Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokuthuthuka, uLinus Torvalds ukukhishwa kwe-kernel . Phakathi kwezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu: umtshina wesimo somjaho we-KCSAN, indlela yendawo yonke yokuletha izaziso endaweni yomsebenzisi, ukusekelwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokubethela okusemgqeni, izindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ze-ARM64, ukusekelwa kwephrosesa ye-Baikal-T1 yaseRussia, ikhono lokufaka izehlakalo ze-procfs ngokuhlukana. , ukuqaliswa kwezindlela zokuphepha ze-Shadow ze-ARM64 Call Stack kanye ne-BTI.
I-Kernel 5.8 ibe enkulu kunazo zonke ngokwenani lezinguquko zazo zonke izinhlamvu phakathi nobukhona bephrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko azihlobene nanoma iyiphi isistimu engaphansi eyodwa, kodwa zihlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene ze-kernel futhi zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusebenza kabusha kwangaphakathi nokuhlanza. Izinguquko ezinkulu zibonakala kubashayeli. Inguqulo entsha ifake phakathi ukulungiswa okungu-17606 okuvela konjiniyela abangu-2081, okuthinte cishe u-20% wawo wonke amafayela endaweni yekhodi ye-kernel. Usayizi wesichibi ungu-65 MB (izinguquko ezithintekile amafayela angu-16180, imigqa yekhodi engu-1043240 yengezwe, imigqa engu-489854 yasuswa). Uma kuqhathaniswa, igatsha elingu-5.7 libe nokulungiswa okungu-15033 kanye nosayizi wesichibi ongu-39 MB. Cishe u-37% wazo zonke izinguquko ezethulwe ku-5.8 zihlobene nezishayeli zedivayisi, cishe u-16% wezinguquko zihlobene nokubuyekeza ikhodi eqondene nezakhiwo zehadiwe, u-11% uhlobene nesitaki senethiwekhi, u-3% uhlobene nezinhlelo zamafayela, futhi u-4% zihlobene nesistimu ye-kernel yangaphakathi.
:
- I-Virtualization kanye Nokuphepha
- Ukulayishwa kwamamojula e-kernel anezigaba ezinekhodi lapho izingcezu ezivumela ukwenziwa nokubhala zisethwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kunikezwa. Ushintsho lwenziwe njengengxenye yephrojekthi enkulu yokususa i-kernel yokusetshenziswa kwamakhasi enkumbulo avumela ukwenziwa nokubhala ngasikhathi sinye.
- Manje sekungenzeka ukuthi udale izimo ezihlukene zama-procfs, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyinti amaningi wokukhweza we-procfs, afakwe ngezinketho ezihlukene, kodwa okubonisa inqubo efanayo yesihlonzi sendawo yegama (pid namespace). Ngaphambilini, wonke amaphoyinti okukhweza e-procfs ayefanekisela kuphela ukumelwa okukodwa kwangaphakathi, futhi noma yiluphi ushintsho kumapharamitha wokukhweza luthinte zonke ezinye izindawo zokukhweza ezihlobene nendawo ye-ID yenqubo efanayo. Phakathi kwezindawo lapho ukukhweza ngezinketho ezahlukene kungase kudingeke khona ukuqaliswa kokuhlukaniswa okungasindi kwamasistimu ashumekiwe anekhono lokufihla izinhlobo ezithile zezinqubo namanodi olwazi kuma-procfs.
- Ukusekelwa kwendlela kusetshenziswe iplathifomu ye-ARM64
, ehlinzekwe umdidiyeli we-Clang ukuze kuvikelwe ekubhalweni phezu kwekheli lokubuyisela lomsebenzi esimweni sokuchichima kwebhafa yesitaki. Ingqikithi yokuvikela iwukulondoloza ikheli lokubuyisela kusitaki βsethunziβ esihlukile ngemva kokudlulisa isilawuli kumsebenzi kanye nokukhipha leli kheli ngaphambi kokuphuma emsebenzini. - Usekelo lweziyalezo lwengeziwe kungxenyekazi ye-ARM64 (I-Branch Target Indicator) ukuze kuvikelwe ukwenziwa kwamasethi eziyalezo okungafanele kuhlanganiswe kuzo. Ukuvimbela ukushintshela ezigabeni ezingafanele zekhodi kuqaliswa ukuze kuvinjwe ukudalwa kwamagajethi emisebenzini esebenzisa amasu okuhlela agxile ekubuyiseleni (ROP - I-Return-Oriented Programming; umhlaseli akazami ukubeka ikhodi yakhe enkumbulweni, kodwa usebenzisa izingcezu esezivele zikhona. yemiyalelo yomshini egcina ngomyalo wokulawula ukubuyisela, lapho kwakhiwa khona uchungechunge lwezingcingo ukuze kutholwe ukusebenza okufunayo).
