Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%.
Njengenjwayelo, ngeke ngehlise umoya.
Futhi isizathu salokhu iodine pentafluoride futhi !
Ngokuvamile, sonke (ngethemba) sikhumbula ukuqala komsebenzi kaRidley Scott kanye nefilimu emangalisayo nje ethi "Alien", engiyincomayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela ngo-1979. Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, ngizofakazela ukuthi ifilimu ayipholile nje - ISAYENSI!
Futhi ngenxa yalokhu sizogxilisa inkumbulo yethu futhi sikhumbule isiphetho: u-Ripley ugibela i-shuttle futhi kungazelelwe athole i-Alien lapho.
Futhi manje kuzoba nezithombe ezithile, izinkumbulo ezifudumele kanye namakhemikhali.
Ngemva kokuthola i-Alien, u-Ripley unquma ukufuthela amagesi akhethekile kuye. Ecula ingoma emayelana nenkanyezi enenhlanhla, u-Ripley uvula leli phaneli elilula.
Amagesi akhethekile ku-shuttle
Uhlu lungaphezu kokuthakasela:
- A. Iodine pentafluoride.
- B. Isobutane.
- C. Methyl chloride.
- D. Nitrosyl chloride.
- E. Methyl bromide.
- F. Isobutylene.
- G. Phosphine.
- N. Silan.
- I. Perfluoropropane.
- J. Phosgene.
- K. Kukhona okuno-βAβ, i-argon? Angazi, angikwazi ukuphuma.
Ngakho-ke, u-Ripley uzama ukufutha umngane wethu kuqala nge-iodine pentafluoride:
Zama kuqala
I-Alien ngandlela-thile akazigubhi lezi zenzo kakhulu.
Ngemuva kwalokho sigcoba nge-methyl chloride.
Zama okwesibili
Futhi zero emhlabathini.
Okwesithathu - inhlanhla! Sifutha isidalwa nge-nitrosyl chloride.
Zama okwesithathu
Futhi lapha kwafika ukugxusha nokujikijela
Konke kugcine ngokuphonswa emkhathini kwashiswa i-exhaust yenjini.
Ngendlela, u-Alien akazange ashise ekuphumeni, okubalulekile
Manje ake sibheke esikubonile.
Hlobo luni lwamagesi?
"Amagesi Akhethekile ku-Shuttle" iyisethi engavamile ngempela.
1. Iodine pentafluoride IF5
Empeleni, i-iodine pentafluoride ayiyona igesi, kodwa iwuketshezi oluphuzi olusindayo olunephuzu elibilayo elingu-97,85 Β°C. , lena i-fluoridating agent enamandla kakhulu, okungukuthi, uma isilwane sethu esincane siphephethwa ngalodoti ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi abilayo, siyaqinisela ngempela! Imibuzo eminingi iphakanyiswa yilokho i-shuttle ngokwayo eyenziwe ngayo, ngoba i-iodine pentafluoride ibhubhisa kalula izinsimbi kuphela, kodwa futhi ingilazi. Futhi imibuzo mayelana ne-spacesuit ka-Ripley - kodwa kunjalo.
2. Isobutane CH(CH3)3
I-Isobutane iyigesi evamile evuthayo (ngendlela, enenombolo ye-octane engu-100), ingasetshenziswa ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nanjenge-coolant. U-Ripley akazange ayisebenzise - futhi kufanele: uma i-iodine pentafluoride inganikanga imiphumela, liyini iphuzu? Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungase kube khona izinhlansi lapho kamuva, okusho ukuthi yayingase iqhume.
3. I-Methyl chloride CH3Cl
I-Methyl chloride iyigesi engenambala, enobuthi enephunga elimnandi. Ngenxa yephunga eliphansi, ukugxila okunobuthi noma ukuqhuma kungase kugejwe kalula. I-Chloromethane nayo yayisetshenziswa ngaphambili njengesiqandisi, kodwa ngenxa yobuthi bayo nokuqhuma ayisasetshenziswa kule ndima. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko manje: ukukhiqizwa kwe-polymer, njenge-ejenti ye-methylating ku-organic synthesis, njengophethiloli we-rocket, njengesithwali ku-polymerization esezingeni eliphansi lokushisa, njengoketshezi lwemishini ye-thermometric ne-thermostatic, njenge-herbicide (futhi ikhawulelwe ngenxa yobuthi).
Ubuthi be-methyl chloride buhlotshaniswa ne-hydrolysis yayo ku-methyl alcohol - bese, njengoba ngike ngabhala .
