Onyakeni nengxenye edlule, ukufunda kusebenza mayelana nokuba sengozini , ngazithola ngingawuqondi ngempela umehluko phakathi kwezifinyezo ie и isb Labo. Kubonakala kucacile kumongo, kodwa-ke kubonakala kungalungile ngandlela thize. Ngenxa yalokho, ngabe sengizenzela ishidi elincane lokukopela ngokukhethekile lezi zifinyezo, ukuze ngingadideki. Kwabe sekuvela umqondo walesi sihloko.
Isikhathi sihambile, ngaqoqa iqoqo lamagama esiLatini nezifinyezo ezitholakala emithonjeni yesiNgisi, futhi namuhla ngilungele ukwabelana ngayo nabafundi be-Habra. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eminingi yale misho isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ezincwadini zemfundo ngesiRashiya, kodwa ngesiNgisi izivakashi njalo ngisho emithonjeni mass. Ngithemba ukuthi leli qoqo lizoba usizo kubantu abangahlanganyeli emsebenzini wesayensi endaweni ekhuluma isiRashiya, kodwa abavame ukuhlangana nemibhalo engaphezulu noma engaphansi kwesiNgisi, lapho ukufakwa kwesiLatini kungase kudideke.
Izifinyezo nezinkulumo ezivamile
njll - et cetera," njll." Ifundwa ngesiLatini - [ˌɛt ˈsɛt(ə)ɹə], futhi, ngokungafani nezinye izifinyezo eziningi, ivame ukusetshenziswa enkulumweni yomlomo. Ungafunda ukuphimisela ngendlela enhle kakhulu Elenore by The Turtles - okuwukuphela kwengoma ene njll embhalweni oshaya amashadi.
♫Elenore, gee ngicabanga ukuthi uvuvukele
♫Futhi ungenza kahle ngempela
♫Uyiqholo nenjabulo yami, njll
et al. - et ali, “nabanye”, ifundeka njengoba ibhaliwe [ɛtˈɑːl]/[ˌet ˈæl]. Cishe njalo ibhekisela kubantu (ukunciphisa uhlu lwababhali endikimbeni yomsebenzi); akuvamile ukuthi isho ezinye izindawo embhalweni (lat. ne-alibi) ngesikhathi sokubuyekeza. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu lisetshenziselwa ukusho ukuthi "njll." (lat. et al).
Qaphela ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zokuphikisa zivimbela kuphela i-Meltdown, futhi hhayi isigaba sokuhlasela kwe-Specter esichazwe ngu-Kocher et al. [40].
Qaphela ukuthi lezi zinyathelo eziphikisanayo zivimbela kuphela i-Meltdown futhi azisebenzi ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwe-Specter okuchazwe u-Kocher et al [40].
ie - id i, "ngomqondo", "lokho". Funda njengesifinyezo esithi IE ([ˌaɪˈiː]) noma kalula nje ngokuthi leyo.
Ukuze uvimbele ukulandelana kwemiyalelo yesikhashana ukuthi kungaqhubeki nenani elingalungile, ie, '0', I-Meltdown izama futhi ukufunda ikheli ize ihlangabezane nenani elihlukile ku-'0' (umugqa wesi-6).
Ukuze uvimbele ukulandelana koshintsho lweziyalezo ekuqhubekeni nokusebenza ngenani elingalungile, i.e. ngo-"0", i-Meltdown izama ukufunda ikheli futhi ize ithole inani elingaphandle kuka-"0" (umugqa wesi-6). (Lapha, “inani elingalungile” lisho kuphela futhi ngokukhethekileyo “0”, futhi isahluko ngokwaso sibizwa ngokuthi I-Case of 0 - “The Case of Zero”).
viz. - i-videre licet, "okungukuthi". Ezimweni eziningi ifundeka kanje okungukuthi noma ukuqonda. Kusuka ie kwehluka kulokho ie - lokhu ukucaciswa, kodwa viz. - inkomba ebanzi eyisibopho yento(izinto) ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwegama/uhlu lwazo. Eminye imithombo icabanga ukuthi isiphelelwe yisikhathi ie; Ngempela, emisebenzini yengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX viz. kwenzeka kaningi kunezanamuhla.