- Kwengezwe ukusekelwa kwehadiwe yokubethela okungaphakathi kwe-inthanethi kwamadivayisi we-block (). Amadivayisi wokubethela we-Inlinep ngokuvamile akhelwe kudrayivu, kodwa atholakala ngokunengqondo phakathi kwememori yesistimu nediski, ibhala ngokusobala futhi isusa ukubethela kwe-I/O ngokusekelwe kokhiye abashiwo yi-kernel kanye ne-algorithm yokubethela.
- Kwengezwe inketho yomugqa womyalo we-kernel "initrdmem" ukukuvumela ukuthi ucacise ikheli lememori yangempela ye-initrd lapho ubeka isithombe sokuqala sokuqalisa ku-RAM.
- Kwengezwe amandla amasha: CAP_PERFMON ukuze afinyelele isistimu engaphansi yokusebenza futhi enze ukuqapha ukusebenza. , evumela imisebenzi ethile ye-BPF (efana nokulayisha izinhlelo ze-BPF) ebidinga amalungelo e-CAP_SYS_ADMIN ngaphambilini (amalungelo e-CAP_SYS_ADMIN manje ahlukaniswe abe yinhlanganisela ye-CAP_BPF, CAP_PERFMON, ne-CAP_NET_ADMIN).
- idivayisi entsha ye-virtio-mem ekuvumela ukuthi uxhume okushisayo futhi uxhume inkumbulo eshisayo kumasistimu ezivakashi.
- Ukukhumbula okusetshenzisiwe kokusebenza kwemephu ku-/dev/mem uma umshayeli wedivayisi esebenzisa izindawo zememori ezigqagqene.
- Kwengezwe ukuvikelwa kokuba sengozini , okukuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele imiphumela yemiyalelo ethile ekhishwe komunye umgogodla we-CPU.
- Imemori kanye nezinsizakalo zesistimu
- Kudokhumenti echaza imithetho yokufometha ikhodi, izincomo zokusetshenziswa kwamatemu abandakanyayo. Onjiniyela abanconyiwe ukusebenzisa izinhlanganisela 'eziyinhloko / isigqila' kanye 'nohlu olumnyama / olumhlophe', kanye negama elithi 'isigqila' ngokuhlukana. Izincomo zithinta kuphela ukusetshenziswa okusha kwale migomo. Ukukhulunywa kwamagama ashiwo vele akhona emnyombeni kuzohlala kungathintwa. Ekhodini entsha, ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo ephawuliwe kuvunyelwe uma kudingeka ukuze kusekelwe i-API ne-ABI evezwe endaweni yomsebenzisi, kanye nalapho kubuyekezwa ikhodi ukuze kusekelwe izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezikhona noma amaphrothokholi okucaciswa kwawo kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo ethile.
- Ithuluzi lokususa iphutha lifakiwe (Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer), yakhelwe ukutholwa okuguquguqukayo ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-KCSAN kusekelwa lapho kwakhiwa ku-GCC ne-Clang, futhi kudinga ukuguqulwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa ukuze kulandelelwe ukufinyelela kwememori (amaphoyinti asetshenziswayo aqaliswa lapho inkumbulo ifundwa noma ilungiswa). Ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwe-KCSAN bekusekuvimbeleni okungamanga okuhle, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenziseka kalula.