U-Ripley wayengazi i-biochemistry, noma wayethemba ukuthi i-Alien nayo yayine-dehydrogenase yotshwala emzimbeni wayo, futhi yayingaphuza nayo ngokuphepha. Kodwa, njengoba bekulindelekile, iqhinga alizange liphumelele - umzamo wesibili ka-Ripley awuphumelelanga.
4. I-Nitrosyl chloride NOCl
I-Nitrosyl chloride iyigesi ebomvu, enobuthi, enephunga elibi. Ivamise ukubonwa njengomkhiqizo wenqubo yokubola kwe-aqua regia - ingxube ye-hydrochloric ne-nitric acid - yilokho enuka ngakho futhi umsila wayo ukhuphuka ngaphezu kwayo uma ushiswa (ufuthe ngama-nitrogen oxides). Nami ngikhuluma ngaye .
I-Nitrosyl chloride isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-ejenti ye-chlorinating; ngendlela, ibhaliswe njengesengezo sokudla esinenkomba E919 - njengesithuthukisi nokuqiniswa kombala kwezimpahla ezibhakiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane amanzi okuphuza.
I-nitrosyl chloride encane kakhulu isetshenziswa embonini yokudla, ngesikhathi esifanayo, esimweni sayo esihlanzekile, le nto ibeka ingozi enkulu kakhulu empilweni nasempilweni. Ukuhogela umhwamuko wayo kubangela ukucasuka okukhulu kolwelwesi lwamafinyila, i-pulmonary edema, i-bronchospasm, i-asthmatic attack, kanye nenani lezinye izibonakaliso zokungasebenzi kahle kokuphefumula. Ukuthintana ngokomzimba kuholela ekushiseni kwamakhemikhali esikhumbeni.
Akumangazi ukuthi u-Alien wayengamthandi kakhulu.
5. I-Methyl bromide CH3Br
Umlingiswa wayo ufana ne-methyl chloride. Ukwengeza, ngaphandle kwe-organic synthesis, isetshenziswa njenge-fumigant yokubulala amagciwane ezitshalweni ezivela ezinambuzaneni ezilinganisiwe, izinambuzane zamanga nama-mealybugs, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane zesitoko, ikakhulukazi imifino nezithelo ezintsha nezomile, futhi kancane kancane kokusanhlamvu. ukucubungula. Njengomuthi owufuthayo awuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yobuthi ngokuhambisana neSivumelwano saseMontreal.
Yayibuye isetshenziswe ekucubunguleni izingubo ezisetshenzisiwe, kodwa nalapha futhi yashiywa ngenxa yobuthi (ukuze ungaya ngokuphepha ku-SecondHand).
U-Ripley wayeqinisile ngempela ukuthi angawusebenzisi - kuyini iphuzu uma i-methyl chloride ingasizi?
6. I-Isobutylene CH2C(CH3)2
Igesi evuthayo evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ama-polymers. Akukho okukhethekile, umphumela uzofana ne-isobutane.
7. I-Phosphine PH3
Igesi enobuthi iphazamisa umzimba futhi ithinte isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi; iphinde ithinte imithambo yegazi, izitho zokuphefumula, isibindi, nezinso. Kwakubhekwa njenge-ejenti yempi yamakhemikhali - futhi ngendlela, omunye wemikhiqizo enobuthi yokusebenzisana kwe-phosphorus ephuzi namanzi (futhi inkomba ). Igesi ehlanzekile ayinaphunga, igesi yobuchwepheshe iqukethe ukungcola, yingakho inuka njengenhlanzi ebolile.
I-Phosphine isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-organophosphates, njengomthombo wokungcola kwe-phosphorus ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductors, futhi njenge-fumigant - enye indlela ye-methyl bromide engavunyelwe. Ngokusobala, ngokufanisa ne-methyl bromide ne-methyl chloride, u-Ripley wanquma ukuthi i-phosphine ngeke isize.
8. Silane, noma kunalokho monosilane SiH4
Igesi engenambala enephunga elibi. Kumele kushiwo ukuthi lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, i-monosilane i-oxidizes ngokushesha ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa lomoya eliwuketshezi. Babhala ukuthi i-silane inobuthi nge-LC50 ka-0,96% yamagundane - kodwa ukuqonda izakhiwo ze-silane nesidingo samagundane ukuphefumula okuthile, khona-ke amagundane avele ancishwe umoya ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo, noma ashise ilangabi le-silane, noma .