Njengoba lesi sigaba esisha sokuhlasela sibandakanya ukulinganisa izikhawu zesikhathi ezinembile, njengengxenye, yesikhashana, ukuncishiswa sikhubaza noma sehlise ukunemba kwemithombo yesikhathi eminingana kuFirefox. Lokhu kubandakanya yomibili imithombo esobala, efana nokusebenza.now(), kanye nemithombo engacacile evumela ukwakha izibali-sikhathi ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu, viz.,SharedArrayBuffer.
Ngoba lesi sigaba esisha sokuhlasela sibandakanya ukukalwa okunembile kwezikhawu zesikhathi, njengengxenye yokusebenza sikhubaza noma sehlisa ukunemba kwemithombo ethile yesikhathi kuFirefox. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imithombo esobala efana nokusebenza.now() kanye nengaqondile ekuvumela ukuthi udale izibali-sikhathi ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu, okuyi-SharedArrayBuffer.
isb - isibonelo gratia, “isibonelo”, “ikakhulukazi”. Ifundeka kanje Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile njengesifinyezo esingu-EG. Ngokungafani nezifinyezo ezimbili zangaphambilini, isetshenziswa ngokuqondile njengesibonelo, hhayi ukufakwa kuhlu kwawo wonke amanani.
I-Meltdown ayisebenzisi noma yikuphi ubungozi besoftware, ie, isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu. Esikhundleni salokho, iMeltdown isebenzisa imininingwane eseceleni yesiteshi etholakala kumaphrosesa amaningi esimanje, isb, i-Intel microarchitectures yesimanje kusukela ngo-2010 futhi okungenzeka kwamanye ama-CPU abanye abathengisi.
I-Meltdown ayisebenzisi kabi noma yibuphi ubungozi besofthiwe, i.e. Isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu. Esikhundleni salokho, isebenzisa imininingwane yesiteshi eseceleni etholakala kumaphrosesa amaningi esimanje, ikakhulukazi ama-Intel microarchitectures kusukela ngo-2010 kuya phambili futhi mhlawumbe nabanye abakhiqizi be-CPU.
NB - hhayi kahle, "inothi". Ibhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi.
vs., v. - Ukuqhathanisa, “ngokumelene”, [ˈvɝː.səs]. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama elibolekiwe ngesiLatini linencazelo ehlukile - "isiqondiso ngemva kokujika okubukhali." Izazi zefilosofi zeNkathi Ephakathi zasebenzisa le nkulumo ngokumelene noDeus ezakhiweni ezinjengokuthi "uPetya waphanga uKorovans impilo yakhe yonke, futhi lapho ebanjwa futhi egwetshwa esigxotsheni, waphenduka kakhulu. kuNkulunkulu".
c., cca., ca., circ. - circa, "mayelana" nezinsuku. Kuphinyiselwe [ˈsɝː.kə].
okukhethekile – “okukhethekile”, “isimo”, “isikhashana”, ngokwezwi nezwi kuhunyushwe ngokuthi “kulokhu”. Kusho into exazulula inkinga ethile, encane kakhulu futhi evame ukuphuthuma. Ingasetshenziselwa ukusho "crutch".
Lokhu kubuka kuholele ekwandeni kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zokuhlasela kwe-Specter ne-Meltdown nokunye okwengeziwe okukhethekile izivikelo (isb, i-microcode nama-software patches).
Lokhu kuqashelwa kuholele ekwenyukeni kwenani lezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zokuhlaselwa kwe-Specter ne-Meltdown kanye nezixazululo zokuvikela izimo ezengeziwe (ikakhulukazi amasistimu nama-microcommand nama-patches).
Uma ungenayo i-capacitor ongayisebenzisa njengendlela yokudlula, ungayishiya njenge- okukhethekile Isisombululo.
Uma ungenayo i-decoupling capacitor, ungakwazi ukudlula ngaphandle kwayo njengenduku yesikhashana.
i-ad lib – isifinyezo se isikhangiso, "ngentando", "impromptu". Kuchaza ukuzenzela, ukuthuthuka, umbono ongazelelwe. Kusuka okukhethekile unenkululeko eyengeziwe. Labo. “Isikhuphukeli sethu saqhuma, abezimo eziphuthumayo bathembisa ukuthi bazofika ngemuva kwehora, kudingeke ukuthi sibiyele isakhiwo ngamabhakede” - isikhashana. “Ngikhohlwe ukuthenga ukhilimu omuncu wamadombolo, ngase ngizama imayonnaise” - ad lib.