- Kwengezwe ukuletha izaziso ukusuka ku-kernel kuya esikhaleni somsebenzisi. Indlela yokusebenza isuselwe kumshayeli wepayipi ojwayelekile futhi ikuvumela ukuthi usabalalise ngempumelelo izaziso ezivela ku-kernel phezu kwamashaneli avuliwe esikhaleni somsebenzisi. Izindawo zokwamukela izaziso amapayipi avulwa ngemodi ekhethekile futhi avumele imilayezo etholwe ku-kernel ukuthi iqoqwe kusigcinalwazi esiyiringi. Ukufunda kwenziwa umsebenzi ojwayelekile othi read(). Umnikazi wesiteshi uyanquma ukuthi yimiphi imithombo ku-kernel edinga ukugadwa futhi angachaza isihlungi sokuziba izinhlobo ezithile zemilayezo nemicimbi. Emicimbini, yimisebenzi enokhiye kuphela esekelwayo okwamanje, njengokwengeza/ukukhipha okhiye nokushintsha izibaluli zabo. Le micimbi ihlelelwe ukuthi isetshenziswe ku-GNOME.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo komsebenzi we-'pidfd' ukusiza ukuphatha izimo zokuphinda zisetshenziswe i-PID (i-pidfd ihlotshaniswa nenqubo ethile futhi ayishintshi, kuyilapho i-PID ingahlotshaniswa nenye inqubo ngemva kokuthi inqubo yamanje ehlotshaniswa naleyo PID inqanyuliwe). Inguqulo entsha yengeza usekelo lokusebenzisa i-pidfd ukunamathisela inqubo kuzikhala zamagama (ivumela i-pidfd ukuthi icaciswe lapho kwenziwa ikholi yesistimu yama-setns). Ukusebenzisa i-pidfd kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule okunamathiselwe kwenqubo ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezikhala zamagama ngocingo olulodwa, wehlise kakhulu inani lezingcingo ezidingekayo zesistimu nokusebenzisa okunamathiselwe kwimodi ye-athomu (uma ukunamathiselwa kwesinye sezikhala zamagama kwehluleka, ezinye ngeke zixhume) .
- Kwengezwe ikholi yesistimu entsha facecessat2(), ehlukile kune
impikiswano eyengeziwe enamafulegi athobela izincomo ze-POSIX (ngaphambilini lawa mafulegi alingisa kulabhulali ye-C, futhi i-faccessat2 entsha iwavumela ukuthi asetshenziswe ku-kernel). - KuQembu i-memory.swap.high setting engasetshenziswa ukwehlisa ijubane imisebenzi ethatha isikhala esiningi sokushintshana.
- Kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-I/O esingavumelaniyo usekelo olungeziwe lwekholi yesistimu ye-tee().
- Kwengezwe indlela ", eklanyelwe ukukhipha okuqukethwe kwezakhiwo ze-kernel endaweni yomsebenzisi.
- ikhono lokusebenzisa isigcinalwazi sendandatho yokushintshisana kwedatha phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-BPF.
- Ingene kumshini , eklanyelwe ukuhlela ukukhishwa okuhambisanayo kwemisebenzi ku-kernel, yengeze usekelo lwemisebenzi enemicu eminingi ngokulinganisa umthwalo.
- Kumshini we-pstore, okuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze imininingwane yokulungisa iphutha mayelana nembangela yokuphahlazeka ezindaweni zememori ezingalahleki phakathi kokuqalisa kabusha, i-backend yokulondoloza ulwazi ukuze uvimbele amadivayisi.
- Kusuka egatsheni le-kernel le-PREEMPT_RT ukuqaliswa kwezingidi zendawo.
- i-API entsha ye-buffer allocation (AF_XDP), okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza lula ukubhalwa kwabashayeli benethiwekhi ngokusekelwa kwe-XDP (eXpress Data Path).
- Ngokwakheka kwe-RISC-V, ukusekelwa kokulungisa amaphutha ezingxenyeni ze-kernel kusetshenziswa i-KGDB sekuqaliwe.
- Ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-4.8, izimfuneko zenguqulo ye-GCC engasetshenziswa ukwakha i-kernel zinyusiwe. Kokunye okukhishiwe okulandelayo kuhlelwe ukukhulisa izinga libe yi-GCC 4.9.