Isetshenziswa ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene kwe-organic synthesis (ukulungiswa kwama-polymers e-organosilicon, njll.), njengomthombo we-silicon ehlanzekile embonini ye-microelectronics ekwenzeni ama-photoconverters e-crystalline nefilimu emincane esekelwe ku-silicon, izikrini ze-LCD, ama-substrates nezingqimba zobuchwepheshe. yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-polysilicon ehlanzekile kakhulu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi u-Ripley wayewesaba ngempela umlilo, ngakho-ke akazange asebenzise i-silane ku-Alien.
9. I-Perfluoropropane C3F8
I-Perfluoropropane ingummeleli ojwayelekile we-perfluorinated hydrocarbons. Ingasetshenziswa njengesiqandisi. Ukuvutha okuphansi, okungaqhumi, okunobuthi obuphansi. Njengawo wonke ama-perfluorocarbons, iyakwazi ukudala umphumela oqinile we-greenhouse onamandla izikhathi ezingamakhulukhulu kune-CO2, engase isetshenziselwe ukwenza i-terraforming. Ngendlela, ayidali umphumela we-greenhouse.
U-Ripley, ngokusobala, wanquma ukuthi i-perfluoropropane ngeke isebenzise, ββββilungele kuphela izilwane eziphefumulayo eziphefumula umoya-mpilo - kodwa uma ucabangela ukuthi i-Alien yagxuma ngamandla kanjani emkhathini, kwakungeyona inketho.
10. Phosgene COCl2
Ukukhetha okuhle koshevu kubantu nezilwane ezincelisayo - ngikhuluma ngakho . Futhi isetshenziswa ku-organic synthesis.
Ngokusobala, u-Ripley waqonda ukuthi i-Alien yayihluke kakhulu ku-biology yezilwane ezincelisayo, ngakho-ke ayizange ikhethe i-phosgene. Kungenzeka kube "inombolo yesine" ngemuva kwe-nitrosyl chloride. Akwaziwa lapha.
11. Hhe? I-Argon?
Akukho okukhethekile - igesi engasebenzi. Ayihlanganisi nanoma yini.
Futhi ayinamsebenzi, njenge-perfluoropropane.
okutholakele
- U-Ripley, esimweni esicindezelayo, wenza ngokucophelela nangamabomu: wavimbela umlilo, wakhetha amagesi ngokuhlakanipha ukubhema i-Alien - konke kwenziwa ngendlela efanele.
- Akukacaci kahle ukuthi i-Alien iquketheni? Uma sibheka i-causticity yamathe akhe, iqukethe into efana ne-chlorine trifluoride, kodwa izinga lokushisa layo kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-+12 Β°C, ngaphandle kwalokho le nto izobila. Igazi lakhe lenziwe ngama-bromine fluoride (ngikhuluma ngawo )? Khona-ke yenziwe ngani: akesabi amazinga okushisa aphezulu naphansi, kodwa ine-coefficient yokwandisa ebalulekile lapho ishisa - khumbula ukuphela kwe-Alien 3, lapho ngemva kokuhola okuncibilikisiwe kwakungenzeka ukuyiqhumisa ngamanzi afuthwe. I-Organosilicon ayifanele - ama-fluoride angawahlakaza. Uhlobo oluthile lwe-organofluorine? Kodwa kungani-ke i-nitrosyl chloride yasebenza? Lapha abenzi bamafilimu bashiye imfihlakalo.
- Akucaci kahle ukuthi umkhumbi wakhiwe ngani: awesabi i-iodine pentafluoride eshisayo, i-nitrosyl chloride - kodwa udliwa amathe e-Alien. Uma igazi le-Alien liqukethe ama-super acids (funda ngawo ku ), khona-ke ukumelana namagesi kuyinqaba. Uma kukhona ama-halogen e-fluoride egazini lomfokazi, kuyamangaza ukuthi umkhumbi wawudliwe yibo, kodwa i-iodine pentafluoride yasinda. Imfihlakalo yesibili.
- I-Tug yezohwebo i-Nostromo, noma kunalokho i-shuttle yokuhlenga, ifakwe ngokungalindelekile ngamagesi adingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-organic synthesis (i-fluorination, i-methylation, ukusabela kwe-polymer, i-chlorination), amagesi okwelapha izitshalo ngokumelene nezinambuzane, amagesi kaphethiloli, iziqandisi, izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor namagesi. okwe-terraforming. Ingabe bekulindelekile ukuthi usomkhathi asebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu ukuze aphile? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikusasa elikude (inguqulo yokuqala yeskripthi yakhuluma ngo-2087)...
- "Alien" ifilimu ebanda kunazo zonke. Ngokungafani namanye amafilimu aseHollywood, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuze kufike emininingwaneni enjalo yamakhemikhali.
Source: www.habr.com