UGeoff Huston, unjiniyela omkhulu wocwaningo kwa-inthanethi obhalisa i-APNIC, ubikezele ukuthi amakheli e-IPv4 azophela ngo-2020. Ochungechungeni olusha lwezinto zokwakha, sizobuyekeza ulwazi mayelana nokuthi amakheli aqedwe kanjani, obani ababenawo, nokuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeke.
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Kungani siphelelwa amakheli?
Ngaphambi kokudlulela endabeni yokuthi i-IPv4 “yoma kanjani,” ake sikhulume kancane ngezizathu. Ngo-1983, lapho kwethulwa i-TCP/IP, kwasetshenziswa ikheli le-32-bit. Ngenkathi ukuthi amakheli ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,3 kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 anele. Kodwa-ke, abathuthukisi abazange bacabangele ukuthi inani labantu beplanethi lizocishe liphindwe kabili, futhi i-intanethi izokwanda.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngeminyaka yawo-80s, izinhlangano eziningi zathola amakheli amaningi kunalawo ezaziwadinga ngempela. Izinkampani eziningi zisasebenzisa amakheli omphakathi kumaseva asebenza ngokukhethekile kumanethiwekhi endawo. Ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe beselula, i-inthanethi yezinto kanye nokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo kwengeze uphethiloli emlilweni. Izibalo ezingalungile zokulinganisa inani labasingathi kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamakheli okungasebenzi kubangele ukushoda kwe-IPv4.
Aphela kanjani amakheli
Ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, umqondisi we-APNIC uPaul Wilson ukuthi amakheli e-IPv4 azophela eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Ngokuvamile, isibikezelo sakhe sabonakala sinembile impela.
Unyaka we-2011: Njengoba uWilson abikezela, umbhalisi we-inthanethi i-APNIC (obhekele isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific) wehlele okokugcina. . Inhlangano yethula umthetho omusha - ibhulokhi elilodwa lamakheli ayi-1024 umuntu ngamunye. Abahlaziyi bathi ngaphandle kwalo mkhawulo, ibhulokhi engu-/8 ibizophela ngenyanga. Manje i-APNIC inenani elincane kuphela lamakheli asele enawo.
Unyaka we-2012: I-European Internet registrar RIPE imemezele ukuphela kwechibi. Iphinde yaqala ukusabalalisa ibhulokhi yokugcina /8. Inhlangano yalandela ukuhola kwe-APNIC futhi yethula imikhawulo eqinile ekusatshalalisweni kwe-IPv4. Ngo-2015, i-RIPE yayinamakheli amahhala ayi-16 million kuphela. Namuhla lesi sibalo sehle kakhulu - . Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-2012 . Opharetha bezingcingo zomhlaba wonke bavule umthetho olandelwayo omusha kwamanye amaklayenti abo. Phakathi kwezokuqala bekukhona i-AT&T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Cisco ne-D-Link inikwe amandla i-IPv6 ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzilungiselelo zamarutha azo.
Izinto ezimbalwa ezintsha ezivela kubhulogi yethu ku-Habré:
Unyaka we-2013: UGeoff Haston ovela ku-APNIC kubhulogi ukuthi umbhalisi wase-US u-ARIN uzophelelwa amakheli e-IPv4 engxenyeni yesibili ka-2014. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli be-ARIN ukuthi basele namabhulokhi amabili /8 kuphela.
Unyaka we-2015: I-ARIN umbhali wokuqala ozoqeda ngokuphelele inqwaba yamakheli amahhala e-IPv4. Zonke izinkampani zakulesi sifunda zifolile futhi zilindele ukuthi othile akhiphe i-IP engasetshenziswa.
Unyaka we-2017: Mayelana nokumisa ukukhishwa kwamakheli kubhalisi we-LACNIC, obhekele amazwe aseLatin America. Manje Yilezo zinkampani kuphela ezingakaze zithole ngaphambili ezingavimba. I-AFRINIC - ebhekelele isifunda sase-Afrika - iphinde yethula imikhawulo ekukhishweni kwamakheli. Inhloso yabo ihlolwe ngokuqinile, futhi inani eliphezulu labo kumuntu ngamunye lilinganiselwe.
Unyaka we-2019: Namuhla, bonke ababhalisi banenombolo encane yamakheli asele. Amachibi agcinwa entanta ngokubuyisela amakheli angasetshenzisiwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze asetshenziswe. Isibonelo, eMIT 14 million amakheli e-IP. Abangaphezu kwengxenye yabo banqume ukudayisela izinkampani ezidinga usizo.
Yini elandelayo
Kukholakala ukuthi amakheli e-IPv4 ngoFebhuwari 2020. Ngemuva kwalokhu, abahlinzeki be-inthanethi, abakhiqizi bemishini yenethiwekhi nezinye izinkampani - thuthela ku-IPv6 noma usebenze nayo .
I-Network Address Translation (NAT) ikuvumela ukuthi uhumushe amakheli endawo amaningi uwayise ikheli langaphandle elilodwa. Inombolo enkulu yezimbobo iyizinkulungwane ezingama-65. Ngokombono, inombolo efanayo yamakheli endawo ingafakwa kumephu ekhelini elilodwa lomphakathi (uma ungabheki imikhawulo ethile yokusetshenziswa ngakunye kwe-NAT).
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Abahlinzeki be-inthanethi bangaphendukela kuzixazululo ezikhethekile - Ibanga Lenkampani Yenethiwekhi NAT. Zikuvumela ukuthi uphathe phakathi nendawo amakheli asekhaya nawangaphandle ababhalisile futhi ukhawulele inani lamachweba we-TCP kanye ne-UDP atholakalayo kumakhasimende. Ngakho-ke, izimbobo zisatshalaliswa ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi, futhi kukhona ukuvikeleka ekuhlaselweni kwe-DDoS.
Phakathi kokubi kwe-NAT yizinkinga ezingaba khona ngama-firewall. Zonke izikhathi zabasebenzisi zifinyelela inethiwekhi ngekheli elilodwa elimhlophe. Kuvele ukuthi iklayenti elilodwa kuphela ngesikhathi elingasebenza namasayithi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela kumasevisi nge-IP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insiza ingase icabange ukuthi ingaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwe-DoS futhi yenqabe ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amaklayenti.
Enye indlela ye-NAT ukushintshela ku-IPv6. Lawa makheli azohlala isikhathi eside, futhi anenani lezinzuzo. Isibonelo, ingxenye ye-IPSec eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ebethela amaphakethe edatha ngayinye.
Kuze kube manje IPv6 kuphela i-14,3% yamasayithi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwephrothokholi kuthikamezwa izici ezimbalwa ezihlobene nezindleko zokufuduka, ukuntuleka kokuhambisana okubuyela emuva, nobunzima bokusebenza ekusetshenzisweni.
Sizokhuluma ngalokhu ngokuzayo.
Esibhala ngakho kubhulogi lebhizinisi le-VAS Experts:
Source: www.habr.com