenethiwekhi eningi eyaziwayo kusukela esilinganisweni seHholo esivamile ebumnyameni, singakwazi ukuveza kokubili ukunyakaza kwenkampani yenethiwekhi yeningi nencane kanye nokuminyana njengomsebenzi wokukhanya kokukhanya. Ithimba liqambe indlela entsha yokulinganisa: Ihholo Lesithombe Esixazululiwe Yenkampani Yenethiwekhi (CRPH). Ngokuqina okwaziwayo kokukhanya, isikhathi sokuphila sesithwali singasungulwa ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kuxhumana nezisombululo zakho kufihliwe cishe iminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu kusukela kwatholakala umphumela weHholo.

Ngaphandle kwentuthuko kulokhu kuqonda kwethiyori, ukuthuthuka kwezindlela zokuhlola nakho kubalulekile ukuze le ndlela entsha isebenze. Indlela idinga ukulinganisa okumsulwa kwesignali yeHholo, okungaba nzima ezintweni lapho isignali yeHholo ibuthaka khona (isibonelo, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane) noma lapho amasiginali angeziwe angadingeki ekhona, njengokukhanya okunamandla kwemisebe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukulinganisa kweHholo usebenzisa insimu yamagnetic oscillating. Njengalapho ulalele umsakazo, udinga ukukhetha ukuvama kwesiteshi osifunayo, ulahle wonke amanye amafrikhwensi asebenza njengomsindo. Indlela ye-CRPH iqhubekela phambili ngesinyathelo esisodwa futhi ayikhethi nje kuphela imvamisa oyifunayo kodwa futhi nesigaba senkundla kazibuthe ezungezayo isebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-synchronous sensing. Lo mqondo wokulinganisa kweHholo elinyakazayo waziwa kudala, kodwa indlela evamile yokusebenzisa uhlelo lwamakhoyili kagesi ukuze kukhiqizwe inkambu kazibuthe ezungezayo yayingasebenzi.

Ukutholwa kwangaphambilini

Njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka kwisayensi, intuthuko endaweni ethile iqhutshwa ukutholwa kwenye. Ngo-2015, Ucwaningo lwe-IBM lwabika into eyayingaziwa ngaphambili ku-physics ehlobene nomthelela omusha wokuvalelwa kwenkundla kazibuthe ebizwa ngokuthi “i-camel hump” effect, eyenzeka phakathi kwemigqa emibili ye-dipoles eguquguqukayo lapho idlula ubude obubucayi, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2a. Umphumela uyisici esibalulekile esivumela uhlobo olusha lwesicupho sikazibuthe semvelo esibizwa ngokuthi i-parallel dipole line trap (PDL trap), njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b. I-Magnetic PDL trap ingasetshenziswa njengenkundla yenoveli yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene zokuzwa ezifana ne-tiltmeter, seismometer (inzwa yokuzamazama komhlaba). Lezi zinhlelo zezinzwa ezintsha, ezihambisana nobuchwepheshe obukhulu bedatha, zingavula izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezintsha, futhi zihlolwa ithimba le-IBM Research lakha inkundla enkulu yokuhlaziya idatha ebizwa ngokuthi IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), equkethe ingcebo ye-geospatial. kanye nedatha ye-inthanethi Yezinto. (IoT).

Ngokumangalisayo, into efanayo ye-PDL inolunye uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile. Uma izungezisiwe, isebenza njengesistimu yokuhlola ye-photo-Hall efanelekile ukuze ithole ukuzulazula kwe-harmonic okukodwa nokumsulwa kwenkundla kazibuthe (Umfanekiso 2c). Okubaluleke nakakhulu, isistimu inikeza isikhala esanele sokuvumela ukukhanya kwendawo ebanzi yesampula, okubalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-photo-Hall.

Ithonya

Indlela entsha yehholo lesithombe esiyithuthukisile isivumela ukuthi sikhiphe inani elimangalisayo lolwazi kuma-semiconductors. Ngokuphambene namapharamitha amathathu kuphela atholwe esilinganisweni sehholo sakudala, le ndlela entsha ikhiqiza amapharamitha ayisikhombisa ekukhanyeni ngakunye okuhloliwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhamba kokubili kwama-electron nezimbobo; ukuhlushwa komthwali wabo ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya; impilo yokuhlanganiswa kabusha; kanye nobude bokusabalalisa kwama-electron, izimbobo nezinhlobo ze-ambipolar. Konke lokhu kungaphinda izikhathi ezingu-N (okungukuthi inani lamapharamitha wokuqina kokukhanya asetshenziswe esivivinyweni).

Lokhu kutholwa okusha nobuchwepheshe kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa i-semiconductor kukho kokubili ubuchwepheshe obukhona nobusafufusa. Manje sesinolwazi namathuluzi adingekayo ukuze sikhiphe izici ezibonakalayo zezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor ngokuningiliziwe. Isibonelo, kuzosiza ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor besizukulwane esilandelayo, njengamaphaneli elanga angcono, amadivaysi e-optoelectronic angcono, nezinto ezintsha namadivayisi obuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa.

Okwangempela isihloko esishicilelwe ngo-Okthoba 7, 2019 I-IBM Research blog.
Ukuhumusha: U-Nikolay Marin (U-NikolayMarin), Isikhulu Esiphezulu Sezobuchwepheshe IBM eRussia kanye namazwe e-CIS.

Source: www.habr.com