- I-Disk Subsystem, I/O kanye ne-File Systems
- Kumephu Yedivayisi isibambi se-dm-ebs esisha (silingisa usayizi webhulokhi), esingasetshenziswa ukulingisa usayizi webhulokhi omncane onengqondo (isibonelo, ukulingisa imikhakha ye-512-byte kumadiski osayizi womkhakha we-4K).
- Isistimu yefayela ye-F2FS manje isekela ukucindezelwa kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-LZO-RLE.
- Ku-dm-crypt usekelo lokhiye ababethelwe.
- I-Btrfs ithuthukise ukuphathwa kwemisebenzi yokufunda ngemodi eqondile ye-I/O. Uma ukhweza ukuhlola izigatshana ezisusiwe kanye nezinkomba ezishiywe ngaphandle komzali.
- Ipharamitha ethi "nodelete" yengezwe ku-CIFS, okuvumela ukuhlolwa kwemvume evamile kuseva, kodwa ivimbela iklayenti ekususeni amafayela noma izinkomba.
- I-Ext4 ithuthukise ukuphatha amaphutha uma usebenzisa i-multithreading. i-xattr yengeze usekelo lwe-gnu.* indawo yegama esetshenziswe ku-GNU Hurd.
- Ku-Ext4 ne-XFS, ukusekelwa kokusebenza kwe-DAX kunikwe amandla (ukufinyelela okuqondile ohlelweni lwefayela, ukweqa inqolobane yekhasi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ileveli yedivayisi yokuvimba) ngokuphathelene namafayela nezikhombisi-ndlela.
- Kukholi yesistimu ifulegi lengeziwe , okuthi uma kucacisiwe, ibuyise ulwazi kusetshenziswa injini ye-DAX.
- I-EXFAT ukusekela ukuqinisekiswa kwendawo yokuqalisa.
- Ku-FAT ukulayishwa okusebenzayo kwezinto ze-FS. Ukuhlola idrayivu ye-USB engu-2TB enensayo kubonise ukuncipha kwesikhathi sokuqeda ukuhlolwa ukusuka kumasekhondi angama-383 kuye kwangama-51.
- Isistimu engaphansi yenethiwekhi
- Ekhodini yokulawula ukusebenza kwamabhuloho enethiwekhi ukwesekwa kwephrothokholi (Media Redundancy Protocol), evumela ukubekezelelwa kwamaphutha ngokukhipha amaswishi e-Ethernet amaningi.
- Kuhlelo lokulawulwa kwethrafikhi (Tc) isenzo "sesango" esisha, esenza kube lula ukuchaza izikhawu zesikhathi zokucubungula nokulahla amaphakethe athile.
- Usekelo lokuhlola ikhebuli yenethiwekhi exhunyiwe kanye nokuzixilonga kwamadivayisi enethiwekhi kwengezwe ku-kernel kanye nesisetshenziswa se-ethtool.
- Usekelo lwe-algorithm ye-MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) yengezwe kusitaki se-IPv6 sokuthungatha amaphakethe kusetshenziswa ukushintsha kwelebula ye-multiprotocol (i-MPLS ngaphambilini ibisekelwa i-IPv4).
- Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kokudlulisa i-IKE (Internet Key Exchange) kanye namaphakethe e-IPSec nge-TCP () ukudlula ukuvinjwa kwe-UDP okungenzeka.
- i-network block device rnbd, ekuvumela ukuthi uhlele ukufinyelela okukude kudivayisi evinjiwe usebenzisa ezokuthutha ze-RDMA (InfiniBand, RoCE, iWARP) kanye nephrothokholi ye-RTRS.
- Esitakini se-TCP ukusekelwa kokuminyaniswa kobubanzi kuzimpendulo ezikhethiwe zokuvuma (i-SACK).
- Okwe-IPv6 Ukusekelwa kwe-TCP-LD (, Ukuphazamiseka Okude Kokuxhumana).
- Izinsiza
- Umshayeli we-i915 DRM wamakhadi wevidiyo we-Intel uhlanganisa ukusekelwa kwama-chips e-Intel Tiger Lake (GEN12) ngokuzenzakalelayo, okuwenzelwa wona. ikhono lokusebenzisa isistimu ye-SAGV (System Agent Geyserville) ukulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo imvamisa namandla kagesi kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla noma izidingo zokusebenza.