Ngikhohlwe umbhalo wami, ngakho ngakhuluma i-ad lib
Ngikhohlwe amagama womculo ngakho ngathuthukisa
[sic] - "kunjalo ekuqaleni." Emibhalweni yezemfundo, lisho isipelingi sokuqala (ulimi lwesigodi, esiphelelwe yisikhathi, iphutha lokuthayipha, njll.). Ngokukhula kwezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu, amaphutha nama-typos kuma-tweets nokunye okuthunyelwe sekusabalele njengokubhuqa ("bheka, yeka isiwula!").
UMongameli osanda kukhethwa uDonald Trump uzibeka engcupheni yokuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-US neChina ngenkathi eya kuTwitter ngoMgqibelo esola iChina "ngesenzo sokungabi ngumongameli" sokuthumba umkhumbi-ngwenya wase-US ongenamuntu kuleli sonto.
Izifinyezo kumareferensi e-bibliographic kanye nemibhalo yaphansi
ibid., ib. - ibid, ibid (mayelana nomthombo);
id. - idem, okufanayo (mayelana nombhali). Ngokwemithetho eqinile ibid. ngokoqobo lisho “endaweni efanayo” - emthonjeni ofanayo ekhasini elifanayo - futhi akusho ukucaciswa okwengeziwe, kodwa id. ibonisa enye indawo emthonjeni ofanayo futhi njalo yenezelwa inombolo yekhasi (noma passim). Eqinisweni, ababhali abaningi basebenzisa kuphela ibid. futhi uyinikeze ngokuthula amakhasi amasha.
op. cit. - i-opere quote, "umsebenzi ocashuniwe." Ingena esikhundleni sesihloko se-athikili noma incwadi lapho ibid. ayilingani ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izikhombo zomsebenzi ofanayo zihlanganisiwe (ngokwesibonelo, emibhalweni yaphansi); ebhalwe ngemuva kwesibongo sombhali:
qhathanisa - nikeza - "cf.", "qhathanisa". Ngokungafani bheka ikhombisa umbono ohlukile wokubheka izinto eziningi (bona isibonelo ngenhla).
passim - "yonke indawo". Kusetshenziswa uma kungenzeki ukukhombisa ikhasi elithile emthonjeni ngoba umbono/ulwazi olufunwayo lungena kulo lonke.
et seq. - nezinye sequentes – “kanye nokunye” mayelana namakhasi emthonjeni.
f. и ff. - folio - enye inketho "nokuqhubeka" ibekwa ngokushesha ngemva kwenombolo yekhasi ngaphandle kwesikhala. Eyodwa f. kusho ikhasi elilodwa, amabili ff. – inombolo engapheli yamakhasi. ff. ethandwa kakhulu ngesiJalimane ngoba iyafana ne fortfolgende - "okulandelayo".
Qaphela: ngesiNgisi sanamuhla akunconywa ukusebenzisa et. seq. futhi ff., kungcono ukukhombisa ngokuqondile ububanzi bekhasi.
Izifinyezo ezingavamile ukusetshenziswa
inf. и sup. - ngezansi, Supra - bheka ngezansi futhi ubone ngenhla, ngokulandelana.
indawo. cit. - loco citato - i-analogue ibid.
sc. - i-scilicet - "okungukuthi", i-analogue viz.
qv - ividiyo - "bheka", "bheka". Njalo ukhomba enye indawo emsebenzini ofanayo; ngendlela yayo yakudala iyakwazi ukuzimela, ngoba uthatha ngokuthi umfundi uzothola isahluko asifunayo. Ngolimi lwesimanje kungcono ukusetshenziswa bheka eneziqondiso eziqondile zokuthi yini okufanele uyibuke.
sv - i-sub verbo - empeleni kanje <a href> ngaphambi kwe-hypertext, ikhombisa ukufakwa kwesichazamazwi esithile, igama eliqondile elilandela ngokushesha ngemuva kwesifinyezo.
Nokunye okwengeziwe
QED - isilinganiso se-quod erat - "okwakudingeka kuqinisekiswe."
sl - sensu lato - "ngomqondo obanzi".
ss - isimo esiqinile - "ngomqondo oqinile."
izwi nezwi - "ngokwezwi nezwi", "izwi nezwi".
Source: www.habr.com