- Umshayeli we-amdgpu wengeze ukusekelwa kwefomethi yephikseli ye-FP16 kanye nekhono lokusebenza namabhafa abethelwe kumemori yevidiyo (TMZ, Trusted Memory Zone).
- Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwezinzwa zamandla ze-AMD Zen neZen2 processors, kanye nezinzwa zokushisa ze-AMD Ryzen 4000 Renoir. Ukwesekwa kokubuyisa ulwazi lokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo kunikezwa i-AMD Zen neZen2 (Running Average Power Limit).
- Kwengezwe usekelo lwefomethi yokuguqula i-NVIDIA kumshayeli we-Nouveau. Ku-gv100, amandla okusebenzisa amamodi okuskena ane-interlaced aqalisiwe. Kungezwe ukutholwa kwe-vGPU.
- Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwe-Adreno A405, A640 kanye ne-A650 GPUs kumshayeli we-MSM (Qualcomm).
- uhlaka lwangaphakathi lokuphatha izinsiza ze-DRM (Direct Rendering Manager).
- Usekelo olungeziwe lwe-Xiaomi Redmi Note 7 nama-smartphones e-Samsung Galaxy S2, kanye namalaptop e-Elm/Hana Chromebook.
- Abashayeli abangeziwe bamaphaneli e-LCD: ASUS TM5P5 NT35596, Starry KR070PE2T, Leadtek LTK050H3146W, Visionox rm69299, Boe tv105wum-nw0.
- Ukwengezwa okungeziwe kwamabhodi e-ARM nezinkundla Renesas "RZ/G1H", Realtek RTD1195, Realtek RTD1395/RTD1619, Rockchips RK3326, AMLogic S905D, S905X3, S922XH, Olimex A20-OLInu-LIMEI-LPI-50MXNUMXMC
, Beacon i.MX8m-Mini, Qualcomm SDM660/SDM630, Xnano X5 TV Box, Stinger96, Beaglebone-AI. - Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwephrosesa ye-MIPS Loongson-2K (isifushaniso Loongson64). Ku-CPU Loongson 3, ukwesekwa kokubonwa kusetshenziswa i-KVM hypervisor kungeziwe.
-
ukusekelwa kwephrosesa yaseRussia ye-Baikal-T1 kanye nesistimu-on-chip esekelwe kuyo . Iphrosesa ye-Baikal-T1 iqukethe ama-P5600 MPS 32 r5 superscalar cores amabili asebenza ku-1.2 GHz. I-chip iqukethe i-L2 cache (1 MB), DDR3-1600 ECC isilawuli sememori, 1 10Gb Ethernet port, 2 1Gb Ethernet port, PCIe Gen.3 x4 isilawuli, 2 SATA 3.0 port, USB 2.0, GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C. Iphrosesa ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwehadiwe lokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo, imiyalelo ye-SIMD kanye ne-accelerator yehadiwe ehlanganisiwe ye-cryptographic esekela i-GOST 28147-89. I-chip ithuthukiswa kusetshenziswa iyunithi yephrosesa ye-MIPS32 P5600 Warrior enelayisensi yakwa-Imagination Technologies.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Latin American Free Software Foundation
inketho - , kusulwe ku-firmware nezinto zomshayeli eziqukethe izingxenye ezingezona zamahhala noma izigaba zekhodi, ububanzi bazo obunqunyelwe umkhiqizi. Ukukhishwa okusha kukhubaza ukulayishwa kwe-blob kubashayeli be-Atom ISP Video, MediaTek 7663 USB/7915 PCIe, Realtek 8723DE WiFi, Renesas PCI xHCI, HabanaLabs Gaudi, Enhanced Asynchronous Sample Rate Converter, Maxim Integrated MAX98390, I-Audio Ehlanganisiwe MAX38060, I-AudioSpecior 2 ZL86 I-Audio Ampl6656 Inqubo Yomsindo Yasekhaya kanye ne-IXNUMXC EEPROM Slave. Ikhodi yokuhlanza i-blob ebuyekeziwe ku-Adreno GPU, HabanaLabs Goya, xXNUMX touchscreen, vtXNUMX kanye namashayeli e-btbcm namasistimu angaphansi.
Source: opennet.ru